Ultrasound is an ideal modality for imaging younger patients. Because of the effects of radiation on growing bodies, ultrasound is a safe and versatile option for radiologists to choose. This issue provides a timely overview of the important areas for which ultrasound can be used.

Topics include: Overuse and Impingement syndromes of the shoulder; Imaging of shoulder instability; Overuse and traumatic injuries of the elbow; Overuse and Traumatic Injuries of the hand and wrist; Imaging of Groin Pain; Overuse injuries of the hip; Traumatic Injuries of the hip; Imaging of knee instability; Overuse injuries of the knee; MRI of meniscal and cartilage injuries of the knee; MRI of muscle injuries; Traumatic injuries and Impingement lesions of the foot and ankle.

Damage to the kidneys continues to be a serious problem related to the use of gadolinium as a contrast agent. This issue not only describes the dangers and controversies related to contrast-induced nephropathies but also provides advice for identifying patients at risk and recommending other imaging options.

In this second part of a two-part issue on Pediatric US, imaging of the body with ultrasound is reviewed.? Genitourinary system is covered by articles on urinary tract infections, renal cystic disease, and scrotal ultrasound.? Articles on ultrasound of the gastrointestinal tract in the young infant, the vomiting young infant, the acute abdomen, and liver masses make up the abdominal topics.? Lastly a review of new techniques for pediatric ultrasound is provided.

This volume contains the proceedings from two closely related workshops: Computational Diffusion MRI (CDMRI 13) and Mathematical Methods from Brain Connectivity (MMBC 13), held under the auspices of the 16th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, which took place in Nagoya, Japan, September 2013.

Inside, readers will find contributions ranging from mathematical foundations and novel methods for the validation of inferring large-scale connectivity from neuroimaging data to the statistical analysis of the data, accelerated methods for data acquisition, and the most recent developments on mathematical diffusion modeling.

This volume offers a valuable starting point for anyone interested in learning computational diffusion MRI and mathematical methods for brain connectivity as well as offers new perspectives and insights on current research challenges for those currently in the field. It will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in computer science, MR physics, and applied mathematics.

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This book contains the full papers presented at the MICCAI 2013 workshop Computational Methods and Clinical Applications for Spine Imaging. The workshop brought together researchers representing several fields, such as Biomechanics, Engineering, Medicine, Mathematics, Physics and Statistic. The works included in this book present and discuss new trends in those fields, using several methods and techniques in order to address more efficiently different and timely applications involving signal and image acquisition, image processing and analysis, image segmentation, image registration and fusion, computer simulation, image based modelling, simulation and surgical planning, image guided robot assisted surgical and image based diagnosis.

This book provides comprehensive reviews on our most recent understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) as visualized in animal models and patients using optical molecular imaging, PET-CT, ultrasound and MRI. In addition to presenting up-to-date information on the multimodality imaging of specific pro-inflammatory or pro-calcification pathways in atherosclerosis and CAVD, the book addresses the intriguing issue of whether cardiovascular calcification is an inflammatory disease, as has been recently supported by several preclinical and clinical imaging studies. In order to familiarize researchers and clinicians from other specialties with the basic mechanisms involved, chapters on the fundamental pathobiology of atherosclerosis and CAVD are also included. The imaging chapters, written by some of the foremost investigators in the field, are so organized as to reveal the nature of the involved mechanisms as disease progresses.

Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging, Perfusion MR Imaging, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging provide information that is present in no other imaging modality. With Guest Editor Scott Reeder focusing on the body and Guest Editor Pratik Mukerjee exploring the neurological aspects of these three imaging modalities, this is a must-have resource for any radiologist involved in MR Imaging. It explores such subjects as: Diffusion weighted MR imaging in musculoskeletal radiology, Arterial Spin Labeled Perfusion Imaging, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

This issue provides a timely update on the use of ultrasound to image various organ systems as well as the musculoskeletal system.

Now that the applications of positron emission tomography (PET) are becoming more clearly understood, PET is now being used in pediatric population. Important considerations in its use on children are patient preparation and radiation exposure. This issue reviews the use of PET to image children with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, brain tumors, and inflammatory bowel disease, among other conditions. Also included is the use of PET to assess response to therapy.

