The conference Challenges In Scientific Computing (CISC 2002) took place from October, 2 to 5, 2002. The hosting institution was the Weierstrass Insti tute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS) in Berlin, Germany. The main purpose of this meeting was to draw together researchers working in the fields of numerical analysis and scientific computing with a common interest in the numerical treatment and the computational solution of systems of nonlinear partial differential equations arising from applications of physical and engineering problems. The main focus of the conference was on the problem class of non linear transport/diffusion/reaction systems, chief amongst these being: the Navier-Stokes equations, semiconductor-device equations and porous media flow problems. The emphasis was on unsolved problems, challenging open questions from applications and assessing the various numerical methods used to handle them, rather than concentrate on accurate results from "solved" problems. Thanks to the participants it was an interesting meeting. The presentations stimulated exchanging ideas and lively discussions. This proceedings comprises 13 papers form the conference, ranging from numerical methods for flow problems, multigrid methods, semiconductor and microwave simulation, solution methods, finite element analysis to software aspects. This interesting conference would not have been possible without the help of the staff of the WIAS. I thank all participants, and all our supporters, especially those not onstage, for making the conference a success.

This monograph is intended to provide a comprehensive description of the rela tion between kinetic theory and fluid dynamics for a time-independent behavior of a gas in a general domain. A gas in a steady (or time-independent) state in a general domain is considered, and its asymptotic behavior for small Knudsen numbers is studied on the basis of kinetic theory. Fluid-dynamic-type equations and their associated boundary conditions, together with their Knudsen-layer corrections, describing the asymptotic behavior of the gas for small Knudsen numbers are presented. In addition, various interesting physical phenomena derived from the asymptotic theory are explained. The background of the asymptotic studies is explained in Chapter 1, accord ing to which the fluid-dynamic-type equations that describe the behavior of a gas in the continuum limit are to be studied carefully. Their detailed studies depending on physical situations are treated in the following chapters. What is striking is that the classical gas dynamic system is incomplete to describe the behavior of a gas in the continuum limit (or in the limit that the mean free path of the gas molecules vanishes). Thanks to the asymptotic theory, problems for a slightly rarefied gas can be treated with the same ease as the corresponding classical fluid-dynamic problems. In a rarefied gas, a temperature field is di rectly related to a gas flow, and there are various interesting phenomena which cannot be found in a gas in the continuum limit.

The European Drag Reduction Meeting has been held on 15th and 16th November 1990 in London. This was the fifth of the annual European meetings on drag reduction in engineering flows. The main objective of this meeting was to discuss up-to-date results of drag reduction research carried out in Europe. The organiser has adopted the philosophy of discussing the yesterday's results rather than the last year's results. No written material has therefore been requested for the meeting. It was only after the meeting the submission of papers was requested to the participants, from which 16 papers were selected for this proceedings volume. The meeting has attracted a record number of participants with a total of 52 researchers from seven European countries, U. K. , France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland and U. S. S. R. as well as from Japan, Canada and Australia. The subjects covered in this proceedings volume include riblets, LEBUs (Large Eddy Break-Up device), surface roughness, compliant surfaces and polymer additives. Riblets seem to be one of the most extensively studied devices in the past years. Reflecting this situation in the European community, there are six papers on riblets covering their practical applications to aircraft and to a model ship, near-wall coherent structure of the boundary layer and effects of flow three-dimensionality. Possibility of heat-transfer enhancement with riblets and potential use in the laminar flow are also investigated. An analytical model is developed for the boundary-layer with a LEBU device.

A collection of contributions on a variety of mathematical, physical and engineering subjects related to turbulence. Topics include mathematical issues, control and related problems, observational aspects, two- and quasi-two-dimensional flows, basic aspects of turbulence modeling, statistical issues and passive scalars.

It is a truism that turbulence is an unsolved problem, whether in scientific, engin eering or geophysical terms. It is strange that this remains largely the case even though we now know how to solve directly, with the help of sufficiently large and powerful computers, accurate approximations to the equations that govern tur bulent flows. The problem lies not with our numerical approximations but with the size of the computational task and the complexity of the solutions we gen erate, which match the complexity of real turbulence precisely in so far as the computations mimic the real flows. The fact that we can now solve some turbu lence in this limited sense is nevertheless an enormous step towards the goal of full understanding. Direct and large-eddy simulations are these numerical solutions of turbulence. They reproduce with remarkable fidelity the statistical, structural and dynamical properties of physical turbulent and transitional flows, though since the simula tions are necessarily time-dependent and three-dimensional they demand the most advanced computer resources at our disposal. The numerical techniques vary from accurate spectral methods and high-order finite differences to simple finite-volume algorithms derived on the principle of embedding fundamental conservation prop erties in the numerical operations. Genuine direct simulations resolve all the fluid motions fully, and require the highest practical accuracy in their numerical and temporal discretisation. Such simulations have the virtue of great fidelity when carried out carefully, and repre sent a most powerful tool for investigating the processes of transition to turbulence.

