Micro and nano-fluidics concerns fluid dynamics occurring in devices or flow configurations with minimum design length measured in micrometers or smaller. The behavior of fluids at these scales is quite different from that at the macroscopic level due to the presence of surface tension effects, wetting phenomena, Brownian diffusion and hydrodynamic interactions with immersed particles and microstructures. These effects cannot be generally represented in a classical homogeneous continuum framework. However, this triggers the development of new tools to investigate and simulate problems at the meso-scopic level. This book contains a collection of works presented at the IUTAM Symposium on Advances on Micro and Nano-fluidics held in Dresden in 2007. It covers several subjects of wide interest for micro and nano-fluidics applications focusing on both, analytical and numerical approaches. Topics covered in particular include multi-scale particle methods for numerical simulations, liquid-wall interactions and modeling approaches, modeling of immersed nano-scale structures, organized flow behavior at micro and nano-scales, and methods for control of micro- and nano-scale flows.

The present volume, with the exception of the introductory chapter, consists of papers delivered at the workshop entitled "The Impact of Supercomputers on the Next Decade of Computational Fluid Dynamics," The workshop, which took place in Jerusalem, Israel during the week of December 16, 1984, was initiated by the National Science Foundation of the USA (NSF), by the Ministry of Science and Development, Israel (IMSD), and co-sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Office of Scientific Research of the U.S. Air Force (AFOSR), Tel Aviv University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The introductory chapter attempts to summarize what transpired at the workshop. The genesis of the workshop was an agreement between NSF and Il1S, signed in the spring of 1983, to conduct a series of bi-national work shops and symposia. This workshop represented the first activity spon sored under the agreement. The undersigned were selected by their respective national bodies to act as co-coordinators and organizers of the workshop. The first question that we faced was to decide upon a topic. In the past few years the field of CFD has mushroomed and consequently there have been many meetings, symposia, workshops, congresses, etc."

Bringing together contributions on a diverse range of topics, this text explores the relationship between discrete and continuum mechanics as a tool to model new and complex metamaterials. Providing a comprehensive bibliography and historical review of the field, it covers mechanical, acoustic and pantographic metamaterials, discusses Naive Model Theory and Lagrangian discrete models, and their applications, and presents methods for pantographic structures and variational methods for multidisciplinary modeling and computation. The relationship between discrete and continuous models is discussed from both mathematical and engineering viewpoints, making the text ideal for those interested in the foundation of mechanics and computational applications, and innovative viewpoints on the use of discrete systems to model metamaterials are presented for those who want to go deeper into the field. An ideal text for graduate students and researchers interested in continuum approaches to the study of modern materials, in mechanical engineering, civil engineering, applied mathematics, physics, and materials science.

This volume contains the paper presented at the 13th DGLRlST AB- Symposium held at the Technische Universitat Miinchen, November 12 to 14, 2002. STAB is the German Aerospace Aerodynamics Association, founded towards the end of the 70's, whereas DGLR is the German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Luft- und Raumfahrt - Lilienthal Oberth e.V.). The mission of STAB is to foster development and acceptance of the dis- cipline "Aerodynamics" in Germany. One of its general guidelines is to concentrate resources and know-how in the involved institutions and to avoid duplication in research work as much as possible. Nowadays, this is more necessary than ever. The experience made in the past makes it easier now, to obtain new knowledge for solving today's and tomorrow's prob- lems. STAB unites German scientists and engineers from universities, research- establishments and industry doing research and project work in numerical and experimental fluid mechanics and aerodynamics for aerospace and other applications. This has always been the basis of numerous common research activities sponsored by different funding agencies.

Dealing with aerodynamics in the broadest sense, this book discusses, in addition to aeroplanes, the aerodynamics of cars and birds, and the motion of diverse objects through air and water. The fundamental notions of mechanics and fluid dynamics are clearly explained, while the underlying science is discussed rigorously, but using only elementary mathematics, and then only occasionally. To put the science into its human context, the author describes -- with many illustrations -- the history of human attempts to fly and discusses the social impact of commercial aviation as well as the outlook for future developments. This new edition has been brought up to date throughout; solutions to selected exercises have been added, as have new problems and other study aids.

