This book introduces a new framework for analyzing second language (L2) learners' written texts. The authors conducted a major study on changes and differences in English L2 learners' writing performance to advance understanding of the nature of L2 writing development over time, in relation to L2 instruction and testing, and to offer a model that professionals and researchers can use in their own longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of L2 writing development. Grounded in research, data, theory, and technology, this will be a welcome how-to for language test developers, scholars, and graduate students of (L2) writing and assessment.

This book introduces a new framework for analyzing second language (L2) learners' written texts. The authors conducted a major study on changes and differences in English L2 learners' writing performance to advance understanding of the nature of L2 writing development over time, in relation to L2 instruction and testing, and to offer a model that professionals and researchers can use in their own longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of L2 writing development. Grounded in research, data, theory, and technology, this will be a welcome how-to for language test developers, scholars, and graduate students of (L2) writing and assessment.

Native and Non-Native Teacher Talk in the EFL Classroom explores and compares the linguistic features of native and non-native English teacher talk with the aid of corpus linguistics. Setting aside the wide range of audio and video materials available, the EFL teacher is in many instances the main model of English to which students are exposed in secondary-level education. The basis of this book is to work towards a framework for the language that teachers of English need to be proficient in, based on an empirical study of language used in the ELT classroom by both native and expert non-native users. Presenting a corpus-informed treatment of the precise linguistic features used by EFL teachers within the framework of their most common teaching functions, this book: * Relates directly to the teacher talk of secondary-level EFL teachers; * Combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to data analysis; * Looks into pedagogical implications for ELT and proposes a flexible language development model based on evidence from the teacher training classroom; * Provides a corpus-based repertoire of language for the classroom which is of relevance to native and non-native student-teachers and practising teachers. Highlighting the need for much greater awareness of the impact of language use in both learning and teaching, this book is a major resource for advanced students and researchers of TESOL, classroom discourse, corpus linguistics, ELT, English for professional purposes, and teaching placement preparation.

Chinese grammar is characterized by its simple structure, lack of inflections, and wide use of monosyllabic morphemes. With the increased popularity of learning Chinese as a second language, there is a demand for a guide to Chinese grammar that's targeted at second language learners. This four-volume set is one of the earliest and most influential works of Chinese grammar, with a special focus on teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Drawing on rich teaching experience, the authors analyze a myriad of real-world examples to describe Chinese grammatical phenomena and rules while introducing the general grammar system of Chinese. In addition, the use of notional words in modern Chinese grammar is demonstrated, including nouns, pronouns, numerals, quantifiers, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Since the first edition came out in 1983, this set has been revised twice and has remained one of the best sellers in the field. Practitioners and scholars of teaching Chinese as a second language, as well as students with a basic knowledge of Chinese, will find it to be a handy reference.

Chinese grammar is characterized by its simple structure, lack of inflections, and wide use of monosyllabic morphemes. With the increased popularity of learning Chinese as a second language, there is a demand for a guide to Chinese grammar that's targeted at second language learners. This four-volume set is one of the earliest and most influential works of Chinese grammar, with a special focus on teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Drawing on rich teaching experience, the authors analyze a myriad of real world examples to describe Chinese grammatical phenomena and rules while introducing the general grammar system of Chinese. This volume introduces sentence constituents in modern Chinese grammar, including subjects, objects, attributes, adverbials, complements, double references, and parentheses. Since the first edition came out in 1983, this set has been revised twice and remained one of the best sellers in the field. Practitioners and scholars of teaching Chinese as a second language, as well as students with a basic knowledge of Chinese, will find it to be a handy reference.

Chinese grammar is characterized by its simple structure, lack of inflections, and wide use of monosyllabic morphemes. With the increased popularity of learning Chinese as a second language, there is a demand for a guide to Chinese grammar that's targeted at second language learners. This four-volume set is one of the earliest and most influential works of Chinese grammar, with a special focus on teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Drawing on rich teaching experience, the authors analyze a myriad of real-world examples to describe Chinese grammatical phenomena and rules while introducing the general grammar system of Chinese. This volume introduces several simple sentence and compound sentence structures of modern Chinese grammar. In addition, the authors examine discourse and other larger units of sentences in use. Since the first edition came out in 1983, this set has been revised twice and remained one of the best sellers in the field. Practitioners and scholars of teaching Chinese as a second language, as well as students with a basic knowledge of Chinese, will find it to be a handy reference.