The "Pamir" international conference on "Transfer Phenomena in MagnetoHydroDynamic & Electroconducting Flows" is one of the manifestations associated to "Hydromag". This international organisation aims to coordinate and promote the MHD research in the world. The organiser of this conference is the Pamir group from the French laboratory LEGI (Laboratoire des Ecoulements Geophysiques et Industriels) which has close connections with INPG (lnstitut National Polythechnique de Grenoble), with the Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble and with the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique). In September 26-30, 1997 this conference was organised for the third time at the Paul Langevin centre (Aussois, France) which belongs to the CNRS. Approximately 15 countries were represented by about 120 participants. Papers included in this volume are those presented at the third Pamir conference after selection by the scientific committee and referee's procedure. The formal presentations and invited lectures were focused on four main topics related to: Interfacial heat and mass transfer phenomena, Energetic applications, Dynamo effect, and MEHD Phenomena. One of the perspectives of the conference was to promote a productive interaction between the MHD and the chemical engineering research communities. The possibility to use an external magnetic field to improve and control the mass transfer processes in electrochemical systems, sometimes called magnetoelectrolysis, was introduced as a new topic of the Pamir conference and is considered as a relatively new and promising branch of MHD research. In particular a wide field of applications in various domains is expected.

"Symposium Transsonicum" was founded by Klaus Oswatitsch four decades ago when there was clearly a need for a systematic treatment of flow problems in the higher speed regime in aeronautics. The first conference in 1962 brought together scientists concerned with fundamental problems involving the sonic flow speed regime. Results of the conference provided an understanding of some basic tran sonic phenomena by proposing mathematical methods that allowed for the de velopment of practical calculations. The "Transonic Controversy" (about shock free flows) was still an open issue after this meeting. In 1975 the second symposium was held, by then there was much understanding in how to avoid shocks in a steady plane flow to be designed, but still very little was known in unsteady phenomena due to a lack of elucidating experiments. A third meeting in 1988 reflected the availability oflarger computers which allowed the numerical analysis of flows with shocks to a reasonable accuracy. Because we are trying to keep Oswatitsch's heritage in science alive especially in Gottingen, we were asked by the aerospace research community to organize another symposium. Much had been achieved already in the knowledge, techno logy and applications in transonics, so IUT AM had to be convinced that a fourth meeting would not just be a reunion of old friends reminiscing some scientific past. The scientific committee greatly supported my efforts to invite scientists ac tively working in transonic problems which still pose substantial difficulties to ae rospace and turbomachinery industry."

This book contains papers presented at a workshop, jointly organized by the EUROPIV 2 project, the PivNet 2 Thematic Network, and the ERCOFTAC Spe cial Interest Group on PIV (SIG 32). EUROPIV 2 was a research program, funded by the European Community which started in April 2000 and ended in June 2003. The aim of this project was to develop and demonstrate the Particle Image Velocimetry technique (PIV), which allows to measure the velocity of large flow fields instantaneously, in order to make it available as an operational tool for the European aeronautical industry. A total of 17 teams from 5 different countries cooperated during these 3 years to im prove the method, both hardware and software, and to demonstrate its capabilities in large industrial wind tunnels. PivNet 2 is a European thematic network devoted to the transfer of the PIV technique to IndUStry. It has started in April 2002 for four years. It is coordinated by Dr J. Kompenhans from DLR Gottingen. Details on PivNnet 2 can be found at http: //pivnet.sm.go.dlr.de. ERCOFTAC (European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Com bustion) is an international association with the aim to promote research and coop eration in Europe on fluid flows, turbulence and combustion. Details can be found at http: //www.ercoftac.org and http: //www.univ-lillellpivnet."

