This Briefs volume describes the properties and structure of elementary excitations in isotope low-dimensional structures. Without assuming prior knowledge of quantum physics, the present book provides the basic knowledge needed to understand the recent developments in the sub-disciplines of nanoscience isotopetronics, novel device concepts and materials for nanotechnology. It is the first and comprehensive interdisciplinary account of the newly developed scientific discipline isotopetronics.

Grain boundaries are a main feature of crystalline materials. They play a key role in determining the properties of materials, especially when grain size decreases and even more so with the current improvements of processing tools and methods that allow us to control various elements in a polycrystal. This book presents the theoretical basis of the study of grain boundaries and aims to open up new lines of research in this area. The treatment is light on mathematical approaches while emphasizing practical examples; the issues they raise are discussed with reference to theories. The general approach of the book has two main goals: to lead the reader from the concept of 'ideal' to 'real' grain boundaries; to depart from established knowledge and address the opportunities emerging through "grain boundary engineering", the control of morphological and crystallographic features that affect material properties. The book is divided in three parts: I 'From interganular order to disorder' deals with the concept of the perfect grain boundary, at equilibrium, and questions the maintenance of its crystalline state. II 'From the ideal to the real grain boundary' deals with the concept of the faulted grain boundary. It attempts to reveal the influence of the grain boundary structure on its defects, their formation and their accommodation. III 'From free to constrained grain boundaries' is devoted to grain boundary ensembles starting from the triple junction (the elemental configuration) to real grain boundary networks in polycrystals This part covers a new and topical development in the field. It presents for the first time an avenue for researchers working on macroscopic aspects, to approach the scale of description of grain boundaries. Audience: graduate students, researchers and engineers in Materials Science and all those scientists pursuing grain boundary engineering in order to improve materials performance.

Provides the theoretical background needed by physicists, engineers and students to simulate nano-devices, semiconductor quantum dots and molecular devices. It presents in a unified way the theoretical concepts, the more recent semi-empirical and ab initio methods, and their application to experiments. The topics include quantum confinement, dielectric and optical properties, non-radiative processes, defects and impurities, and quantum transport. This guidebook not only provides newcomers with an accessible overview (requiring only basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and solid-state physics) but also provides active researchers with practical simulation tools.

This book is intended for scientists and engineers in the field of micro- and nano electro-mechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) and introduces the development of cantilever-based sensor systems using CMOS-compatible micromachining from the design concepts and simulations to the prototype. It is also a useful resource for researchers on cantilever sensors and resonant sensors in general The reader will become familiar with the potential of the combination of two technological approaches: IC fabrication technology, notably CMOS technology, and silicon micromachining and the resulting microstructures such as cantilever beams. It was recognized early that these two technologies should be merged in order to make the microstructures smart and devise integrated microsystems with on-chip driving and signal conditioning circuitry - now known as CMOS MEMS or, with the arrival of nanostructures, CMOS NEMS. One way to achieve the merger is the post-processing micro- or nano- machining of finished CMOS wafers, some of which is described in this book. The book introduces this approach based on work carried out at the Physical Electronics Laboratory of ETH Zurich on arrays of cantilever transducers with on-chip driving and signal conditioning circuitry. These cantilevers are familiar from Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) and allow the sensitive detection of phys ical quantities such as forces and mass changes. The book is divided into three parts. First, general aspects of cantilever resona tors are introduced, e. g. their resonant behavior and possible driving and sensing mechanisms."

This is the first book to address modelling of systems that are important to the fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures. It is unique in that it focuses on high aspect ratio microtechnology, ranging from ion beam micromachining to x-ray lithography.

This book presents an overview of nanostructure determination and ways to find relationships to the electronic and optical properties. The methods described can be applied to a large number of other granular metal-insulator systems and used as a guideline for characterisation and modelling. In addition, the book describes the manufacture of artificially structured nanomaterials using laser or electron-beam irradiation.

In recent years, with the advent of ?ne line lithographical methods, molecular beam epitaxy, organometallic vapour phase epitaxy and other experimental techniques, low dimensional structures having quantum con?nement in one, two and three dimensions (such as inversion layers, ultrathin ?lms, nipi's, quantum well superlattices, quantum wires, quantum wire superlattices, and quantum dots together with quantum con?ned structures aided by various other ?elds) have attracted much attention, not only for their potential in uncovering new phenomena in nanoscience, but also for their interesting applications in the realm of quantum e?ect devices. In ultrathin ?lms, due to the reduction of symmetry in the wave-vector space, the motion of the carriers in the direction normal to the ?lm becomes quantized leading to the quantum size e?ect. Such systems ?nd extensive applications in quantum well lasers, ?eld e?ect transistors, high speed digital networks and also in other low dimensional systems. In quantum wires, the carriers are quantized in two transverse directions and only one-dimensional motion of the carriers is allowed. The transport properties of charge carriers in quantum wires, which may be studied by utilizing the similarities with optical and microwave waveguides, are currently being investigated. Knowledge regarding these quantized structures may be gained from original research contributions in scienti?c journals, proceedings of international conferences and various - view articles.

