This dynamic and beautifully written textbook takes a modern and innovative approach to strategy by placing technology at its heart, bridging the gap between general strategy texts and specialist technology and innovation literature. It addresses the challenges and opportunities presented to organisations by disruptive technological change and takes into account the navigation of uncertain business environments. In addition to examining more established concepts and theories, the text also explores new disruptive business models and non-traditional approaches to strategy development such as effectuation, the Business Model Canvas and prediction logic. This comprehensive and critical approach is supported by a rich assortment of practical examples and cases drawn from different sectors and a range of exciting companies from all over the world, helping students and practitioners to apply theory to practice. This will be an essential core text for modules on technology strategy and innovation at upper undergraduate, postgraduate and MBA levels, and invaluable reading for senior executives and aspiring managers who seek to understand how to implement strategy in a volatile disruptive environment.

How do you tailor education to the learning needs of adults? Do they learn differently from children? How does their life experience inform their learning processes? These were the questions at the heart of Malcolm Knowles' pioneering theory of andragogy which transformed education theory in the 1970s. The resulting principles of a self-directed, experiential, problem-centred approach to learning have been hugely influential and are still the basis of the learning practices we use today. Understanding these principles is the cornerstone of increasing motivation and enabling adult learners to achieve. The 9th edition of The Adult Learner has been revised to include: Updates to the book to reflect the very latest advancements in the field. The addition of two new chapters on diversity and inclusion in adult learning, and andragogy and the online adult learner. An updated supporting website. This website for the 9th edition of The Adult Learner will provide basic instructor aids including a PowerPoint presentation for each chapter. Revisions throughout to make it more readable and relevant to your practices. If you are a researcher, practitioner, or student in education, an adult learning practitioner, training manager, or involved in human resource development, this is the definitive book in adult learning you should not be without.

Research Skills for Journalists is a comprehensive, engaging and highly practical guide to developing the varied skillset needed for producing well researched, quality journalism across a range of platforms.

Illustrated with original interviews and case studies, the book guides readers through a clear understanding of sources of news, as well as illustrating the skills needed to undertake successful digital and non-digital research and to conduct interviews for a variety of media. It examines the skills needed for basic data journalism and presents an in-depth exploration of the different research skills specific to producing print and online text, as well as those for broadcast and multimedia journalism.

Key research skills explored in the book include:

Developing digital research skills, including researching through search engines, messages boards, discussion groups and web forums, social media, apps, and using user generated content

Working with data, including sourcing, auditing and analysing data, data visualisation and understanding the importance of accuracy and context

Essential non-digital research skills, including telephone technique, using libraries and working with librarians, understanding copyright, working with picture libraries and research services, and producing freedom of information requests

Working directly with people to research stories, including the power of persuasion, tracking down great contributors, managing and protecting sources, planning and managing interviews, and interviewing vulnerable people

Researching for multimedia production of stories, including researching a radio story, podcast or video story, and planning for outside broadcasts.

Research Skills for Journalists also explores specialist research skills needed for working overseas and investigates new areas, which could be used for journalism research in the future.

The book is illustrated with original contributions by journalists from a variety of backgrounds; including veteran investigative journalist John Pilger, pioneering data journalist Simon Rogers and The Bureau of Investigative Journalism’s award-winning reporter Abigail Fielding-Smith. It is an invaluable guide for students and practitioners of journalism to the skills needed for finding and developing original news stories today.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 2. Sources of News 3. Digital Research 4. Data Journalism 5. Non-Digital Research 6. People 7. Interviews 8. Research for Print and Text 9. Research for Broadcast and Multimedia 10. Working Overseas 11. The Future

Safety Management Systems: Applications for the Aviation Industry provides an in-depth review of specific applications of an aviation-related Safety Management System (SMS) by following it from design through application. Readers will gain an understanding on SMS and how it related to their daily activities. Also, specific information will be provided on the rotocraft industry, due to variations in the challenges it faces.

From question development and research design to data collection and statistical analysis, this text guides the reader through every aspect of social research. Encouraging a critical approach in each chapter, this 4th edition includes enhanced coverage of internet sampling, mixed methods, conversation analysis and feminist research. Accompanying online resources for this title can be found at bloomsburyonlineresources.com/social-research-4e. These resources are designed to support teaching and learning when using this textbook and are available at no extra cost.