This study has two declared aims: it presents the theoretical basis for a provably ideal comparative process for relaxing flows (ICP) and jus tifies its application to jet and, in particular, rocket engines. This will be treated in two parts. Part I offers a status quo report on current calculation methods, and compiles and explains briefly the most important data on selected pro minent rocket engines. Starting from the phenomenology of the dynamical and physico-chemical conversion processes in the fuel-oxidizer fluid mixture and in the burned gases, the ideal thermodynamic comparative process is then derived - as a defined sequential change of states in the system. In order to render this comparative process readily under standable, it is first applied to an appropriate model gas using alge braic equations for all relevant parameters. This model gas undergoes energy conversion processes without forfeiting the simplicity of pre sentation typical of classical gas dynamics. Above all, examination of this model offers proof that it is generally impermissible to use, as is done in practice, the familiar isentropic equation for flow changes of state continuously propagated in flow tube theory. Elementary calculations immediately indicate essential attributes which are also typical for relaxing, multicomponent, one-phase systems, such as the significant 'pressure drop phenomenon' or the establishment of the steady mass flow rate as an 'eigenvalue' of the comparative pro cess. Their relevance to the RE theory is stressed."

This volume includes revised and extended versions of selected papers presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics held at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon, during the period of July 10 to 13, 2000. The papers describe instrumentation developments for Velocity, Scalar and Multi-Phase Flows and results of measurements of Turbulent Flows, and Combustion and Engines. The papers demonstrate the continuing and healthy interest in the development of understanding of new methodologies and implementation in terms of new instrumentation. The prime objective of the Tenth Symposium was to provide a forum for the presentation of the most advanced research on laser techniques for flow measurements, and communicate significant results to fluid mechanics. The application of laser techniques to scientific and engineering fluid flow research was emphasized, but contributions to the theory and practice of laser methods were also considered where they facilitate new improved fluid mechanic research. Attention was placed on laser-Doppler anemometry, particle sizing and other methods for the measurement of velocity and scalars, such as particle image velocimetry and laser induced fluorescence.

We are pleased to present the Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics held at the University of Sydney, Australia, from July 15 to 19, 2002. The conference was a productive meeting of scientists, mathematicians and engineers involved in the computation of fluid flow. Keynote lectures were presented in the areas of optimisation, algorithms, turbulence and bio-fluid mechanics. Two hundred and fifty abstracts from many countries were received for con sideration. The executive committee, consisting of A. Lerat, M. Napolitano, J.J. Chattot, N. Satofuka and myself, were responsible for the selection of papers. Each of the members had a separate subcommittee to carry out the evaluation. One hundred and seventy papers were selected of which one hundred and fifty two were presented at the conference. All papers that appear in the proceedings have been peer reviewed by a panel of experts (with a minimum of two for every paper) before publication. The conference was attended by 160 delegates with a minimum of late with drawals. The informal and friendly atmosphere provided by the university sur roundings was highly appreciated, and the technical aspects of the conference were stimulating. It is appropriate here to thank Alain Lerat, the retiring secretary of the international scientific committee of the conference. We also wish to welcome J. J. Chattot who is the incoming secretary."

Sect 2. 317 tinuity surfaces 1. This suggests that a wake pressure Pw be associated with each flow past a bluff body, and that a wake parameter (2. 4) which plays the same role as the cavitation parameter (2. 1), be defined for the flow. This idea has been made the basis of a modified wake theory (ef. Sect. 11) which proves to be in good qu- titative agreement with pressure and drag measurements. It should be emphasized, however, that un h like the cavitation number, the wake parameter is a quantity which is not known a priori, and must be empirically determined in each case. (3) Jet flows. The problem of jet efflux from an orifice is one of the oldest in hydrodynamics and the first to be treated by Fig. 3a. the HELMHOLTZ free streamline theory. Of particular importance for engineering applications is the discharge coefficient Cd' which is defined in terms of the discharge Q per unit time, the pressure P, and the cross-sectional area A of the orifice, by the formula, (2. 5) where e is the fluid density. Two methods of measuring Cd have been most fre quently adopted. In the first the liquid issues from an orifice in a large vessel under the influence of gravity _, -____________ ., (Fig. 3 a), while in the second it 1 L is forced out of a nozzle or pipe under high pressure (Fig. 3 b)."