An essential companion for IELTS writing instructors and students, Developing Writing Skills for IELTS provides IELTS test-takers with the necessary skills to succeed in the two academic writing tasks in IELTS. Adopting an original exemplar-based writing instructional approach, this text offers an in-depth and reader-friendly analysis of the assessment standards of the two academic writing tasks in IELTS. Authentic exemplars written by EFL university students are included to illustrate high (Bands 8-9), average (Bands 6-7), and low (Bands 4-5) performances in IELTS writing. Key Features: * Diagrammatical representation of assessment standards of the two academic writing tasks by experienced IELTS writing examiners and instructors. * 100 writing questions modelled after the IELTS format, designed by the authors, and categorised according to question types and topics that emerge from an analysis of over 400 IELTS writing questions. * Over 100 writing exemplars by EFL university students, accompanied by guided activities and suggested answers. Designed as a classroom text, a resource for workshops and consultations, or a self-study material, Developing Writing Skills for IELTS: A Research-based Approach will support IELTS writing instructors and test-takers with a variety of writing proficiencies.

This book makes a fresh contribution to the field of research ethics by considering research issues through relatable autobiographical narratives. The book's core offers narratives by novice second language education researchers who are completing PhD degrees using data from international research participants. These narratives expose challenges regarding the ethical identity of researchers working across diverse value and belief systems. The narrative chapters are followed by four chapters of commentaries from a line-up of international scholars with various academic, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds. The case study approach reports the experiences and reflections of research students before, during, and after the data collection phase of their projects, and offers insights into the recruitment of participants; acquiring and maintaining access; interpretations of the notion of informed consent; incentivising participants; the implications of ensuring anonymity and confidentiality; the right to withdraw participation and data; the positioning of the researcher as insider or outsider; potential conflicts of interest; the potential harm to participants and researcher; and the dissemination of findings. This practical and relatable book is aimed at research students and their supervisors in fields such as applied linguistics and education, as well as those following methods courses, to help illustrate the ethical challenges faced by researchers in the process of collecting qualitative data.

The Teacher and the Teenage Brain is essential reading for all teachers and students of education. This book offers a fascinating introduction to teenage brain development and shows how this knowledge has changed the way we understand young people. It provides a critical insight into strategies for improving relationships in the classroom and helping both adults and teenagers cope better with this stage of life. Dr John Coleman shows how teachers and students can contribute to healthy brain development. The book includes information about memory and learning, as well as guidance on motivation and the management of stress. Underpinned by his extensive work with schools, Dr Coleman offers advice on key topics including the importance of sleep, the social brain, moodiness, risk and risk-taking and the role of hormones. This book is extensively illustrated with examples from classrooms and interviews with teachers. It explicitly links research and practice to create a comprehensive, accessible guide to new knowledge about teenage brain development and its importance for education. Accompanied by a website providing resources for running workshops with teachers and parents, as well as an outline of a lesson plan for students, The Teacher and the Teenage Brain offers an innovative approach to the understanding of the teenage brain. This book represents an important contribution to teacher training and to the enhancement of learning in the classroom.

The Hickey Multisensory Language Course has become a classic. It is widely used throughout the UK by teachers working with dyslexic learners of all ages, and is a core text for university courses directed at specialist teachers. Moreover, it has exerted a powerful influence on approaches to teaching literacy skills, including the National Literacy Strategy Framework for teaching. Children now have an entitlement to access to the National Curriculum. Special educational needs, including dyslexia, must be identified, assessed, and addressed, mostly within an inclusive mainstream classroom. Special programmes such as the Hickey are implemented as part of an Individual Education Plan, and need to be linked to the Literacy Hour. The Third edition makes explicit links with current classroom organisation and gives examples of appropriate IEPs, and suggestions for use of ICT. To address the need for specific training in phonological awareness, the Hickey Lesson Plan has been modified, and a chapter added which includes specific games and activities to develop phonological awareness, and to develop the use of strategies in reading a range of whole texts.

The Think-Aloud Controversy in Second Language Research aims to answer key questions about the validity and uses of think-alouds, verbal reports completed by research participants while they perform a task. It offers an overview of how think-alouds have been used in language research and presents a quantitative meta-analysis of findings from studies involving verbal tasks and think-alouds. The book begins by presenting the theoretical background and empirical research that has examined the reactivity of think-alouds, then offers guidance regarding the practical issues of data collection and analysis, and concludes with implications for the use of think-alouds in language research. With its focus on a much-discussed and somewhat controversial data elicitation method in language research, this timely work is relevant to students and researchers from all theoretical perspectives who collect first or second language data. It serves as a valuable guide for any language researcher who is considering using think-alouds.