Browse's Introduction to the Symptoms & Signs of Surgical Disease is essential reading for all medical students learning the fundamentals of history taking and patient examination, when undertaking a surgical rotation, when preparing for their surgical exams and as they transition to postgraduate studies. Maintaining the engaging and readable style so central to Sir Norman Browse's early editions, the sixth edition of this classic text retains all the features beloved by generations of students while being fully revised and updated throughout in line with current surgical practice.

Key Features:

Current – fully revised and updated

Accessible – highly structured and consistent layout, supplemented by tables and revision panels for rapid reference in the pressured run up to qualifying exams

Beautifully illustrated – packed with an unrivalled collection of colour photographs and explanatory line diagrams, refreshed for this new edition

Expert editors – with a wealth of clinical and teaching experience, supported by contributors new to this edition bringing a fresh approach

Companion website – visit www.routledge.com/cw/gossage for digital resources to supplement this textbook including self-assessment material, video animations and an image library

Now supplemented by online resources for the complete learning and revision package, this sixth edition remains indispensable for the clinical years of undergraduate study to postgraduate surgical training and beyond.

Table of Contents

History Taking and Examination. The Heart, Lungs and Pleura. The Brain, CNS and Peripheral Nerves. The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue. The Symptoms, Signs and Emergency Management of Major Injuries. Musculoskeletal Conditions. Bones and Joints of the Upper Limbs (Including Hands). Bones and Joints of the Lower Limbs (Including Feet). The Spine and Pelvis. The Arteries, Veins and Lymphatics. The Mouth, Tongue and Lips. The Neck and Salivary Glands. The Breast. The Abdominal Wall, Herniae and the Umbilicus. The Abdomen. The Rectum and Anal Canal. The Kidneys, Urinary Tract and Prostate. The External Genitalia.

Routledge English Language Introductions cover core areas of language study and are one-stop resources for students.

Assuming no prior knowledge, books in the series offer an accessible overview of the subject, with activities, study questions, sample analyses, commentaries and key readings – all in the same volume. The innovative and flexible ‘two-dimensional’ structure is built around four sections – introduction, development, exploration and extension – which offer self-contained stages for study. Each topic can also be read across these sections, enabling the reader to build gradually on the knowledge gained.

Introducing English Language:

• is the foundational book in the Routledge English Language Introductions series, providing an accessible introduction to the English language
• contains newly expanded coverage of morphology, updated and revised exercises, and an extended Further Reading section
• comprehensively covers key disciplines of linguistics such as historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics, as well as core areas in language study including acquisition, standardisation and the globalisation of English
• uses a wide variety of real texts and images from around the world, including a Monty Python sketch, excerpts from novels such as Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse, and news items from Metro and the BBC
• provides updated classic readings by the key names in the discipline, including Guy Cook, Andy Kirkpatrick and Zoltán Dörnyei
• is accompanied by a website with extra activities, project ideas for each unit, suggestions for further reading, links to essential English language resources, and course templates for lecturers

Written by two experienced teachers and authors, this accessible textbook is an essential resource for all students of the English language and linguistics.

This colourful guide will introduce you to the fundamentals of horticulture, whether you are taking a Level 2 RHS, City and Guilds or BTEC course, are a keen amateur or seasoned gardener. Written in a clear and accessible style, this book covers the principles that underpin growing plants for the garden and on the allotment, with reference to how these are tackled by professionals. With highlighted definitions, key points, and illustrated in full colour, this book will be a useful companion as you progress in the study and practice of horticulture. Complete with a companion website which includes extended horticultural information, questions and exercises to test your knowledge, syllabus cross-referencing and downloadable tutor and student support materials. Available at www.routledge.com/adams

It is easy for newcomers to educational research to be confused by the wide range of terms used in the field and consequently for them to find it challenging to relate such terms to their own research and practice. This comprehensive guide consists of 120 concise but illuminative essays providing: - an explanation and definition of the term - alternative explanations and definitions of the term - the context in which it is used by educational researchers - exemplars as to how the term is used and used be used in practice - references to further literature - cross-references to other terms in the book.

In the third edition of this comprehensive guide to the what and how of literary study, attention is paid to the details of literary language and a wide variety of examples is included. More emphasis has been placed on contextualizing literature and this updated version takes these changes into account by incorporating more material on historical and cultural contexts as well as in-depth discussions on novels, drama, and poetry.

