The book provides an easy way to understand the fundamentals of heat transfer. The reader will acquire the ability to design and analyze heat exchangers. Without extensive derivation of the fundamentals, the latest correlations for heat transfer coefficients and their application are discussed. The following topics are presented - Steady state and transient heat conduction - Free and forced convection - Finned surfaces - Condensation and boiling - Radiation - Heat exchanger design - Problem-solving After introducing the basic terminology, the reader is made familiar with the different mechanisms of heat transfer. Their practical application is demonstrated in examples, which are available in the Internet as MathCad files for further use. Tables of material properties and formulas for their use in programs are included in the appendix. This book will serve as a valuable resource for both students and engineers in the industry.

The author's experience indicates that students, after 40 lectures and exercisesof 45 minutesbasedon this textbook, have proved capable of designing independently complex heat exchangers such as for cooling of rocket propulsion chambers, condensers and evaporators for heat pumps."

Turbulence is a dangerous topic which is often at the origin of serious fights in the scientific meetings devoted to it since it represents extremely different points of view, all of which have in common their complexity, as well as an inability to solve the problem. It is even difficult to agree on what exactly is the problem to be solved. Extremely schematically, two opposing points of view have been advocated during these last ten years: the first one is "statistical", and tries to model the evolution of averaged quantities of the flow. This com has followed the glorious trail of Taylor and Kolmogorov, munity, which believes in the phenomenology of cascades, and strongly disputes the possibility of any coherence or order associated to turbulence. On the other bank of the river stands the "coherence among chaos" community, which considers turbulence from a purely deterministic po int of view, by studying either the behaviour of dynamical systems, or the stability of flows in various situations. To this community are also associated the experimentalists who seek to identify coherent structures in shear flows.

Magnetic control of the properties and the flow of liquids is a challenging field for basic research and for applications. This book is meant to be both an introduction to, and a state-of-the-art review of, this topic. Written in the form of a set of lectures and tutorial reviews, the book addresses the synthesis and characterization of magnetic fluids, their hydrodynamical description and their rheological properties. The book closes with an account of magnetic drug targeting.

Combustion of Two-Phase Reactive Media addresses the complex phenomena involved in the burning of solid and liquid fuels. In fact, the multiplicity of phenomena characteristic of combustion of two-phase media determine the contents. The three parts deal with: the dynamics of a single particle; combustion wave propagation in two-phase reactive media; and thermal regimes of combustion reactors. The book generalizes the results of numerous investigations into the ignition and combustion of solid particles, droplets and bubbles, combustion wave propagation in heterogeneous reactive media, the stability of combustion of two-phase media, as well as the thermal regimes of high-temperature combustion reactors. It merges findings from the authors investigations into problems of two-phase flows and material from graduate-level courses they teach at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.

The subject of the book is uid dynamics and heat transfer in micro-channels. This problem is important for understanding the complex phenomena associated with single- and two-phase ows in heated micro-channels. The challenge posed by high heat uxes in electronic chips makes thermal management a key factor in the development of these systems. Cooling of mic- electronic components by new cooling technologies, as well as improvement of the existing ones, is becoming a necessity as the power dissipation levels of integrated circuits increases and their sizes decrease. Miniature heat sinks with liquid ows in silicon wafers could signi cantly improve the performance and reliability of se- conductor devices. The improvements are made by increasing the effective thermal conductivity, by reducing the temperature gradient across the wafer, by reducing the maximum wafer temperature, and also by reducing the number and intensity of localized hot spots. A possible way to enhance heat transfer in systems with high power density is to change the phase in the micro-channels embedded in the device. This has motivated a number of theoretical and experimental investigations covering various aspects of heat transfer in micro-channel heat sinks with phase change. The ow and heat transfer in heated micro-channels are accompanied by a n- ber of thermohydrodynamic processes, such as liquid heating and vaporization, bo- ing, formation of two-phase mixtures with a very complicated inner structure, etc., which affect signi cantly the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of the co- ing systems.

Here is a basic introduction to Lattice Boltzmann models that emphasizes intuition and simplistic conceptualization of processes, while avoiding the complex mathematics that underlies LB models. The model is viewed from a particle perspective where collisions, streaming, and particle-particle/particle-surface interactions constitute the entire conceptual framework. Beginners and those whose interest is in model application over detailed mathematics will find this a powerful 'quick start' guide. Example simulations, exercises, and computer codes are included.

A real boon for those studying fluid mechanics at all levels, this work is intended to serve as a comprehensive textbook for scientists and engineers as well as advanced students in thermo-fluid courses. It provides an intensive monograph essential for understanding dynamics of ideal fluid, Newtonian fluid, non-Newtonian fluid and magnetic fluid. These distinct, yet intertwined subjects are addressed in an integrated manner, with numerous exercises and problems throughout.

