Pixel detectors are a particularly important class of particle and radiation detection devices. They have an extremely broad spectrum of applications, ranging from high-energy physics to the photo cameras of everyday life. This book is a general purpose introduction into the fundamental principles of pixel detector technology and semiconductor-based hybrid pixel devices. Although these devices were developed for high-energy ionizing particles and radiation beyond visible light, they are finding new applications in many other areas. This book will therefore benefit all scientists and engineers working in any laboratory involved in developing or using particle detection.

The foundation for understanding the function and dynamics of biological systems is not only knowledge of their structure, but the new methodologies and applications used to determine that structure. This volume in Biological Magnetic Resonance emphasizes the methods that involve Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It will interest researchers working in the field of imaging.

This book explores the physics, technology and applications of particle accelerators. It illustrates the interconnections between applications and basic physical principles, enabling readers to better understand current and upcoming technologies and see beyond the paradigmatic borders of the individual fields. The reader will discover why accelerators are no longer just toys for scientists, but have also become modern and efficient nuclear workhorses. The book starts with an introduction to the relevant technologies and radiation safety aspects of accelerating electrons and ions from several keV to roughly 250 MeV. It subsequently describes the physics behind the interactions of these particle beams with matter. Mathematical descriptions and state-of-the-art computer models of energy-loss and nuclear interactions between the particle beams and targets round out the physics coverage. On this basis, the book then presents the most important accelerator applications in science, medicine, and industry, explaining and comparing more than 20 major application fields, encompassing semiconductors, cancer treatment, and space exploration. Despite the disparate fields involved, this book demonstrates how the same essential technology and physics connects all of these applications.

The second E. C. Workshop on Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization was organized for the assessment of research goals and plans as the basis to a grant proposal for a "Concerted Action" which will be forwarded to the European Commission. It should, therefore, not only be considered as a work in progress exhibition which succeeded the former activities within the E. C. (Inventory on Tissue Characterization in Europe and first Workshop). The Steering Group invited a 1 imited group of Institutes to send its group leader and a research fel low in the entitled field, who should expose the overall research program, as wei 1 as the more specific work on tissue characterization by RF signal analysis and spectroscopy. The ultimate goal of the Workshop has been the formulation of schemes of interaction among the Institutes and individuals and the definition of cooperative research programs. The remainder of the groups and some of the groups present are working in the field of analysis and processing of cl inical A- and B-mode echograms (i. e. video signals). Because this work is more closely related to the cl inical diagnostics it was decided that for that reason no preparatory workshop was needed. In the final proposal for the Concerted Action this work wi 1 1 get ample attention. Although not many clinicians were present, their positive interest in the sophisticated analysis techniques and their contribution to the dis cussions again have been a most valuable and stimulating experience.

Recent years have witnessed dramatic advances in the development and use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that can provide quantitative measures with some degree of pathological specificity for the heterogeneous substrates of multiple sclerosis (MS). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is one of the most promising of these techniques. Thanks to MRS, axonal damage is no longer considered an end-stage phenomenon typical of only the most destructive lesions and the most unfortunate cases, but rather as a major component of the MS pathology of lesions and normal-appearing white matter at all the phases of the disease. This new concept is rapidly changing our understanding of MS pathophysiology and, as a consequence, the therapeutic strategies to modify the disease course favorably. Many of the authors have pionereed the use of MRS in MS, thus contributing to the foundation of the "axonal hypothesis".

Breast Imaging presents a comprehensive review of the subject matter commonly encountered by practicing radiologists and radiology residents in training. This volume includes succinct overviews of breast cancer epidemiology, screening, staging, and treatment; overviews of all imaging modalities including mammography, tomosynthesis, ultrasound, and MRI; step-by-step approaches for image-guided breast interventions; and high-yield chapters organized by specific imaging finding seen on mammography, tomosynthesis, ultrasound, and MRI. Part of the Rotations in Radiology series, this book offers a guided approach to breast imaging interpretation and techniques, highlighting the nuances necessary to arrive at the best diagnosis and management. Each chapter contains a targeted discussion of an imaging finding which reviews the anatomy and physiology, distinguishing features, imaging techniques, differential diagnosis, clinical issues, key points, and further reading. Breast Imaging is a must-read for residents and practicing radiologists seeking a foundation for the essential knowledge base in breast imaging.