In order to fully understand the evolution and future growth of economic systems, we must draw on the lessons of economic history. The 2008 Financial Crisis, for example, mirrored past economic meltdowns with uncanny accuracy. Just like the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980s, it featured deregulated lenders taking incredible risks with other people’s money. Historical analysis is crucial to understanding trends and patterns that can help us predict the future.

This text presents a ground-breaking, pluralistic introduction to economic history and the history of economic thought. Tracing the development of economic systems and economic thought, the text introduces students to the story from ancient times to contemporary capitalism, and also its critics. Focusing in particular on Smith, Marx, Veblen, and Keynes, the text encourages students to consider which ideas and systems are still relevant in the modern world. This book can be used as a standalone text for relevant classes or as a supplement in any principles course.

Table of Contents

PART I: Economics: A pluralistic definition. 1. What is economics? 2. Scarcity, opportunity cost, and choice. PART II: The evolution of economic ideas and systems. 3. The evolution of pre-capitalist economic systems. 4. Adam Smith and the rise of capitalism. 5. Karl Marx and the dark age of capitalism. 6. Thorstein Veblen and monopoly capitalism. 7. Keynes and mixed market capitalism. 8. Modern economic systems.

Construction for Interior Designers is a highly readable, comprehensive and informative text proving all the technical information required. The second edition has been fully updated to reflect the 1991 amendments if the 1985 Building Regulations and includes a new chapter on environmental issues affecting construction. Important concepts are explained from first principles with three-dimensional diagrams and informative tables. No previous knowledge of the subject is assumed.

Table of Contents

Preface 1. Structural Principles 2. External Structure : Foundations and Walls 3. Roofs and Floors 4. Work to Existing Buildings 5. Internal Structure 6. Internal Furnishings and Fittings 7. Structural Materials: Timber, Metals, Concrete and Plastics 8. Internal Finishes and Materials 9. Environmental Issues Bibliography Index

Now the most used texbook for introductory cryptography courses in both mathematics and computer science, the Third Edition builds upon previous editions by offering several new sections, topics, and exercises. The authors present the core principles of modern cryptography, with emphasis on formal definitions, rigorous proofs of security.

Table of Contents

I Introduction and Classical Cryptography

1. Introduction

Cryptography and Modern Cryptography

The Setting of Private-Key Encryption

Historical Ciphers and Their Cryptanalysis

Principles of Modern Cryptography

Principle 1 - Formal Definitions

Principle 2 - Precise Assumptions

Principle 3 - Proofs of Security

Provable Security and Real-World Security

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

2. Perfectly Secret Encryption

Definitions

The One-Time Pad

Limitations of Perfect Secrecy

*Shannon's Theorem

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

II Private-Key (Symmetric) Cryptography

3. Private-Key Encryption

Computational Security

The Concrete Approach

The Asymptotic Approach

Defining Computationally Secure Encryption

The Basic Definition of Security (EAV-Security)

*Semantic Security

Constructing an EAV-Secure Encryption Scheme

Pseudorandom Generators

Proofs by Reduction

EAV-Security from a Pseudorandom Generator

Stronger Security Notions

Security for Multiple Encryptions

Chosen-Plaintext Attacks and CPA-Security

CPA-Security for Multiple Encryptions

Constructing a CPA-Secure Encryption Scheme

Pseudorandom Functions and Permutations

CPA-Security from a Pseudorandom Function

Modes of Operation and Encryption in Practice

Stream Ciphers

Stream-Cipher Modes of Operation

Block Ciphers and Block-Cipher Modes of Operation

*Nonce-Based Encryption

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

4. Message Authentication Codes

Message Integrity

Secrecy vs Integrity

Encryption vs Message Authentication

Message Authentication Codes (MACs) - Definitions

Constructing Secure Message Authentication Codes

A Fixed-Length MAC

Domain Extension for MACs

CBC-MAC

The Basic Construction

*Proof of Security

GMAC and Poly

MACs from Difference-Universal Functions

Instantiations

*Information-Theoretic MACs

One-Time MACs from Strongly Universal Functions

One-Time MACs from Difference-Universal Functions

Limitations on Information-Theoretic MACs

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

5. CCA-Security and Authenticated Encryption

Chosen-Ciphertext Attacks and CCA-Security

Padding-Oracle Attacks

Defining CCA-Security

Authenticated Encryption

Defining Authenticated Encryption

CCA Security vs Authenticated Encryption

Authenticated Encryption Schemes

Generic Constructions

Standardized Schemes

Secure Communication Sessions

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

6. Hash Functions and Applications

Definitions

Collision Resistance

Weaker Notions of Security

Domain Extension: The Merkle-Damgard Transform

Message Authentication Using Hash Functions

Hash-and-MAC

HMAC

Generic Attacks on Hash Functions

Birthday Attacks for Finding Collisions

Small-Space Birthday Attacks

*Time/Space Tradeo s for Inverting Hash Functions

The Random-Oracle Model

The Random-Oracle Model in Detail

Is the Random-Oracle Methodology Sound?