This textbook discusses the fundamental principles of sediment transport in the geophysical context of rivers and is intended as both a course textbook and as a guide for the practical engineer. We begin by describing phenomena such as bed load and suspension transport from a classical perspective by applying the mean wall shear stress approach while additionally incorporating a statistical description of the inherent wall shear stress fluctuations. Concepts from turbulent flow regime are introduced to address the limitations of the classical approach to various aspects of sediment transport, such as for example, the Newtonian description of dense suspensions, or the description of the self-organization processes for developing bed forms, or the prediction of transport in very rough bed conditions. In this context coherent structures and flow separation mechanisms are developed as important new elements, which allow using topological rules for the formulation of transport especially for developing bed forms. Since the most up-to-date research findings in the field are presented, this book serves as both a support in the formulation of academic research programs, and as a practical text for engineers seeking to simulate complex problems or special aspects of sediment transport. This book will therefore be of interest and of use to both students and to the professional scientist.

This book is a comprehensive state-of-the-knowledge summation of shock wave reflection phenomena from a phenomenological point of view. It includes a thorough introduction to oblique shock wave reflections, dealing with both regular and Mach types. It also covers in detail the corresponding two- and three-shock theories. The book moves on to describe reflection phenomena in a variety of flow types, as well as providing the resolution of the Neumann paradox.

Aircraft design processes require extensive work in the area of both aerodynamics and structure, fonning an environment for aeroelasticity investigations. Present and future designs of European aircraft are characterized by an ever increasing aircraft size and perfonnance. Strong weight saving requirements are met by introduction of new materials, leading to more flexible structure of the aircraft. Consequently, aeroelastic phenomena such as vortex-induced aeroelastic oscillations and moving shock waves can be predominant and may have a significant effect on the aircraft perfonnance. Hence, the ability to estimate reliable margins for aeroelastic instabilities (flutter) or dynamic loads (buffeting) is a major concern to the aircraft designer. As modern aircrafts have wing bending modes with frequencies that are low enough to influence the flight control system, demands on unsteady aerodynamics and structural analysis to predict flight control effectiveness and riding comfort for passengers are extremely high. Therefore, the aircraft industries need an improved capacity of robust, accurate and reliable prediction methods in the coupled aeroelastic, flight mechanics and loads disciplines. In particular, it is necessary to develop/improve and calibrate the numerical tools in order to predict with high level of accuracy and capability complex and non-classical aeroelastic phenomena, including aerodynamic non-linearities, such as shock waves and separation, as well as structural non-linearities, e. g. control surface free-play. Nowadays, robust methods for structural analysis and linearised unsteady aerodynamics are coupled and used by the aircraft industry to computationally clear a new design from flutter.

This is a unique collection of papers, all written by leading specialists, that presents the most recent results and advances in stability theory as it relates to fluid flows. The stability property is of great interest for researchers in many fields, including mathematical analysis, theory of partial differential equations, optimal control, numerical analysis, and fluid mechanics. This text will be essential reading for many researchers working in these fields.

This book addresses Lab-on-a-Chip devices. It focuses on microfluidic technologies that have emerged in the past decade. Coverage presents a comprehensive listing of the most promising microfluidic technologies in the Lab-on-a-Chip field. It also details technologies that can be viewed as toolboxes needed to set up complex Lab-on-a-Chip systems.

A systematic control of mixture formation with modern high-pressure injection systems enables us to achieve considerable improvements of the combustion pr- ess in terms of reduced fuel consumption and engine-out raw emissions. However, because of the growing number of free parameters due to more flexible injection systems, variable valve trains, the application of different combustion concepts within different regions of the engine map, etc., the prediction of spray and m- ture formation becomes increasingly complex. For this reason, the optimization of the in-cylinder processes using 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becomes increasingly important. In these CFD codes, the detailed modeling of spray and mixture formation is a prerequisite for the correct calculation of the subsequent processes like ignition, combustion and formation of emissions. Although such simulation tools can be viewed as standard tools today, the predictive quality of the sub-models is c- stantly enhanced by a more accurate and detailed modeling of the relevant pr- esses, and by the inclusion of new important mechanisms and effects that come along with the development of new injection systems and have not been cons- ered so far. In this book the most widely used mathematical models for the simulation of spray and mixture formation in 3D CFD calculations are described and discussed. In order to give the reader an introduction into the complex processes, the book starts with a description of the fundamental mechanisms and categories of fuel - jection, spray break-up, and mixture formation in internal combustion engines.

This volume offers of the EU-funded 5th Framework project, FLOMANIA (Flow Physics Modelling - An Integrated Approach). The book presents an introduction to the project, exhibits partners' methods and approaches, and provides comprehensive reports of all applications treated in the project. A complete chapter is devoted to a description of turbulence models used by the partners together with a section on lessons learned, accompanied by a comprehensive list of references.