This book provides an introduction to next generation smart screening technology for medical image analysis that combines artificial intelligence (AI) techniques with digital screening to develop innovative methods for detecting breast cancer. The authors begin with a discussion of breast cancer, its characteristics and symptoms, and the importance of early screening.They then provide insight on the role of artificial intelligence in global healthcare, screening methods for breast cancer using mammogram, ultrasound, and thermogram images, and the potential benefits of using AI-based systems for clinical screening to more accurately detect, diagnose, and treat breast cancer. Discusses various existing screening methods for breast cancer Presents deep information on artificial intelligence-based screening methods Discusses cancer treatment based on geographical differences and cultural characteristics

Exploration of Cortical Function summarizes recent research efforts aiming at the revelation of cortical population coding and signal processing strategies. Topics include optical detection techniques of population activity in the sub-millimeter range, advanced methods for the statistical analysis of these data, and biologically inspired neuronal modeling techniques for population activities in the frameworks of optimal coding, statistical learning theory, and mean-field recurrent networks.

Exploration of Cortical Function is unique in that it covers one complete branch of population-based brain research ranging from techniques for data acquisition over data analysis up to modeling techniques for the quantification of functional principles. The volume covers an area which is of great current interest to researchers working on cerebral cortex. The combination of models and image analysis techniques to examine the activity of large cohorts of neurons is especially intriguing and prone to considerable error and debate.

The intended readership is students and researchers from many disciplines, including neuroscience, biology, physics, and computer science, interested in how an interdisciplinary framework from biology advanced statistics and computational neuroscience can be used to gather a quantitative understanding of cortical function. Experimentalists may gain insight into statistical and neuronal modeling techniques, whereas theoreticians will find an introductory treatment of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and measurement techniques.

A half century after its invention, and after several waves of optimism and pessimism, holography is now poised to achieve widespread application. Holograms are now being used as tools in many industries, from heads-up displays in aircraft to directing interconnections in massively parallel computing. Acoustic holograms can provide three-dimensional images of internal organs without surgery or dangerous radiation, and holography forms the basis of several other forms of nondestructive testing. This book provides both a review of the development of the field and of the applications likely to be important in the 21st century. It begins with a review by Emmett Leith, one of the inventors of holography - or re-inventors, after Denis Gabor's original work in 1947. Two chapters discuss the frontiers of holographic imaging, including color holograms and stereographic movies. Several subsequent chapters describe novel methods of forming and viewing holographic images, including the use of low-coherence sources or even computers to generate the holograms. The book concludes with a sampling of new applications of holography, including its uses in improving the efficiency of solar cells, in nondestructive testing, in improving the coherence properties of light, in data storage, and in investigations of fundamental physics.

This volume gives a survey on mathematical and computational methods in image registration. During the last year sophisticated numerical models for registration and efficient numerical methods have been proposed. Many of them are contained in this volume. The book also summarizes the state-of-the-art in mathematical and computational methods in image registration. In addition, it covers some practical applications and new directions with industrial relevance in data processing.

The present work is the second in a series constituting an extension of my doctoral thesis done at Stanford in the early 1970s. Like the earlier work, The Reciprocal Modular Brain in Economics and Politics, Shaping the Rational and Moral Basis ofOrganization, Exchange, and Choice (Plenum Publishing, 1999), it may also be considered to respond to the call for consilience by Edward O. Wilson. I agree with Wilson that there is a pressing need in the sciences today for the unification of the social with the natural sciences. I consider the present work to proceed from the perspective of behavioral ecology, specifically a subfield which I choose to call interpersonal behavioral ecology th Ecology, as a general field, has emerged in the last quarter of the 20 century as a major theme of concern as we have become increasingly aware that we must preserve the planet whose limited resources we share with all other earthly creatures. Interpersonal behavioral ecology, however, focuses not on the physical environment, but upon our social environment. It concerns our interpersonal behavioral interactions at all levels, from simple dyadic one-to-one personal interactions to our larger, even global, social, economic, and political interactions.

This book reviews and discusses the development of self-assembled nanomaterials applied in biomedical fields. Based on self-assembled nanomaterial constructions, it highlights the mechanisms of the stimuli-response-induced assembly/disassembly and transformation. Moreover, it examines healthcare-related diseases, the applications of nanomaterials and therapy/detection strategies, providing readers with both a deeper understanding of the subject and inspirations for future research. The book is primarily intended for researchers and graduate students in the fields of material sciences and chemistry who wish to learn about the principles, methods, mechanisms and biomedical applications of self-assembled nanomaterials.

In recent decades, the use of neuroimaging techniques has resulted in outstanding progress in the diagnosis and management of neurological diseases, and this is particularly true of those diseases that affect the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. This book, written by internationally acclaimed experts, comprises a series of comprehensive and up-to-date reviews on the use of MR imaging in these major neurological conditions. The diverse available MR techniques, such as magnetization transfer MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, MR spectroscopy, functional MRI, cell-specific MRI, perfusion MRI, and microscopic imaging with ultra-high field MRI, offer an extraordinarily powerful means of gaining fundamental in vivo insights into disease processes. The strengths and weaknesses of all these techniques in the study of multiple sclerosis and other relevant diseases are extensively considered. After an introductory section on neuroimaging technology, subsequent sections address disorders of myelination, demyelinating diseases, immune-mediated disorders, and white matter disorders related to aging and other conditions. This book provides a valuable summary of the state of the art in the field, and defines important areas for future research.