Fluid mechanics (FM) is a branch of science dealing with the investi gation of flows of continua under the action of external forces. The fundamentals of FM were laid in the works of the famous scientists, such as L. Euler, M. V. Lomonosov, D. Bernoulli, J. L. Lagrange, A. Cauchy, L. Navier, S. D. Poisson, and other classics of science. Fluid mechanics underwent a rapid development during the past two centuries, and it now includes, along with the above branches, aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, rarefied gas dynamics, mechanics of multi phase and reactive media, etc. The FM application domains were expanded, and new investigation methods were developed. Certain concepts introduced by the classics of science, however, are still of primary importance and will apparently be of importance in the future. The Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions of a continuum, tensors of strains and stresses, conservation laws for mass, momentum, moment of momentum, and energy are the examples of such concepts and results. This list should be augmented by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, which determine the character and direction of processes at a given point of a continuum. The availability of the conservation laws is conditioned by the homogeneity and isotrop icity properties of the Euclidean space, and the form of these laws is related to the Newton's laws. The laws of thermodynamics have their foundation in the statistical physics."

While I was participating in the IUTAM Symposium on Structure of Turbulence and Drag Reduction in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1989, I was approached by Prof. Dr. Themistocles Dracos to give a course oflectures on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer during my sabbatical leave at Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich - Hoenggerberg in 1991. His reason for the suggestion was the growing interest in the environment and its dynamics created by flow in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. I have been teaching boundary layer to undergraduate and graduate students for more than twenty five years, so I agreed to give a series of lectures on boundary layer of the atmosphere. From the start I thought very seriously about the problem and consulted all the published works in English on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL). First consider the topography of the Earth which has oceans calm and turbulent, mountain ranges of height up to 9 km, lands of variable height with forests, food growing vegetable and deserts. The shape of the Earth is nearly spherical except at the north and south poles. Sun supplies the energy to drive circulation of air around the Earth's atmosphere which for all practical purposes occupies the region up to about 10 to 11 km. This brief scenerio of Earth's topography reveals the complexity of flow very close to the Earth's surface that is hardly flat except at the oceans' surface which consists of about 70% of the total Earth's surface.

From the reviews: "Researchers in fluid dynamics and applied mathematics will enjoy this book for its breadth of coverage, hands-on treatment of important ideas, many references, and historical and philosophical remarks." Mathematical Reviews

This volume contains papers presented at the 11th International Conference on Jet Cutting Technology, held at St. Andrews, Scotland, on 8-10 September 1992. Jetting techniques have been successfully applied for many years in the field of cleaning and descaling. Today, however, jet cutting is used in operations as diverse as removing cancerous growths from the human body, decommissioning sunsea installations and disabling explosive munitions. The diversity is reflected in the papers presented at the conference. The papers were divided into several main sections: jetting basics -- materials; jetting basics -- fluid mechanics; mining and quarrying; civil engineering; new developments; petrochem; cleaning and surface treatment; and manufacturing. The high quality of papers presented at the conference has further reinforced its position as the premier event in the field. The volume will be of interest to researchers, developers and manufacturers of systems, equipment users and contractors.

Fluid Effects in Polymers and Polymeric Composites, written by the late Dr. Y. Jack Weitsman, addresses the wide range of parameters that affect the interaction of fluids with polymers and polymeric composites. The book aims at broadening the scope of available data, mostly limited up to this time to weight-gain recordings of fluid ingress into polymers and composites, to the practical circumstances of fluctuating exposure. Various forms of experimental data are given, in conjunction with theoretical models derived from basic scientific principles, and correlated with severity of exposure conditions and interpreted by means of rationally based theoretical models. The practical implications of the effects of fluids are discussed. The issue of fluid effects on polymers and polymeric composites is of concern to engineers and scientists active in aerospace and naval structures, as an increasing portion of these structures are made of polymeric composites and employ polymeric adhesives as a joining device. While the book is intended for this audience, it will also interest researchers and graduate students interested in the mechanics and materials aspects of this matter.

After Surrey in 1994, Grenoble in 1996, Cambridge in 1999, Enschede in 2001, Munich in 2003 and Poiters in 2005, the 7th Workshop, DLES7, will be held in Trieste, again under the auspices of ERCOFTAC. Following the spirit of the series, the goal of this latest workshop is to establish a state-of-the-art of DNS and LES techniques for the computation and modeling of transitional/turbulent flows covering a broad scope of topics such as aerodynamics, acoustics, combustion, multiphase flows, environment, geophysics and bio-medical applications. This gathering of specialists in the field should once again be a unique opportunity for discussions about the more recent advances in the prediction, understanding and control of turbulent flows in academic or industrial situations.