The field of shock compression science has a long and rich history involving contributions of mathematicians, physicists and engineers over approximately two hundred years. The middle of the nineteenth century was an especially ac tive period with the contributions of Riemann, Rankine and Hugoniot, among others. The middle of the twentieth century saw another increase in activity re lated to shock compression of condensed matter as a result of military applica tions. It was also recognized that shock compression provided a means of sub jecting solids and liquids to extreme states of temperature and pressure difficult to achieve by static means. It has thus become an academic study in its own right. The principal modem contributions to this science were summarized in the landmark paper by Rice, McQueen and Walsh [Solid State Physics, Vol. 6, pp. 1-63, 1958]. As this field has continued to mature, interest has increased in tracing the early papers that have served as the foundations of the field. Cheret [Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 1989, Elsevier Sci. Pub. B. V. , pp 11-19, 1990) has contributed to this literature with his review of the life of Hugoniot on the one-hundredth anniversary of the publication of Hugoniot's classic paper on the propagation of discontinuous waves in gases. This contribution prompted additional historical investigation involving the precursors to Hugoniot.

This book contains the course notes of the Summerschool on High Performance Computing in Fluid Dynamics, held at the Delft University of Technology, June 24-28, 1996. The lectures presented deal to a large extent with algorithmic, programming and implementation issues, as well as experiences gained so far on parallel platforms. Attention is also given to mathematics aspects, notably domain decomposition and scalable algorithms. Topics considered are: basic concepts of parallel computers, parallelization strategies, programming aspects, parallel algorithms, applications in computational fluid dynamics, the present hardware situation and developments to be expected. The book is addressed to students on a graduate level and researchers in industry engaged in scientific computing, who have little or no experience with high performance computing, but who want to learn more, and/or want to port their code to parallel platforms. It is a good starting point for those who want to enter the field of high performance computing, especially if applications in fluid dynamics are envisaged.

This textbook treats Hydro- and Fluid Dynamics, the engineering science dealing with forces and energies generated by fluids in motion, playing a vital role in everyday life. Practical examples include the flow motion in the kitchen sink, the exhaust fan above the stove, and the air conditioning system in our home. When driving a car, the air flow around the vehicle body induces some drag which increases with the square of the car speed and contributes to excess fuel consumption. Engineering applications encompass fluid transport in pipes and canals, energy generation, environmental processes and transportation (cars, ships, aircrafts). This book deals with the topic of applied hydrodynamics. The lecture material is grouped into two complementary sections: ideal fluid flow and real fluid flow. The former deals with two- and possibly three-dimensional fluid motions that are not subject to boundary friction effects, while the latter considers the flow regions affected by boundary friction and turbulent shear. The lecture material is designed as an intermediate course in fluid dynamics for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students in Civil, Environmental, Hydraulic and Mechanical Engineering. It is supported by notes, applications, remarks and discussions in each chapter. Moreover a series of appendices is added, while some major homework assignments are developed at the end of the book, before the bibliographic references.

The primary purpose of this text is to document many of the lessons that have been learned during the author s more than forty years in the field of blast and shock. The writing therefore takes on an historical perspective, in some sense, because it follows the author s experience. The book deals with blast waves propagating in fluids or materials that can be treated as fluids.

It begins by distinguishing between blast waves and the more general category of shock waves. It then examines several ways of generating blast waves, considering the propagation of blast waves in one, two and three dimensions as well as through the real atmosphere. One section treats the propagation of shocks in layered gases in a more detailed manner.

The book also details the interaction of shock waves with structures in particular reflections, progressing from simple to complex geometries, including planar structures, two-dimensional structures such as ramps or wedges, reflections from heights of burst, and three-dimensional structures.