Additional Applications of Hash Functions

Fingerprinting and Deduplication

Merkle Trees

Password Hashing

Key Derivation

Commitment Schemes

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

7. Practical Constructions of Symmetric-Key Primitives

Stream Ciphers

Linear-Feedback Shift Registers

Adding Nonlinearity

Trivium

RC4

ChaCha20

Block Ciphers

Substitution-Permutation Networks

Feistel Networks

DES - The Data Encryption Standard

3 DES: Increasing the Key Length of a Block Cipher

AES -The Advanced Encryption Standard

*Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis

Compression Functions and Hash Functions

Compression Functions from Block Ciphers

MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2

The Sponge Construction and SHA-3 (Keccak)

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

8. *Theoretical Constructions of Symmetric-Key Primitives

One-Way Functions

Definitions

Candidate One-Way Functions

Hard-Core Predicates

From One-Way Functions to Pseudorandomness

Hard-Core Predicates from One-Way Functions

A Simple Case

A More Involved Case

The Full Proof

Constructing Pseudorandom Generators

Pseudorandom Generators with Minimal Expansion

Increasing the Expansion Factor

Constructing Pseudorandom Functions

Constructing (Strong) Pseudorandom Permutations

Assumptions for Private-Key Cryptography

Computational Indistinguishability

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

III Public-Key (Asymmetric) Cryptography

9. Number Theory and Cryptographic Hardness Assumptions

Preliminaries and Basic Group Theory

Primes and Divisibility

Modular Arithmetic

Groups

The Group ZN

*Isomorphisms and the Chinese Remainder Theorem

Primes, Factoring, and RSA

Generating Random Primes

*Primality Testing

The Factoring Assumption

The RSA Assumption

*Relating the Factoring and RSA Assumptions

Cryptographic Assumptions in Cyclic Groups

Cyclic Groups and Generators

The Discrete-Logarithm/Diffie-Hellman Assumptions

Working in (Subgroups of) Zp

Elliptic Curves

*Cryptographic Applications

One-Way Functions and Permutations

Collision-Resistant Hash Functions

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

10. *Algorithms for Factoring and Computing Discrete Logarithms

Algorithms for Factoring

Pollard's p - Algorithm

Pollard's Rho Algorithm

The Quadratic Sieve Algorithm

Generic Algorithms for Computing Discrete Logarithms

The Pohlig-Hellman Algorithm

The Baby-Step/Giant-Step Algorithm

Discrete Logarithms from Collisions

Index Calculus: Computing Discrete Logarithms in Zp

Recommended Key Lengths

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

11. Key Management and the Public-Key Revolution

Key Distribution and Key Management

A Partial Solution: Key-Distribution Centers

Key Exchange and the Diffie-Hellman Protocol

The Public-Key Revolution

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

12. Public-Key Encryption

Public-Key Encryption - An Overview

Definitions

Security against Chosen-Plaintext Attacks

Multiple Encryptions

Security against Chosen-Ciphertext Attacks

Hybrid Encryption and the KEM/DEM Paradigm

CPA-Security

CCA-Security

CDH/DDH-Based Encryption

El Gamal Encryption

DDH-Based Key Encapsulation

*A CDH-Based KEM in the Random-Oracle Model

*Chosen-Ciphertext Security and DHIES/ECIES

RSA-Based Encryption

Plain RSA Encryption

Padded RSA and PKCS # v

*CPA-Secure Encryption without Random Oracles

OAEP and PKCS # v

*A CCA-Secure KEM in the Random-Oracle Model

RSA Implementation Issues and Pitfalls

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

13. Digital Signature Schemes

Digital Signatures - An Overview

Definitions

The Hash-and-Sign Paradigm

RSA-Based Signatures

Plain RSA Signatures

RSA-FDH and PKCS #1 Standards

Signatures from the Discrete-Logarithm Problem

Identification Schemes and Signatures

The Schnorr Identification/Signature Schemes

DSA and ECDSA

Certificates and Public-Key Infrastructures

Putting It All Together { TLS

*Signcryption

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

14. *Post-Quantum Cryptography

Post-Quantum Symmetric-Key Cryptography

Grover's Algorithm and Symmetric-Key Lengths

Collision-Finding Algorithms and Hash Functions

Shor's Algorithm and its Impact on Cryptography

Post-Quantum Public-Key Encryption

Post-Quantum Signatures

Lamport's Signature Scheme