In this monograph, the density ?uctuation theory of transport coe?cients of simple and complex liquids is described together with the kinetic theory of liquids, the generic van der Waals equation of state, and the modi?ed free volume theory. The latter two theories are integral parts of the density ?- tuation theory, which enables us to calculate the density and temperature dependence of transport coe?cients of liquids from intermolecular forces. The terms nanoscience and bioscience are the catch phrases currently in fashion in science. It seems that much of the fundamentals remaining unsolved or poorly understood in the science of condensed matter has been overshadowed by the frenzy over the more glamorous disciplines of the former, shunned by novices, and are on the verge of being forgotten. The transport coe?cients of liquids and gases and related thermophysical properties of matter appear to be one such area in the science of macroscopic properties of molecular systems and statisticalmechanicsofcondensedmatter. Evennano-andbiomaterials, h- ever, cannot be fully and appropriately understood without ?rm grounding and foundations in the macroscopic and molecular theories of transport pr- ertiesandrelatedthermophysicalpropertiesofmatterinthecondensedphase. Oneisstilldealingwithsystemsmadeupofnotafewparticlesbutamultitude of them, often too many to count, to call them few-body problems that can be understoodwithoutthehelpofstatisticalmechanicsandmacroscopicphysics. In the density ?uctuation theory of transport coe?cients, the basic approach taken is quite di?erent from the approaches taken in the conventional kinetic theories of gases and liquids

An extensive critical compilation of the wide range of manufacturing processes that involve the application of spray technology, this book covers design of atomizers as well as the performance of plant and their corresponding spray systems. The needs of practising engineers from different disciplines: project managers, and works, maintenance and design engineers are catered for. Of interest to researchers in the field of liquid sprays, the book includes outlines of the contemporary and possible future research and challenges in the different fields of application and deals with:

sprays and their production;

sprays in industrial production processes;

processes involving vaporisation and cooling or cleaning of gases;

spray-surface impact processes;

fuel sprays for fixed plant;

spraying of hot surfaces for steel making and other metals;

spraying of molten metals.

Guidance is given for the analysis and interpretation of experimental data obtained using different measurement techniques."

Free Convective Heat Transfer is a thorough survey of various kinds of free-convective flows and heat transfer. Reference data are accompanied by a large number of photographs originating from different optical visualization methods illustrating the different types of flow. The formulas derived from numerical and analytical investigations are valuable tools for engineering calculations. They are written in their most compact and general form in order to allow for an extensive range of different variants of boundary and initial conditions, which, in turn, leads to a wide applicability to different flow types. Some specific engineering problems are solved in the book as exemplary applications of these formulas.

Geomaterials consist of a mixture of solid particles and void space that may be ?lled with ?uid and gas. The solid particles may be di?erent in sizes, shapes, and behavior; and the pore liquid may have various physical and chemical properties. Hence, physical, chemical or electrical interaction - tween the solid particles and pore ?uid or gas may take place. Therefore, the geomaterials in general must be considered a mixture or a multiphase material whose state is described by physical quantities in each phase. The stresses carried by the solid skeleton are typically termed "e?ective stress" while the stresses carried by the pore liquid are termed "pore pressure. " The summation of the e?ective stress and pore pressure is termed "total stress" (Terzaghi, 1943). For a free drainage condition or completely undrained c- dition, the pore pressure change is zero or depends only on the initial stress condition; it does not depend on the skeleton response to external forces. Therefore, a single phase description of soil behavior is adequate. For an intermediate condition, however, some ?ow (pore pressure leak) may take place while the force is applied and the skeleton is under deformation. Due to the leak of pore pressure, the pore pressure changes with time, and the e?ective stress changes and the skeleton deforms with time accordingly. The solution of this intermediate condition, therefore, requires a multi-phase c- tinuum formulations that may address the interaction of solid skeleton and pore liquid interaction.

Mathematicalmodelingofhumanphysiopathologyisatremendouslyambitioustask. It encompasses the modeling of most diverse compartments such as the cardiovas- lar, respiratory, skeletalandnervoussystems, aswellasthemechanicalandbioch- ical interaction between blood ?ow and arterial walls, and electrocardiac processes and electric conduction in biological tissues. Mathematical models can be set up to simulate both vasculogenesis (the aggregation and organization of endothelial cells dispersed in a given environment) and angiogenesis (the formation of new vessels sprouting from an existing vessel) that are relevant to the formation of vascular networks, and in particular to the description of tumor growth. The integration of models aimed at simulating the cooperation and interrelation of different systems is an even more dif?cult task. It calls for the setting up of, for instance, interaction models for the integrated cardio-vascular system and the interplay between the central circulation and peripheral compartments, models for the mid-to-long range cardiovascular adjustments to pathological conditions (e.g., to account for surgical interventions, congenital malformations, or tumor growth), models for integration among circulation, tissue perfusion, biochemical and thermal regulation, models for parameter identi?cation and sensitivity analysis to parameter changes or data uncertainty - and many othe