Intended for those with a basic knowledge of algebra and a solid grasp of the concepts of conservation of mass and energy, the text includes an introduction to blast wave terminology and conservation laws as well as a discussion of units and the importance of consistency."

This technical book considers the application side of LDA techniques. Starting from the basic theories that are crucial for each LDA user, the main subject of the book is focused on diverse application methods. In details, it deals with universal methodical techniques that have been mostly developed in the last 15 years. The book thus gives for the first time an application reference for LDA users in improving the optical conditions and enhancing the measurement accuracies. It also provides the guidelines for simplifying the measurements and correcting measurement errors as well as for clarifying the application limits and extending the application areas of LDA techniques. Beside the treatments of some traditional optical and flow mechanical features influencing the measurement accuracies, the book shows a broad spectrum of LDA application methods in the manner of measuring the flow turbulence, resolving the secondary flow structures, and quantifying the optical aberrations at measurements of internal flows etc.. Thus, it also supports the further developments of both the hard- and software of LDA instrumentations.

Aircraft concepts are always driven by the requirements of the desired m- sion. A di?erent purpose for the use of the aircraft consequently results in a di?erent design. Therefore, depending on the intended outcome, con?i- ing requirements need to be ful?lled, for example, e?cient cruise speed and greatercargocapabilities,in combinationwith shorttake-o?andlanding ?eld lengths, or high speed and agility combined with variable payload demands. Due to the highly complex, non-linear physical environment in which aircraft operate, this task demands that the most advanced methods and tools are employed, to gain the necessary understanding of ?ow phenomena, and to exploit the ?ow physics to achieve maximum aircraft e?ciency. Inthe naturalsciences,researcherstry to create andextend humankno- edge by understanding and explaining the mechanisms of physical processes. In engineering, a designer is limited by certain requirements, and in order to ful?l these requirements the necessary technical tools need to be designed. In general, for a given problem the corresponding scienti?c or technical solution is sought. In order to successfully advance from a problem towards a solution, three main methods may be used. The two classical methods include theory and experiment, which are now being complemented by a third method, - scribedasnumericalsimulation.Theexperimentalapproachis basedonph- ical observation, measurement of relevant values, and methodical variation of the subject matter. For example, such experiments are used to gain a ph- ical understanding as well as to validate and investigate design alternatives.

The homogenization of single phase gases or liquids with chemical reactive components by mixing belongs to one of the oldest basic operations applied in chemical engineering. The design of equipment for mixing processes is still derived from measurements of the mixing time which is related to the applied methods of measurement and the special design of the test equipment itself.

This book was stimulated by improved modern methods for experimental research and visualization, for simulations and numerical calculations of mixing and chemical reactions in micro and macro scale of time and local coordinates. It is aimed to improve the prediction of efficiencies and selectivities of chemical reactions in macroscopic scale. The results should give an understanding of the influence of the construction of different mixing equipment on to the momentum, heat and mass transfer as well as reaction processes running on microscopic scales of time and local coordinates.

Newly developed methods of measurement are adjusted to the scales of the selected special transport and conversion processes. They allow a more detailed modeling of the mixing processes by the formulation of an appropriate set of momentum-, heat- and mass balance equations as well as boundary conditions in time and local coordinates together with constitutive equations and reaction kinetics equations as closure laws for numerical and analytical calculations. The latter were empirically derived in the past and therefore of limited reliability only.

The improved and more detailed modeling leads to a major progress in predicting mixing processes on the different scales adjusted to transport and reaction processes in molecular, micro- and macro dimensions.

As a consequence improved numerical calculations are performed on the basis of newly derived experimental, measurement and modeling methods which are the basis for the prediction of mixing time as well as conversion rates and selectivities of chemical reactions during the mixing process. The research efforts are focused onto the design of the technical equipment for flow mixing processes. Mixing is performed inside velocity fields leading to deformation gradients from free or wall induced boundary layers. The different kinds of process equipment are jet mixer, static mixer and mixing vessels equipped with rotating stirrers. Especially in micro mixing newly developed constructions are investigated permitting the scale up from laboratory to technical dimensions.