Chain-Based Signatures

Tree-Based Signatures

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

15. *Advanced Topics in Public-Key Encryption

Public-Key Encryption from Trapdoor Permutations

Trapdoor Permutations

Public-Key Encryption from Trapdoor Permutations

The Paillier Encryption Scheme

The Structure of Z_N

The Paillier Encryption Scheme

Homomorphic Encryption

Secret Sharing and Threshold Encryption

Secret Sharing

Verifiable Secret Sharing

Threshold Encryption and Electronic Voting

The Goldwasser-Micali Encryption Scheme

Quadratic Residues Modulo a Prime

Quadratic Residues Modulo a Composite

The Quadratic Residuosity Assumption

The Goldwasser-Micali Encryption Scheme

The Rabin Encryption Scheme

Computing Modular Square Roots

A Trapdoor Permutation Based on Factoring

The Rabin Encryption Scheme

References and Additional Reading

Exercises

Index of Common Notation

Appendix A Mathematical Background

A Identities and Inequalities

A Asymptotic Notation

A Basic Probability

A The \Birthday" Problem

A *Finite Fields

Appendix B Basic Algorithmic Number Theory

B Integer Arithmetic

B Basic Operations

B The Euclidean and Extended Euclidean Algorithms

B Modular Arithmetic

B Basic Operations

B Computing Modular Inverses

B Modular Exponentiation

B *Montgomery Multiplication

B Choosing a Uniform Group Element

B *Finding a Generator of a Cyclic Group

B Group-Theoretic Background

B Efficient Algorithms

References and Additional Reading

Exercises



　

/

Assuming little or no background knowledge and using original examples and exercises (with answers supplied), Understanding Phonetics provides you with an accessible introduction to the basics of phonetics and a comprehensive analysis of traditional phonetic theory - the articulation and physical characteristics of speech sounds.

Examples from a wide range of languages are presented throughout using symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. To help you develop your skills in this alphabet, Understanding Phonetics includes ear-training exercises that are freely available online, along with audio files of authentic listening material, for you to download from www.routledge.com/cw/ashby.

Understanding Phonetics outlines the production of consonants, vowels, phonation types, pitch and intonation, and aspects of connected speech. Reading through chapter by chapter, you will see your knowledge develop as you engage in the step-by-step phonetic study of a selected word.

Understanding Phonetics is designed to be used not only as a class textbook but also for self-study. It can be read systematically or used for reference purposes.

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Symbols for transcribing English

IPA chart

1. Starting phonetics

2. The role of the larynx

3. Place of articulation

4. Manner of articulation

5. Airstream mechanisms

6. Describing vowels

7. Further parameters of variation in vowels

8. Further parameters of variation in consonants

9. Connected speech - segment dynamics

10. Beyond the segment

Answers to exercises

Bibliography

Index

Most of us find ourselves listening to other people's problems at some time or another - either our friends' or, in the course of our work, patients, pupils, clients, colleagues. This book, written clearly in user friendly language, takes the reader step by step through a range of skills to help them become a better listener, communicator and helper in their everyday lives, progressing from inviting the person to talk to ending a helping conversation. Using plenty of examples, tips, exercises and sample conversations, the authors show how the skills described can be easily learned and can fit comfortably into everyday life. This book is essential reading for everyone interested in improving their communication and helping skills as well as those students taking introductory courses in counselling and counselling skills. KATHERYN GELDARD is a Child and Family Therapist and a visiting lecturer at the Queensland University of Technology, Australia. DAVID GELDARD is a Counselling Psychologist. Together they are the authors of several books on counselling. They jointly manage a counselling practice where they specialise in working with children, adolescents, and their families. They also run training programmes for helping professionals who wish to enhance their counselling skills.