This book is an outgrowth of the sixth international conference on integral methods in science and engineering. The chapters focus on the solution of mathematical models from various physical domains, using integral methods in conjunction with approximation schemes. Integral Methods in Science and Engineering describes the construction and application of various analytic and numerical integration techniques. Problem solving in areas such as solid mechanics, fluid dynamics, thermoelasticity, plates and shells, liquid crystals, diffusion and diffraction theory, Hamiltonian systems, resonance, nonlinear waves, plasma, flight dynamics, and structural networks are presented in an accessible manner. The book offers a vehicle for the quick dissemination of new results in these domains, and will help create an ideal environment for investigative interdisciplinary study among a variety of research areas.Topics: * Offers an illustration by prominent researchers of efficient methods of solution with numerical results and rigorous analytic methods * Presents applications of integral methods to a wide variety of mathematical and physical problems * Provides new results in the study of various physical and mechanical models * A clear, concise focus on a class of methodologies rather than a specific field of study This book is a practical resource for a broad audience of professionals, researchers, and practitioners in applied mathematics, mechanical engineering, and theoretical physics, who are interested in current research in ordinary and partial differential equations, integral equations, numerical analysis, mechanics of solids, fluid mechanics, and mathematical physics. Graduate students will find this a helpful guide to the wide range of applications that integral methods have in science and engineering.

Natural Convection in Composite Fluid-Porous Domains provides a timely overview of the current state of understanding on the phenomenon of convection in composite fluid-porous layers. Natural convection in horizontal fluid-porous layers has received renewed attention because of engineering problems such as post-accident cooling of nuclear reactors, contaminant transport in groundwater, and convection in fibrous insulation systems. Because applications of the problem span many scientific domains, the book serves as a valuable resource for a wide audience.

This volume contains results gained from the EU-funded 6th Framework project ADIGMA (Adaptive Higher-order Variational Methods for Aerodynamic Applications in Industry). The goal of ADIGMA was the development and utilization of innovative adaptive higher-order methods for the compressible flow equations enabling reliable, mesh independent numerical solutions for large-scale aerodynamic applications in aircraft industry. The ADIGMA consortium was comprised of 22 organizations which included the main European aircraft manufacturers, the major European research establishments and several universities, all with well proven expertise in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The book presents an introduction to the project, exhibits partners methods and approaches and provides a critical assessment of the newly developed methods for industrial aerodynamic applications. The best numerical strategies for integration as major building blocks for the next generation of industrial flow solvers are identified. "

With continuous development of modern computing hardware and applicable - merical methods, computational ?uid dynamics (CFD) has reached certain level of maturity so that it is being used routinely by scientists and engineers for ?uid ?ow analysis. Since most of the real-life applications involve some kind of optimization, it has been natural to extend the use of CFD tools from ?ow simulation to simu- tion based optimization. However, the transition from simulation to optimization is not straight forward, it requires proper interaction between advanced CFD meth- ologies and state-of-the-art optimization algorithms. The ultimate goal is to achieve optimal solution at the cost of few ?ow solutions. There is growing number of - search activities to achieve this goal. This book results from my work done on simulation based optimization problems at the Department of Mathematics, University of Trier, and reported in my postd- toral thesis ("Habilitationsschrift") accepted by the Faculty-IV of this University in 2008. The focus of the work has been to develop mathematical methods and - gorithms which lead to ef?cient and high performance computational techniques to solve such optimization problems in real-life applications. Systematic development of the methods and algorithms are presented here. Practical aspects of implemen- tions are discussed at each level as the complexity of the problems increase, suppo- ing with enough number of computational examples.

Pneumatic conveying is one of the most popular methods of handling bulk powdered and granular materials in mining, chemical and agricultural industries. This 3rd edition of this successful book covers both theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. It is unique in its blending of academic materials and good industrial design techniques. Each topic is covered in depth, with emphasis placed on the latest techniques, hardware systems and design and research methodology. Its comprehensive worked examples and table ensure that the reader need not consult any other reference material. In this 3rdedition new sections on simulation and modelling have been added, while the use of tomography as a tool for monitoring pneumatic conveying is also covered."

Essays are written to fulfill the needs of both teachers and graduate students; Problems have been selected so that they can be solved by hand; Discussion notes are at the end of many of the essays to serve as a basis for discussion; Endnotes provide background information which the reader may need in order to enjo the essay

In Fascination of Fluid Dynamics contains a collection of papers by international experts in hydrodynamics, based on oral presentations at a symposium held in honour of Professor Leen van Wijngaarden on his 65th birthday. The book begins with a personal sketch of his life and scientific career. It continues with a mixture of papers that address recent developments in various branches of fluid mechanics. Many of the papers cover different aspects of multiphase flows: bubble dynamics, cavitation, bubbles and particles in turbulent flows, suspension flows, and wave phenomena in fluidised beds. Other topics that are addressed include: dynamics of jets, shock waves, MHD turbulence, selforganisation phenomena in 2D turbulence, vortex rings and the thermodynamics of tropical cyclones. This edited volume will be valuable reading for researchers, engineers and students interested in hydrodynamics, and in particular in multiphase flows.