One of the main causes of failure in the treatment of breast cancer is the intrinsic presence of, or development of, drug resistance by the cancer cells. Recent studies on the mechanisms of cancer drug resistance have yielded important information highlighting both how tumour cells may escape these therapeutic constraints and that drug resistance may further impinge on tumour cell functions that may ultimately promote an adverse cell phenotype. New targets have been identified with potential therapeutic applications in resistant breast cancer leading to the subsequent evaluation of inhibitors of these targets in preclinical studies. Importantly, there is increasing evidence from such studies demonstrating the benefit of novel combination strategies as potential avenues for future drug regimens.

Written by experts in the subject area, this book covers the molecular details and functional consequences of endocrine resistance in breast cancer with particular emphasis on the future applications of novel drug combinations that may be utilized to circumvent resistance and improve anti-tumour effects. This book represents a timely publication in the field of breast cancer research, providing current knowledge in the area of drug resistance and will be important reading material for clinicians and researchers alike.

In this issue of MRI Clinics, guest editor Dr. Mary K. Jesse brings her considerable expertise to the topic of MR Imaging of the Knee. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as MR knee synovitis and synovial pathology, normal variants of the pediatric knee, MR imaging of knee meniscus, MR post-operative meniscus, and more. Contains 10 relevant, practice-oriented topics including MR posterolateral and posteromedial corner injuries; MR knee cartilage injury and repair surgeries; MR knee bursa and bursal pathology; pre- and post-operative MR of the cruciate ligaments; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on MR imaging of the knee, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Computers have become an integral part of medical imaging systems and are used for everything from data acquisition and image generation to image display and analysis. As the scope and complexity of imaging technology steadily increase, more advanced techniques are required to solve the emerging challenges. Biomedical Image Analysis demonstrates the benefits reaped from the application of digital image processing, computer vision, and pattern analysis techniques to biomedical images, such as adding objective strength and improving diagnostic confidence through quantitative analysis. The book focuses on post-acquisition challenges such as image enhancement, detection of edges and objects, analysis of shape, quantification of texture and sharpness, and pattern analysis, rather than on the imaging equipment and imaging techniques. Each chapter addresses several problems associated with imaging or image analysis, outlining the typical processes, then detailing more sophisticated methods directed to the specific problems of interest. Biomedical Image Analysis is useful for senior undergraduate and graduate biomedical engineering students, practicing engineers, and computer scientists working in diverse areas such as telecommunications, biomedical applications, and hospital information systems.

The current generation of imaging nanoparticles is diverse and dependent on its myriad of applications. This book provides an overview of how these imaging particles can be designed to fulfill specific requirements for applications across different imaging modalities. It presents, for the first time, a comprehensive interdisciplinary overview of the impact nanoparticles have on biomedical imaging and is a common central resource for researchers and teachers.

Distance measurements in biological systems by EPR The foundation for understanding function and dynamics of biological systems is knowledge of their structure. Many experimental methodologies are used for determination of structure, each with special utility. Volumes in this series on Biological Magnetic Resonance emphasize the methods that involve magnetic resonance. This volume seeks to provide a critical evaluation of EPR methods for determining the distances between two unpaired electrons. The editors invited the authors to make this a very practical book, with specific numerical examples of how experimental data is worked up to produce a distance estimate, and realistic assessments of uncertainties and of the range of applicability, along with examples of the power of the technique to answer biological problems. The first chapter is an overview, by two of the editors, of EPR methods to determine distances, with a focus on the range of applicability. The next chapter, also by the Batons, reviews what is known about electron spin relaxation times that are needed in estimating distances between spins or in selecting appropriate temperatures for particular experiments. Albert Beth and Eric Hustedt describe the information about spin-spin interaction that one can obtain by simulating CW EPR line shapes of nitroxyl radicals. The information in fluid solution CW EPR spectra of dual-spin labeled proteins is illustrated by Hassane Mchaourab and Eduardo Perozo.

Much MRI literature assumes that the reader is conversant with the specialised terms that have developed with the subject. For beginners this is often not the case, and this false assumption may hinder the reader's assimilation of information. The aim of this glossary is to explain these terms in plain language without assuming that the reader has a Ph.D. in physics!