Now in a fifth edition, this bestselling introductory textbook remains the cornerstone volume for the study of second language acquisition (SLA). Its chapters have been fully updated, and reorganized where appropriate, to provide a comprehensive yet accessible overview of the field and its related disciplines. In order to reflect current developments, new sections and expanded discussions have been added.

The fifth edition of Second Language Acquisition retains the features that students found useful in previous editions. This edition provides pedagogical tools that encourage students to reflect upon the experiences of second language learners. As with previous editions, discussion questions and problems at the end of each chapter help students apply their knowledge, and a glossary defines and reinforces must-know terminology. This clearly written, comprehensive, and current textbook, by Susan Gass, Jennifer Behney, and Luke Plonsky, is the ideal textbook for an introductory SLA course in second language studies, applied linguistics, linguistics, TESOL, and/or language education programs.

This textbook is supported with a Companion Website containing instructor and student resources including PowerPoint slides, exercises, stroop tests, flashcards, audio and video links: https://routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/9781138743427/

Table of Contents

Part One: Preliminaries

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 THE STUDY OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

1.2 DEFINITIONS

1.3 THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE

1.3.1 Semantics

1.3.2 Pragmatics

1.3.3 Syntax

1.3.4 Morphology and the Lexicon

1.3.5 Sound Systems

1.4 THE NATURE OF NONNATIVE SPEAKER KNOWLEDGE

1.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter Two: Where Do Data Come From?

2.1 DATA TYPES

2.2 LEARNER CORPORA

2.3 DATA ELICITATION

2.3.1 Measuring General Proficiency

2.3.2 Measuring Nonlinguistic Information

2.3.3 Verbal Report Data

2.3.3.1 Think-Alouds

2.3.3.2 Stimulated Recall

2.3.3.3 Post-Production Interviews

2.3.4 Narrative Inquiry

2.3.5 Language-Elicitation Measures

2.3.5.1 Elicited Imitation

2.3.5.2 Judgments

2.3.5.3 Language Games

2.3.5.4 Discourse Completion

2.3.6 PROCESSING DATA

2.3.6.1 Reaction Time

2.3.6.2 Self-paced Reading

2.3.6.3 Eye-Tracking

2.3.6.4 Neurolinguistic Data

2.4 REPLICATION

2.5 META-ANALYSES

2.6 ISSUES IN DATA ANALYSIS

2.7 WHAT IS ACQUISITION?

2.8 CONCLUSION

Part Two: Historical Underpinnings of SLA Research

Chapter Three: The Role of the Native Language - A Historical Overview

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 BEHAVIORISM

3.2.1 Linguistic Background

3.2.2 Psychological Background

3.3 CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS

3.4 ERROR ANALYSIS

3.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter Four: The Transition Period