The origins of turbulent ?ow and the transition from laminar to turbulent ?ow are the most important unsolved problems of ?uid mechanics and aerodynamics. - sides being a fundamental question of ?uid mechanics, there are numerous app- cations relying on information regarding transition location and the details of the subsequent turbulent ?ow. For example, the control of transition to turbulence is - pecially important in (1) skin-friction reduction of energy ef?cient aircraft, (2) the performance of heat exchangers and diffusers, (3) propulsion requirements for - personic aircraft, and (4) separation control. While considerable progress has been made in the science of laminar to turbulent transition over the last 30 years, the c- tinuing increase in computer power as well as new theoretical developments are now revolutionizing the area. It is now starting to be possible to move from simple 1D eigenvalue problems in canonical ?ows to global modes in complex ?ows, all - companied by accurate large-scale direct numerical simulations (DNS). Here, novel experimental techniques such as modern particle image velocimetry (PIV) also have an important role. Theoretically the in?uence of non-normality on the stability and transition is gaining importance, in particular for complex ?ows. At the same time the enigma of transition in the oldest ?ow investigated, Reynolds pipe ?ow tran- tion experiment, is regaining attention. Ideas from dynamical systems together with DNS and experiments are here giving us new insights.

Of late the demands of industry in creating new composite and functional materials with present properties stimulated an increased interest to the investigation of processes which occur in the detonation technologies of complex chemical composition with an additive of disperse particles. The collection includes a series of papers presented at the 3d International Conference "Lavrentyev Readings on Mathematics, Mechanics, and Physics" (Novosibirsk, 1990), was held by the Hydrodynamics Institute under the support of the Presidium of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences to stimulate the international cooperation of the leading international centers. In the framework of this Conference the Round Table seminar was held by Prof. A. Borissov and Prof. V. Mi trofanov devoted to "Dynamic Structure of Detonation in Gaseous and Dispersed Media." The idea to hold such Round Table was supported by Chairman of Organizing Committee academician Prof. V.Titov from Hydrodynamics Institute, and academician Prof. V. Nakoryakov and also his Institute of Thermophysics. The main ideas discussed at the Round Table were presented in the form of papers which reflected present situation of the problem of dynamic structure of the detonation waves in gaseous and dispersed media. The basic experimental facts concerning of complicated mul ti dimensional non-stationary structure both of the detonation wave and its front surface, generation of the cell structure, the effect of transverse waves, obstacles, channel geometry etc. on the transition from dynamic regime to stationary structure are represented in the fist three papers."

Over the last decade, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become a - ture technology for the development of new products in aeronautical industry. Aerodynamic design engineers have progressively taken advantage of the pos- bilities o?ered by the numericalsolutionof the Reynolds averagedNavier-Stokes (RANS) equations. Signi?cant improvements in physical modeling and solution algorithms as well as the enormous increase of computer power enable hi- ?delity numerical simulations in all stages of aircraft development. In Germany, the national CFD project MEGAFLOW furthered the dev- opment and availability of RANS solvers for the prediction of complex ?ow problemssigni?cantly. MEGAFLOWwasinitiated by the?rstaviationresearch programoftheFederalGovernmentin1995undertheleadershipoftheDLR(see Kroll, N. , Fassbender, J. K. (Eds). : MEGAFLOW - Numerical Flow Simulation for Aircraft Design; Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, Volume 89, Springer, 2005). A network from aircraft industry, DLR and several universities was created with the goal to focus and direct development activities for numerical ?ow simulation towards a common aerodynamic si- lation system providing both a block-structured (FLOWer-Code) and a hybrid (TAU-Code) parallel ? ow prediction capability. Today, both codes have reached a high level of maturity and reliability. They are routinely used at DLR and German aeronautic industry for a wide range of aerodynamic applications. For many universities the MEGAFLOW software represents a platform for the - provementofphysicalmodelsandfortheinvestigationofcomplex?owproblems. The network was established as an e?cient group of very closely co-operating partners with supplementing expertises and experience.