Radiochemical methodology constitutes the most important base for the successful functioning of a PET group in the routine production and development of radiopharmaceuticals. Of the several hundred products which have been labelled with positron emitters during the past two decades about 35 are presently considered to be of major interest. The time for a state-of-the-art review is right, since this field has advanced over the past fifteen years to reach a level where guidelines can now be suggested. Chapters of this book deal with each of the main methodological aspects of the chemistry needed to develop an effective radiopharmaceutical, namely radionuclide production, automation and metabolite analysis. A further chapter on QA/QC is written by a broadly-based expert group and is meant to provide a guideline and a base for future monographs and regulations on major PET radiopharmaceuticals of today. This book will help the increasing numbers of scientists who are now entering the field of PET to appreciate the methodological aspects that are normally addressed by chemists in relation to PET radiopharmaceuticals; it provides many useful practical guidelines and will promote early success in their own endeavours, since these will often necessarily begin by establishing chemical methodology of the kind discussed here.

Non-Invasive Imaging of Atherosclerosis is a primer, reference and review of some of the key features of current activities in the field of atherosclerosis. The Editors' goal is to provide material and stimulating ideas to basic scientists and clinical researchers in order to extend the application of vascular imaging and to further develop methods suitable for investigation of the arterial wall. The first section presents current knowledge about pathology, vascular mechanics and compensatory mechanisms active during atherogenesis. It explores the early lesion, complications of plaques and early detection of plaques. Section II reviews several key methodological issues of B-mode ultrasound imaging and some of the most current data. Quantitative B-mode ultrasound is an established non-invasive tool widely used in large epidemiologic studies and interventional clinical trials of atherosclerosis. The last section addresses the most promising areas of development in vascular imaging. This involves new techniques to evaluate the atherosclerotic bed, to follow atheroma progression/regression and to evaluate vascular mechanics in atherosclerotic arteries. The last chapter places the application of non-invasive imaging in perspective.

"Bioluminescent Imaging: Methods and Protocols" distills a wide range of techniques that use bioluminescence imaging as a tool for visualizing and tracking various biological processes. Covering diverse fields such as cellular and molecular biology, oncology, neurology, infectious diseases, immunology, and others, the detailed chapters of this volume are arranged by topic and describe practical procedures and applications of different bioluminescent reporters, from photoproteins (Aequorin) to bacterial luciferases as well as other secreted (such as Gaussia) and non-secreted luciferases (such as Firefly). Written in the highly successful "Methods in Molecular Biology" series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and expert tips for troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Authoritative and cutting-edge, "Bioluminescent Imaging: Methods and Protocols" aims to provide diverse and comprehensive techniques to researchers interested in implementing bioluminescence-based imaging in their laboratory, regardless of their previous level of experience with such methodologies.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Despite advances and new developments in primary and secondary prevention, the prevalence of the disease and its complications remain high. Early detection has been shown to reduce significantly the risk of cardiac events such as myocardial infarction and death, while modern cardiology now provides specialists and general physicians with a variety of procedures for the assessment of IHD using noninvasive methods. This book reviews the currently available imaging techniques for the diagnosis and management of IHD. In addition, the role of cardiac imaging for the detection of viability and hibernation is discussed in detail. A series of highly illustrated cases is included on the CD-ROM to illustrate the applications and rationale behind the use of cardiac imaging for the evaluation of patients with IHD in different clinical scenarios.

Get the essential information you need to master radiographic pathology! Radiographic Pathology for Technologists, 8th Edition introduces the pathologic appearance of common diseases as seen in diagnostic imaging. Organized by body system, the book uses a clear, easy-to-understand approach to discuss anatomy and physiology, the pathologic process, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. This edition is updated to reflect today's radiography practice including diagnostic modalities such as CT, MR, sonography, nuclear medicine, and fusion/hybrid imaging. From well-known radiologic and imaging sciences author Nina Kowalczyk, this essential text also provides excellent preparation for the radiographic pathology portion of the ARRT (R) credentialing exam. Essential level of coverage presents approximately 150 injuries and abnormalities most frequently diagnosed using medical imaging, focusing students on the pathologies they are most likely to encounter in practice and providing just the right amount of information for a shorter pathology course. Discussions of correlative and differential diagnosis explain the diagnostic process and demonstrate the importance of high-quality images. Summary tables review the pathologies covered and the preferred imaging modalities for diagnosis. Learning features include chapter outlines and objectives, key terms, and multiple-choice and discussion questions for each chapter, with answers provided in the back of the text. NEW! Updated content reflects the latest ARRT and ASRT curriculum guidelines. NEW! Current digital radiography is covered throughout the text. NEW! Updated images and illustrations reflect current practice for general radiography and alternative modalities such as CT, MR, sonography, nuclear medicine, and fusion/hybrid imaging, demonstrating how pathologies appear in various imaging modalities.