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

4.2.1 Words

4.2.2 Sounds and Pronunciation

4.2.3 Syntax

4.2.4 Morphology

4.3 CHILD L2 ACQUISITION

4.4 CHILD L2 MORPHEME ORDER STUDIES

4.5 ADULT L2 MORPHEME ORDER STUDIES

4.6 THE MONITOR MODEL

4.6.1 The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

4.6.2 The Natural Order Hypothesis

4.6.3 The Monitor Hypothesis

4.6.4 The Input Hypothesis

4.6.5 The Affective Filter Hypothesis

4.6.6 Limitations

4.7 CONCLUSION

Chapter Five: Alternative Approaches to the Role of Previously Known Languages

5.1 REVISED PERSPECTIVES ON THE ROLE OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE

5.1.1 Avoidance

5.1.2 Differential Learning Rates

5.1.3 Different Paths

5.1.4 Overproduction

5.1.5 Predictability/Selectivity

5.1.6 L1 Influences in L2 Processing

5.1.7 Morpheme Order

5.2 CONCLUSION

Part Three: A Focus on Form - Language Universals

Chapter Six: Formal Approaches to SLA

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR

6.2.1 Initial State

6.2.1.1Fundamental Difference Hypothesis

6.2.1.2Access to UG Hypothesis

6.2.2 UG Principles

6.2.3 UG Parameters

6.2.4 Minimalist Program

6.2.5 Falsification

6.3 TRANSFER: THE GENERATIVE/UG PERSPECTIVE

6.3.1 Levels of Representation

6.3.2 Clustering

6.3.3 Learnability

6.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE HYPOTHESIS REVISED

6.5 SEMANTICS AND THE SYNTAX–SEMANTICS INTERFACE HYPOTHESIS

6.5.1 Semantics

6.5.2 Syntax and Semantics: The Interface Hypothesis

6.6 PHONOLOGY

6.6.1 Markedness Differential Hypothesis

6.6.2 Similarity/Dissimilarity: Speech Learning Model

6.6.3 Optimality Theory

6.6.4 Ontogeny Phylogeny Model

6.7 CONCLUSION

Chapter Seven: Typological Approaches

7.1 TYPOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS

7.1.1 Test Case I: The Accessibility Hierarchy

7.1.2 Test Case II: The Acquisition of Questions

7.1.3 Test Case III: Voiced/Voiceless Consonants

7.2 FALSIFIABILITY

7.3 TYPOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS: CONCLUSION

7.4 TYPOLOGICAL PRIMACY MODEL

7.5 THE ROLE OF THE L1: THREE APPROACHES

7.6 CONCLUSION: GENERAL COMMENTS ABOUT UNIVERSALS

Part Four: A Focus on Meaning

Chapter Eight: Meaning-based Approaches

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES

8.2.1 The Relationship between Form and Function: Form-to-Function

8.2.2 Concept-oriented Approach

8.3 TENSE AND ASPECT: THE ASPECT HYPOTHESIS

8.4 THE DISCOURSE HYPOTHESIS

8.5 CONCLUSION

Chapter Nine: The Lexicon

9.1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LEXICON

9.2 LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE: WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO KNOW A WORD?

9.2.1 Production and Reception

9.2.2 Knowledge and Control

9.2.3 Breadth and Depth

9.2.4 Subcategorization

9.2.5 Word Associations and Networks

9.2.6 Word Formation

9.2.7 Formulaic Language, Collocations, and Chunking

9.2.7.1 Use of Multiword Units

9.2.7.2 Learning of Multiword Units

9.2.7.3 Processing of Multiword Units

9.3 INFLUENCES ON L2 VOCABULARY AND DEVELOPMENT

9.3.1 The Role of the L1

9.3.2 Incidental Vocabulary Learning

9.3.2.1 Input Type

9.3.2.2 What Helps Learning?

9.3.3 Depth of Processing

9.3.4 Incremental Vocabulary Learning

9.4 USING LEXICAL SKILLS

9.4.1 Production

9.4.2 Perception

9.5 CONCLUSION

Part Five: Cognitive and Processing Approaches to SLA

Chapter Ten: Psycholinguistic Approaches to Learning

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 MODELS OF LANGUAGE PRODUCTION