This volume contains the proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Mechanical Behavior and Micro-mechanics of Nanostructured Materials, held in Beijing on June 27-30, 2005. The proceedings consist of approximately 30 presentations. Nano-scale, micro-scale, theoretical, experimental and numerical aspects of the subjects are covered. A wide scope of research and progress are displayed. This is the first work in print on this particular subject.

An outstanding feature of this book is a collection of state-of-the-art reviews written by leading researchers in the nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes, nanocrystalline materials, biomechanics and polymer nanocomposites. The structure and properties of carbon nanotubes, polycrystalline metals, and coatings are discussed in great details. The book is an exceptional resource on multi-scale modelling of metals, nanocomposites, MEMS materials and biomedical applications. An extensive bibliography concerning all these topics is included. Highlights on bio-materials, MEMS, and the latest multi-scale methods (e.g., molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo) are presented. Numerous illustrations of inter-atomic potentials, nanotube deformation and fracture, grain rotation and growth in solids, ceramic coating structures, blood flows and cell adhesion are discussed.
This book provides a comprehensive review of latest developments in the analysis of mechanical phenomena in nanotechnology and bio-nanotechnology.

Nanocomposites have been receiving more and more attention given the improvement of synthesis techniques and the availability of powerful characterization techniques. The aim of the book is to introduce nanocomposite materials using a broad range of inorganic and organic solids. Furthermore, it is intended to present recent and not very common developments in especially spectroscopic characterization techniques, including Mossbauer, EXAFS, NMR. This should make the book attractive for a broad range of readers, including chemists and physicists."

Over the past decade, important advances have been made in the development of nanostructured materials for solid state hydrogen storage used to supply hydrogen to fuel cells in a clean, inexpensive, safe and efficient manner. Nanomaterials for Solid State Hydrogen Storage focuses on hydrogen storage materials having high volumetric and gravimetric hydrogen capacities, and thus having the highest potential of being applied in the automotive sector.

Written by leading experts in the field, Nanomaterials for Solid State Hydrogen Storage provides a thorough history of hydrides and nanomaterials, followed by a discussion of existing fabrication methods. The authors own research results in the behavior of various hydrogen storage materials are also presented. Covering fundamentals, extensive research results and recent advances in nanomaterials for solid state hydrogen storage, this book serves as a comprehensive reference."

The volumes V, VI and VII will examine the physical and technical foundation for recent progress in applied scanning probe techniques. These volumes constitute a timely comprehensive overview of SPM applications. This is the first book summarizing the state-of-the-art of this technique. The chapters are written by leading researchers and application scientists from all over the world and from various industries to provide a broader perspective.

The first volume in the series was released in January 2004 and the second to fourth volumes in early 2006. The field is now progressing so fast that there is a need for one volume every 12 to 18 months to capture latest developments.

Volume VII presents 9 chapters on a variety of new and emerging techniques and refinements of SPM applications.

In Periodic Nanostructures, the authors demonstrate that structural periodicity in various nanostructures has been proven experimentally. The text covers the coalescence reactions, studied by electronic microscopy, and shows that the nanoworld is continuous, giving rise to zero- (fullerenes), one- (tubules), two-(graphite) and three-(diamond, spongy carbon) dimensional carbon allotropes.

The authors explore foam-like carbon structures, which relate to schwarzites, and which represent infinite periodic minimal surfaces of negative curvature. They show that these structures contain polygons (with dimensions larger than hexagons w.r.t. to graphite) that induce this negative curvature. The units of these structures appear as nanotube junctions (produced via an electron beam) that have wide potential molecular electronics applications. Self-assembled supramolecular structures (of various tessellation) and diamond architectures are also proposed. The authors propose that the periodicity of close repeat units of such structures is most evident not only in these formations but also present in all of the carbon allotropes. It is also shown that depending on the lattice tessellation, heteroatom type, and/or doping, metal nanostructures (nanotubes in particular) can display both metallic and semiconductor characteristics. Therefore, their properties can be manipulated by chemical functionalization. The authors therefore suggest that nanostructures have heralded a new generation of nanoscale biological, chemical, and physical devices.

The text also provides literature and data on the field of nanostructure periodicity and the authors own results on nanostructure building and energy calculations as well as topological characterization by means of counting polynomials of periodic nanostructures. The aromaticity of various coverings of graphitic structures is also discussed.

This book is aimed at scientists working in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Ph.D. and MSc. degree students, and others interested in the amazing nanoarchitectures that could inspire the cities of the future."