For many centuries scientists and philosophers have endeavoured to solve the baffling problem of human language. Originally published in 1949, Dr Stein had been fascinated by this problem and collected an enormous amount of data from past and present ages which, when viewed together, shed light upon the origin, evolution and meaning of human speech. He adheres to the broad concept that the development of the individual is a brief recapitulation of the evolution of the race, and has attempted to apply this principle to the solution of the problem of language. For this purpose, he has delved into the realms of prehistory, history, comparative philology, anatomy, physiology and psychology and has made conjectures from his data as to the prehistoric patterns of human speech. Where direct evidence is lacking he has resorted boldly to analogy and fantasy. The result is an intriguing mosaic which should prove interesting to all those concerned with the promotion of human relations which are, to a great extent, dependent on communication through speech. The work is crowned by the fact that his assumptions were being verified by the promising results obtained in the treatment of speech disorders based upon them at the time.

This book presents a view of human language as social interaction, illustrating its implications for language learning and second language teaching. // The volume advocates for researchers, practitioners, and administrators to rethink and reconceptualize an understanding of language beyond that of the written word to one encompassing social and interactional activity built on co-construction, collaboration, and negotiation. The book emphasizes the ways in which this view of language can shed light on the language learning process as one which draws on discrete linguistic units and constructions in conjunction with a range of temporal, sequential, and embodied resources across a variety of social contexts. In turn, these insights prompt further reflection and discussion on their implications for advancing second language teaching practice. // This book will be key reading for scholars interested in second language teaching research, as well as active second language teachers and language program administrators.

Technology-mediated communication cannot help but inform our literacies. This book is a reconceptualization of the role of language and pedagogy in what Kress (2003) has termed the new media age. At the heart of the volume is the notion of 'transformation' - a change in discourse practices, meaning making, technology and, as a result, literacy acquisition itself. The chapters look at language as positioned in a hugely multimodal world. Communication extends beyond the traditional realms of discourse, from the collaborative efforts of wikis to the hybrid speech and text of online messaging. These new areas of meaning-making are excellent and extremely important avenues to explore for academics interested in applied linguistics, language and literature, language acquisition and multimodality.

This book opens up new lines of debate in language learning and intercultural communication through an investigation of tandem language learning (a method of language learning based on mutual language exchange between native speakers and learners of each other's language) in connection with intercultural learning and identity construction. Through an empirical study of face-to-face tandem conversations, Jane Woodin provides compelling evidence for the re-definition of the tandem partnership beyond the traditional native speaker-non-native speaker (NS-NNS) paradigm. By analyzing conversation shapes, learner identification of self and other and interactants' own focus on culture, this book reveals how interactants themselves address the complexities of language, learning, ownership and meaning. The book also questions the prevalence of models of intercultural competence which describe the competence of the individual, with little recognition of the role of the relationship or interaction. Woodin considers the broader applicability of the tandem framework of autonomy and reciprocity, and suggests new directions for further research on tandem learning.

Arabic L2 Interlanguage is a significant and timely addition to the field of Second Language Acquisition, providing valuable insight into the development of 'interlanguage', the interim language of early beginners, in learners of Arabic. This book: Clearly establishes what interlanguage is and why it should form an important part of foreign language teaching Presents the reader with a sequence in which six English-speaking learners of Arabic acquire the language Makes use of the rich morphological and syntactic property of Arabic to offer a new perspective on the field of Second Language Acquisition. Arabic L2 Interlanguage contributes directly towards building a more comprehensive theoretical framework for explaining how L2s are acquired. It will be key text for SLA scholars as well as an important resource for graduate students in Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching.

In recent years language learning has been increasingly viewed by some SLA researchers as an essentially social-psychological process in which the role of a wider sociocultural context should not be marginalized. This volume offers a valuable contribution to this growing body of research by providing theoretical considerations and empirical research data on themes such as the development of intercultural communicative competence, the role of English as a lingua franca in intercultural communication, and the place of cultural factors in SLA theorizing, research, second/foreign language teaching and teacher training. The volume also contains contributions which share the linguistic interest in the culture-related concepts and constructs such as time, modesty, politeness, and respect, discussing the culture-dependent differences in conceptualization and their reflection in particular language forms and linguistic devices.

Corpus Linguistics for Education provides a practical and comprehensive introduction to the use of corpus research-methods in the field of education. Taking a hands-on approach to showcase the applications of corpora in the exploration of educationally relevant topics, this book: * covers 18 key skills including corpus building, the role of frequency, different corpus methods, transcription and annotation; * demonstrates the use of available corpora and desktop and online corpus analysis tools to conduct original analyses; * features case studies and step-by-step guides within each chapter; * emphasises the use of interview data in research projects. Corpus Linguistics for Education is an essential guide for students and researchers studying or conducting their own corpus-based research in education.