10.3 PROCESSABILITY THEORY

10.4 PROCESSING OF INPUT

10.4.1 Input Processing

10.4.2 Processing Determinism

10.4.3 Autonomous Induction Theory

10.4.4 Shallow Structure Hypothesis

10.5 EMERGENTIST MODELS

10.5.1 Competition Model

10.5.2 Frequency-based Accounts

10.6 COMPLEX DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

10.7 SKILL ACQUISITION THEORY

10.8 CONCLUSION

Chapter Eleven: Psycholinguistic Constructs and Knowledge Types

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 INFORMATION PROCESSING

11.2.1 Automaticity

11.2.2 Restructuring

11.2.3 U-shaped Learning

11.2.4 Attention

11.2.5 Working Memory

11.2.6. Salience

11.2.7 Priming

11.3 KNOWLEDGE TYPES

11.3.1 Acquisition/Learning

11.3.2 Declarative/Procedural

11.3.3 Implicit/Explicit

11.3.4 Representation/Control

11.4 INTERFACE OF KNOWLEDGE TYPES

11.4.1 No Interface

11.4.2 Weak Interface

11.4.3 Strong Interface

11.5 CONCLUSION

Part Six: The Social Environment of Learning

Chapter Twelve: Interlanguage in Context

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHES

12.2.1 Mediation

12.2.2 Internalization

12.2.3 Zone of Proximal Development

12.2.4 Private Speech

12.2.5 Learning in a Sociocultural Framework

12.2.6 Gesture and SLA

12.3 SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION

12.4 SYSTEMATIC VARIATION

12.4.1 Linguistic Context

12.4.2 Social Context Relating to the Native Language

12.4.3 Social Context Relating to Interlocutor, Task Type, and Conversational Topic

12.4.4 Sociolinguistic Norms

12.5 CONVERSATION ANALYSIS

12.6 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

12.7 L2 PRAGMATICS

12.8 CONCLUSION: SLA AND OTHER DISCIPLINES

Chapter Thirteen: Input, Interaction, and Output

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 INPUT

13.3 COMPREHENSION

13.4 INTERACTION

13.5 OUTPUT

13.5.1 Hypothesis Testing

13.5.2 Automaticity

13.5.3 Meaning-based to Grammar-Based Processing

13.6. Feedback

13.6.1 Negotiation

13.6.2 Corrective Feedback

13.6.2.1 Recasts

13.6.2.2 Elicitation

13.6.2.3 Metalinguistic Feedback

13.7 THE ROLE OF INPUT AND INTERACTION IN LANGUAGE LEARNING

13.7.1 The Functions of Input and Interaction

13.7.2 Effectiveness of Feedback

13.7.2.1 Attention

13.7.2.2 Contrast Theory

13.7.2.3 Metalinguistic Awareness

13.7.3 Who Benefits From Interaction: When and Why?

13.8 LIMITATIONS OF INPUT

13.9 CONCLUSION

Chapter Fourteen: Contexts of Language Learning - Classrooms, Study Abroad, and Technology

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 CLASSROOM-BASED INSTRUCTION

14.2.1 Classroom Language

14.2.2 Teachability/Learnability

14.2.3 Focus on Form and Task-based Language Teaching

14.2.3.1 Timing

14.2.3.2 Forms to Focus On

14.2.3.3 Task Design

14.2.3.4 Input Manipulation and Input Enhancement

14.3 COMPLEXITY, ACCURACY, FLUENCY, AND PLANNING

14.4 PROCESSING INSTRUCTION

14.5 UNIQUENESS OF INSTRUCTION

14.6 EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTRUCTION

14.7 SLA AND CLASSROOM PRACTICES

14.8 ADDITIONAL CONTEXTS

14.8.1 Study Abroad

14.8.2 Technology-enhanced Language Learning

14.9 CONCLUSION

Part Seven: The Individual Language Learner

Chapter Fifteen: Learner-internal Influences

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN SLA

15.3 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

15.4 AGE DIFFERENCES

15.5 APTITUDE

15.6 MOTIVATION

15.6.1 Motivation as a Function of Time and Success

15.6.2 Changes over Time

15.6.3 The L2 Motivational Self System

15.6.4 Influence of Success on Motivation and Demotivation

15.7 AFFECT

15.7.1 Anxiety

15.7.2 Other Emotional Variables

15.8 PERSONALITY

15.8.1 Extroversion and Introversion

15.8.2 Grit

15.9 LEARNING STRATEGIES

15.10 CONCLUSION

Chapter Sixteen: Related Disciplines - A Focus on the Multilingual and Multimodal Learner

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 BILINGUAL ACQUISITION

16.3 THIRD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION/MULTILINGUALISM

16.4 HERITAGE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

16.5 SLA BY THE DEAF/HARD OF HEARING

16.6 CONCLUSION

Part Eight: Conclusion

Chapter Seventeen: An Integrated View of Second Language Acquisition

17.1 AN INTEGRATION OF SUB-AREAS

17.1.1 Apperceived Input

17.1.2 Comprehended Input

17.1.3 Intake

17.1.4 Integration

17.1.5 Output

17.2 CONCLUSION

This authoritative, reader-friendly text presents core principles of good map design that apply regardless of production methods or technical approach. The book addresses the crucial questions that arise at each step of making a map: Who is the audience? What is the purpose of the map? Where and how will it be used? Students get the knowledge needed to make sound decisions about data, typography, color, projections, scale, symbols, and nontraditional mapping and advanced visualization techniques.

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Pedagogical Features:

*Over 200 illustrations (also available at the companion website as PowerPoint slides), including 23 color plates

*Suggested readings at the end of each chapter.

*Recommended Web resources.

*Instructive glossary

Table of Contents

I. Map Design

1. Introduction

2. Planning and Composition

3. Text Material and Typography

4. Color in Cartographic Design

II. Geographic and Cartographic Framework

5. Scale, Compilation, and Generalization

6. The Earth's Graticule and Projections

III. Symbolization

7. Basics of Symbolization

8. Symbolizing Geographic Data

9. Multivariate Mapping

IV. Nontraditional Mapping

10. Cartograms and Diagrams

11. Continuity and Change in the Computer Era

V. Critique of Maps

12. Putting It All Together

Appendix A. Commonly Used Projections

Appendix B. Resources

Appendix C. Glossary