The idea of organising a colloquium on turbulence emerged during the sabbatical leave of Prof. Arkady Tsinober in Zurich. New experimental observations and the insight gained through direct numerical simulations have been stimulating research in turbulence and are leading to the developments of new concepts. The organisers felt the necessity to bring together researchers who have contributed significantly to the advances in this field in a colloquium in which the current achievements and the future development in the theoretical, numerical and experimental approaches would be discussed. The main emphasis of the colloquium was put on discussions. These discussions led to an interesting and exciting exchange of ideas, but also involved its very laborious transcription onto paper. It was due to the personal efforts of Mrs. A. Vyskocil, Dr. N. Malik and Dr. X. Studerus that this work could be completed. The colloquium was held in the relaxed atmosphere of the Centro Stefano Franscini in Monte Verita near Ascona, a locality of exceptional natural beauty, which was put at our disposal by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. We would like to express our gratitude for this generous financial and logistic support, which contributed considerably to the success of the colloquium. Zurich, April 1993 Th. Dracos, A. Tsinober Participants Adrian, R. J. Kambe, T. Antonia, R. A. Kit,E. Aref, H. Landahl, M. T. Betchov, R. Lesieur, M. Bewersdorff, H. -W. Malik, N. Castaing, B. Moffatt, H. K. Chen, J. Moin,P. Dracos, T. Mullin, T. Frisch, U. Novikov, E. A.

Some words about SCART 2000. SCART stands for science and art. SCART meetings are organized in a loose time sequence by an international group of scientists, most of them fluid-dynamicists. The first meeting was held in Hong-Kong, the second one in Berlin, and the third, and latest, one in Zurich. SCART meetings include a scientific conference and a number of art events. The intention is to restart a dialogue between scientists and artists which was so productive in the past. To achieve this goal several lectures given by scientists at the conference are intended for a broader public. In the proceedings they are denoted as SCART lectures. The artists in tum address the main theme of the conference with their contributions. The lectures at SCART 2000 covered the entire field of fluiddynamics, from laminar flows in biological systems to astrophysical events, such as the explosion of a neutron star. The main exhibition by Dutch and Swiss artists showed video and related art under the title 'Walking on Air'. Experimental music was performed in two concerts.

This volume contains twenty contributions of work, conducted since 1996 in the French- German Research Programme "Numerical Flow Simulation" of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The main purpose of this publication is to give an overview over the work conducted in this programme, and to make the results obtained available to the pUblic. The reports are grouped under the four headings "Development of Solution Techniques", "Crystal Growth and Melts", "Flows of Reacting Gases" and "Turbulent Flows". AIl contributions to this publica- tion were reviewed by a board consisting of T. Alziary de Roquefort (Poitiers, France), P. Bontoux (Marseille, France), JA Desideri (Sophia-Antipolis, France), W. Kordulla (G6t- tingen, Germany), R. Peyret (Nice, France), R. Rannacher (Heidelberg, Germany), G. War- necke (Magdeburg, ,Germany), and the editor. The responsibility for the contents of the reports nevertheless lies with the authors. E. H. Hirschel Editor Preface The Colloquium on "Numerical Simulation of Flows", Marseille, November 21 and 22, th 1997, was the 6 Joint CNRS-DFG Colloquium organized in the frame of the French- German Research Collaboration on Computational Fluid Dynamics. This Collaborative Program was elaborated progressively since 1991, when the two major research groups were brought together: the Priority Program "Flow Simulation with Super Computers" from the DFG in Germany and the Groupement de Recherche de "Mecanique des Fluides NumCrique" (GDR MFN) from the CNRS in France.

This book showcases the application of carbon nanotubes as nanodelivery systems for copper atoms, using molecular dynamics simulations as a means of investigation. The nanodelivery system of the carbon nanotube presents the possible usage of the carbon structure in many areas in the future. This book is comprehensive and informative, and serves as a guide for any reader who wishes to perform a molecular dynamics simulation of his own and to conduct an analytical study of a molecular system.