C Specific heat at constant pressure p D Displacement field D Diffusion coefficient d D Orifice diameter E Electric field E Electron charge F Force G Acceleration due to gravity I Current J Current flux K Conductivity k Boltzmann constant B L Atomizer geometry: length from electrode tip to orifice plane i L Atomizer geometry : length of orifice channel o P Polarization Q Flow rate/Heat flux Q Charge r Atomizer geometry : electrode tip radius p T Time T Temperature U Velocity V Voltage W Energy X Distance Nomenclature (Greek) Thermal expansion coefficient ? Permittivity ? Permutation operator ? ijk Ion mobility ? VI Nomenclature Debye length ? D ? Dynamic viscosity ? Mass density Surface tension ? T Electrical conductivity ? ? Timescale ? Vorticity Nomenclature (Subscripts) Reference state ? o Cartesian tensor notation ? ijk Volume density (? per unit volume) ? v Surface density (? per unit area) ? s Linear density (? per unit length) ? l 'critical' state ? c Bulk mean injection ? inj Nomenclature (Superscripts) Time or ensemble averaged ? Contents Contents 1 Introduction................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction and Scope.................................................. 1 1.2 Organization.............................................................. 3 2 Electrostatics, Electrohydrodynamic Flow, Coupling and Instability.................................................................. 5 2.1 Electrostatics.............................................................. 5 2.1.1 The Coulomb Force............................................. 5 2.1.2 Permittivity...................................................... 6 2.1.3 Conductors, Insulators, Dielectrics and Polarization........ 6 2.1.4 Gauss's Law...................................................... 8 2.2 Mobility and Charge Transport........................................ 10 2.2.1 Introduction...................................................... 10

The monograph is devoted to modern mathematical models and numerical methods for solving gas- and ?uid-dynamic problems based on them. Two interconnected mathematical models generalizing the Navier-Stokes system are presented; they differ from the Navier-Stokes system by additional dissipative terms with a small parameter as a coef?cient. The new models are called the quasi-gas-dynamic and quasi-hydrodynamic equations. Based on these equations, effective ?nite-difference algorithms for calculating viscous nonstationary ?ows are constructed and examples of numerical computations are presented. The universality, the ef?ciency, and the exactness of the algorithms constructed are ensured by the ful?llment of integral conservation laws and the theorem on entropy balance for them. The book is a course of lectures and is intended for scientists and engineers who deal with constructing numerical algorithms and performing practical calculations of gas and ?uid ?ows and also for students and postgraduate students who specialize in numerical gas and ?uid dynamics.

This is Volume 4 of the book series of the Body and Soul mathematics education reform program. It presents a unified new approach to computational simulation of turbulent flow starting from the general basis of calculus and linear algebra of Vol 1-3. The book puts the Body and Soul computational finite element methodology in the form of General Galerkin (G2) up against the challenge of computing turbulent solutions of the inviscid Euler equations and the Navier-Stokes equations with small viscosity. This is an outstanding textbook presenting plenty of new material with an excellent pedagogical approach.

Current research fields in science and technology were presented and discussed at the EKC2008, informing about the interests and directions of the scientists and engineers in EU countries and Korea. The Conference has emerged from the idea of bringing together EU and Korea to get to know each other better, especially in fields of science and technology. The focus of the conference is put on the topics: Computational Fluid Dynamics; Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering; Information and Communications Technology; Life and Natural Sciences; Energy and Environmental Technology.

Time-Resolved Spectroscopy in Complex Liquids is intended to introduce the experimental researchers to state-of-the-art techniques in the study of the dynamics of complex liquids. The contributors concentrate on time-resolved optical spectroscopy, which recently produced many relevant results and new information about complex liquids. This is an emerging topic of soft-matter science and this book provides the most up-to-date account of new development.

Homogenization is not about periodicity, or Gamma-convergence, but about understanding which effective equations to use at macroscopic level, knowing which partial differential equations govern mesoscopic levels, without using probabilities (which destroy physical reality); instead, one uses various topologies of weak type, the G-convergence of Sergio Spagnolo, the H-convergence of Francois Murat and the author, and some responsible for the appearance of nonlocal effects, which many theories in continuum mechanics or physics guessed wrongly.

For a better understanding of 20th century science, new mathematical tools must be introduced, like the author's H-measures, variants by Patrick Gerard, and others yet to be discovered. "