This book describes Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology and demonstrates how MEMS allow miniaturization, parallel fabrication, and efficient packaging of optics, as well as integration of optics and electronics. The book shows how the characteristics of MEMS enable practical implementations of a variety of applications, including projection displays, fiber switches, interferometers, and spectrometers. The authors conclude with an up-to-date discussion of the need for the combination of MEMS and Photonic crystals.

Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology promise great technical breakthroughs in the coming decades. In this book, leading scientists, engineers, and social scientists review the possible uses of these impending technical developments in various industrial, medical, and national security applications. They also examine the corresponding ethical, legal, social, economic, and educational issues that these developments raise.

This book focuses on chemical and nanophotonic technology to be used to develop novel nano-optical devices and systems. It begins with temperature- and photo-induced phase transition of ferromagnetic materials. Further topics include: energy transfer in artificial photosynthesis, homoepitaxial multiple quantum wells in ZnO, near-field photochemical etching and nanophotonic devices based on a nonadiabatic process and optical near-field energy transfer, respectively and polarization control in the optical near-field for optical information security. Taken as a whole, this overview will be a valuable resource for engineers and scientists working in the field of nano-electro-optics.

Overview of recent achievements, describing the microactuator development of microvalves and liner actuators comprehensively from concept through prototype. Further key aspects included are three-dimensional models for handling complex SMA actuator geometries and coupled simulation routines that take multifunctional properties into account. Mechanical and thermal optimization criteria are introduced for actuator design, allowing an optimum use of the shape memory effect. It is shown that some of the prototypes presented, e.g. SMA microgrippers, already outperform conventional components.

This book gives a theoretical description of linear and nonlinear optical responses of matter with special emphasis on the microscopic and 'nonlocal' nature of resonant response. It will have a tremendous influence on modern device techniques, as it deals with frontier research in response theory.

The volumes VIII, IX and X examine the physical and technical foundation for recent progress in applied scanning probe techniques. This is the first book to summarize the state-of-the-art of this technique. The field is progressing so fast that there is a need for a set of volumes every 12 to 18 months to capture latest developments. These volumes constitute a timely comprehensive overview of SPM applications.

The first volume in the series was released in January 2004 and the second to fourth volumes in early 2006. The field is now progressing so fast that there is a need for one volume every 12 to 18 months to capture latest developments.

Volume VI presents 10 chapters on a variety of new and emerging techniques and refinements of SPM applications.

This handbook covers the broad scope of nanomedicine. Starting with the basics, the subject is developed to potential clinical applications, many of which are still at an experimental stage. The book features extensive coverage of nanodiagnostics and nanopharmaceuticals, which are two important components of nanomedicine. Written by a physician-scientist author who blends his clinical experience and scientific expertise in new technologies, this book provides a definitive account of nanomedicine. It offers more up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of nanomedicine than any other comparable work.

Pressure vessels are closed containers designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. They have a variety of applications in industry, including in oil refineries, nuclear reactors, vehicle airbrake reservoirs, and more. The pressure differential with such vessels is dangerous, and due to the risk of accident and fatality around their use, the design, manufacture, operation and inspection of pressure vessels is regulated by engineering authorities and guided by legal codes and standards. "Pressure Vessel Design Manual" is a solutions-focused guide to the many problems and technical challenges involved in the design of pressure vessels to match stringent standards and codes. It brings together otherwise scattered information and explanations into one easy-to-use resource to minimize research and take readers from problem to solution in the most direct manner possible.
Covers almost all problems that a working pressure vessel designer can expect to face, with 50+ step-by-step design procedures including a wealth of equations, explanations and data Internationally recognized, widely referenced and trusted, with 20+ years of use in over 30 countries making it an accepted industry standard guide Now revised with up-to-date ASME, ASCE and API regulatory code information, and dual unit coverage for increased ease of international use

This book discusses the early stages of the development of nanostructures, including synthesis techniques, growth mechanisms, the physics and chemistry of nanostructured materials, various innovative characterization techniques, the need for functionalization and different functionalization methods as well as the various properties of nanostructured materials. It focuses on the applications of nanostructured materials, such as mechanical applications, nanoelectronics and microelectronic devices, nano-optics, nanophotonics and nano-optoelectronics, as well as piezoelectric, agriculture, biomedical and, environmental remediation applications, and anti-microbial and antibacterial properties. Further, it includes a chapter on nanomaterial research developments, highlighting work on the life-cycle analysis of nanostructured materials and toxicity aspects.

This book comprises a selection of the presentations made at the "Workshop on Dynamics and Control of Micro and Nanoscale Systems" held at IBM Research - Zurich, Switzerland, on the 10th and 11th of December 2009. The aim of the workshop was to bring together some of the leading researchers in the field of dynamics and control of micro- and nanoscale systems. It proved an excellent forum for discussing new ideas and approaches.