This short book deals with the mathematical modeling of jets impinging porous media. It starts with a short introduction to models describing turbulences in porous media as well as turbulent heat transfer. In its main part, the book presents the heat transfer of impinging jets using a local and a non-local thermal equilibrium approach.

This short but complicated book is very demanding of any reader. The scope and style employed preserve the nature of its subject: the turbulence phe nomena in gas and liquid flows which are believed to occur at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers. Since at first glance the field of interest is chaotic, time-dependent and three-dimensional, spread over a wide range of scales, sta tistical treatment is convenient rather than a description of fine details which are not of importance in the first place. When coupled to the basic conserva tion laws of fluid flow, such treatment, however, leads to an unclosed system of equations: a consequence termed, in the scientific community, the closure problem. This is the central and still unresolved issue of turbulence which emphasizes its chief peculiarity: our inability to do reliable predictions even on the global flow behavior. The book attempts to cope with this difficult task by introducing promising mathematical tools which permit an insight into the basic mechanisms involved. The prime objective is to shed enough light, but not necessarily the entire truth, on the turbulence closure problem. For many applications it is sufficient to know the direction in which to go and what to do in order to arrive at a fast and practical solution at minimum cost. The book is not written for easy and attractive reading."

1. Objective and Scope Bubbles, drops and rigid particles occur everywhere in life, from valuable industrial operations like gas-liquid contracting, fluidized beds and extraction to such vital natural processes as fermentation, evaporation, and sedimentation. As we become increasingly aware of their fundamental role in industrial and biological systems, we are driven to know more about these fascinating particles. It is no surprise, therefore, that their practical and theoretical implications have aroused great interest among the scientific community and have inspired a growing number of studies and publications. Over the past ten years advances in the field of small Reynolds numbers flows and their technological and biological applications have given rise to several definitive monographs and textbooks in the area. In addition, the past three decades have witnessed enormous progress in describing quantitatively the behaviour of these particles. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are still no available books that reflect such achievements in the areas of bubble and drop deformation, hydrodynamic interactions of deformable fluid particles at low and moderate Reynolds numbers and hydrodynamic interactions of particles in oscillatory flows. Indeed, only one more book is dedicated entirely to the behaviour of bubbles, drops and rigid particles ["Bubbles, Drops and Particles" by Clift et al. (1978)] and the authors state its limitations clearly in the preface: "We treat only phenomena in which particle-particle interactions are of negligible importance. Hence, direct application of the book is limited to single-particle systems of dilute suspensions.

Modelling Fluid Flow presents invited lectures, workshop summaries and a selection of papers from a recent international conference CMFF '03 on fluid technology. The lectures follow the current evolution and the newest challenges of the computational methods and measuring techniques related to fluid flow. The workshop summaries reflect the recent trends, open questions and unsolved problems in the mutually inspiring fields of experimental and computational fluid mechanics. The papers cover a wide range of fluids engineering, including reactive flow, chemical and process engineering, environmental fluid dynamics, turbulence modelling, numerical methods, and fluid machinery.

The interest in the field of active flow control (AFC) is steadily increasing. In - cent years the number of conferences and special sessions devoted to AFC org- ized by various institutions around the world continuously rises. New advanced courses for AFC are offered by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Ast- nautics (AIAA), the European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (ERCOFTAC), the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (CISM), the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI), to name just a few. New books on AFC are published by prominent colleagues of our field and even a new periodical, the 'International Journal of Flow Control', appeared. Despite these many activities in AFC it was felt that a follow-up of the highly successful 'ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL' Conference held in Berlin in 2006 was appropriate. As in 2006, 'ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL II' consisted only of invited lectures. To sti- late multidisciplinary discussions between experimental, theoretical and numerical fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, turbomachinary, mathematics, control engineering, metrology and computer science parallel sessions were excluded. Unfortunately, not all of the presented papers made it into this volume. As the preparation and printing of a book takes time and as this volume should be available at the conf- ence, the Local Organizing Committee had to set up a very ambitious time sch- ule which could not be met by all contributors.