The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Pedagogy of Persian offers a detailed overview of the field of Persian second language acquisition and pedagogy. The Handbook discusses its development and captures critical accounts of cutting edge research within the major subfields of Persian second language acquisition and pedagogy, as well as current debates and problems, and goes on to suggest productive lines of future research. The book is divided into the following four parts: I) Theory-driven research on second language acquisition of Persian, II) Language skills in second language acquisition of Persian, III) Classroom research in second language acquisition and pedagogy of Persian, and IV) Social aspects of second language acquisition and pedagogy of Persian. The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Pedagogy of Persian is an essential reference for scholars and students of Persian SLA and pedagogy as well as those researching in related areas.

Assessing English Language Proficiency in U.S. K-12 Schools offers comprehensive background information about the generation of standards-based, English language proficiency (ELP) assessments used in U.S. K-12 school settings. The chapters in this book address a variety of key issues involved in the development and use of those assessments: defining an ELP construct driven by new academic content and ELP standards, using technology for K-12 ELP assessments, addressing the needs of various English learner (EL) students taking the assessments, connecting assessment with teaching and learning, and substantiating validity claims. Each chapter also contains suggestions for future research that will contribute to the next generation of K-12 ELP assessments and improve policies and practices in the use of the assessments. This book is intended to be a useful resource for researchers, graduate students, test developers, practitioners, and policymakers who are interested in learning more about large-scale, standards-based ELP assessments for K-12 EL students.

This practical guide to doing classroom discourse research provides a comprehensive overview of the research process. Bringing together both discourse analysis and classroom discourse research, this book helps readers to develop the analytic and rhetorical skills needed to conduct, and write about, the discourse of teaching and learning. Offering step-by-step guidance, each chapter is written so that readers can put the theoretical and methodological issues of classroom discourse analysis into practice while writing an academic paper. Chapters are organized around three stages of research: planning, analyzing, and understanding and reporting. Reflective questions and discourse examples are used throughout the book to assist readers. This book is essential reading for modules on classroom discourse or thesis writing and a key supplementary resource for research methods, discourse analysis, or language teaching and learning.

This practical guide to doing classroom discourse research provides a comprehensive overview of the research process. Bringing together both discourse analysis and classroom discourse research, this book helps readers to develop the analytic and rhetorical skills needed to conduct, and write about, the discourse of teaching and learning. Offering step-by-step guidance, each chapter is written so that readers can put the theoretical and methodological issues of classroom discourse analysis into practice while writing an academic paper. Chapters are organized around three stages of research: planning, analyzing, and understanding and reporting. Reflective questions and discourse examples are used throughout the book to assist readers. This book is essential reading for modules on classroom discourse or thesis writing and a key supplementary resource for research methods, discourse analysis, or language teaching and learning.

This edited volume provides a single coherent overview of vocabulary teaching and learning in relation to each of the four skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking). Each of the four sections presents a skill area with two chapters presented by two leading experts in the field, relating recent advances in the field to the extent that each skill area relates differently to vocabulary and how this informs pedagogy and policy. The book opens with a summary of recent advances in the field of vocabulary, and closes by drawing conclusions from the skill areas covered. The chapters respond to emerging vocabulary research trends that indicate that lexical acquisition needs to be treated differently according to the skill area. The editors have chosen chapters to respond to recent research advances and to highlight practical and pedagogical application in a single coherent volume.

This edited volume brings together several original studies that critically examine the quantitative and qualitative effects of service-learning (SL) on foreign and second language learning, and its impact on communities, learners, pre-service teacher candidates, and faculty-researchers. The book focuses on two key aspects: Innovative SL methodologies that seek to develop linguistic and cultural competencies and empirical investigations on the SL effects on all stakeholders. The analysis presented provides a unique insight into the challenges and future directions of SL research, pedagogical assessment, and community impact.

This book correlates English-speaking children's brain development and acquisition of language with the linguistic input that comes from children's books. Drawing from the most current research on the developing brain, the author demonstrates how language acquisition is exclusively interactive, and highlights the benefit that accrues when that interaction includes the exploratory language play found in early childhood literature. Through discussions of specific domains of grammar, the relation of these domains to children's literature through scaffolding, and the resultant linguistic and cognitive advantages for the child, this volume offers an innovative approach to early brain maturation.