This issue takes a multimodality approach to imaging of osteoarthritis. Clinical issues including an overview of the disease and imaging as an aid to evaluate patient functionality are also reviewed. Not only are current standards for imaging covered but also newer techniques under development.

This Neuroimaging publication presents topics on Current brain tumor classification and new concepts; Translation from animal to human in brain tumor research; Brain irradiation - effects on normal brain parenchyma and radiation necrosis; MR perfusion and permeability in high-grade brain tumors; Diffusion concept for survival estimation; Presurgical planning with MR Tractography and functional MR Imaging; Intra-operative brain mapping for tumor resection; Monitoring Responses of Brain Tumors to Treatment with Sodium MRI; Molecular imaging in brain tumors; and Advances and trends in chemotherapy and radiation therapy treatment of brain tumor.

Articles include: MR Imaging of the Pediatric Bone Marrow; The growing skeleton: MR appearances of developing cartilage; Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders; MRI of Pediatric Trauma; MRI of Pediatric Arthritis; MR Imaging of Primary Bone Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions in Children; MR Imaging of soft tissue masses in children; The hip: MR imaging of uniquely pediatric disorders; The knee: MR imaging of uniquely pediatric disorders; The foot and ankle: MR imaging of uniquely pediatric disorders; MRI in Congenital and Acquired Disorders of the Pediatric Upper Extremity.

This publication presents topics on a variety of MR imaging techniques and approaches for the range of body regions.

This two part issue of PET Clinics provides a comprehensive review to the important topic of Breast Cancer. Although the focus of this issue is the use of PET and PET/CT in the diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and follow up for patients with breast cancer, there are also articles providing correlates from other imaging modalities.

Articles include: Anatomy of Basal Ganglia; Classification of Movement disorders; MR techniques in the diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes; PET/SPECT in the diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes; The role of imaging in the diagnosis of Vascular PD; Role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of secondary dystonia; Role of neuroimaging in the evaluation of Tremor; Spot neuroradiological diagnosis in movement disorders; Role of transcranial ultrasound in the diagnosis of movement disorders; Role of imaging in surgical treatment of movement disorders (DBS, lesioning, STN+GPI+PPN, post-op, safety); Current Role of fMRI in diagnosis of movement disorders.

This issue reviews the latest advances in the use of multidetector CT for imaging of the chest. Included in this issue are articles on Thoracic CT (How far we have come), MDCT (Principles and Practice), and Contrast Enhancement. Topics such as Dual Energy Chest CT and Volumetric HRCT are also covered. The issue is completed with reviews of CT Pulmonary Angiography of Acute PE, Congenital Vascular Disease, CT Pulmonary Angiography: Beyond Acute PE, and Pre- and Postoperative Planning.

This issue provides a comprehensive overview of imaging of the prostate using PET and PET/CT. In addition to providing correlates from other modalities, this issue also covers treatment planning for radiation therapy and follow-up.

New radiotracers will make possible the imaging of other parts of the body using PET. This issue reviews the latest advances and provides a look to the future of PET imaging.

The small intestine has, until 2001, been an organ largely inaccessible to conventional endoscopy. Since that time a variety of endoscopic technologies have become available that have transformed small bowel diagnosis and therapy with a concomitant increase in interest in this organ and its disorders. This issue is divided into two sections; first, the new technologies are presented and include video capsule endoscopy, single and double balloon enteroscopy, and very recently the innovative Spirus screw technology. An article on comparison of these new technologies and the evolving techniques of CT and MRI is included. Indications, contraindications, complications and therapeutic adjunctive devices are discussed. The second section addresses the application of these technologies to specific diseases and discusses how these technological advances have changed their management. An article on intra-operative enteroscopy and its utilization in this new era is included.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has evolved into a first-line imaging tool for several cardiac pathologies over the past decade. It is continuing to evolve as new applications are found and old ones are refined. This issue has a dual focus. One aspect of focus is on the areas in which CMI is the best modality, such as assessment of cardiac morphology and cardiac function, evaluation of pericardial disease and intracardiac masses, and detection of coronary artery disease. The other focus is on areas in which the role of CMI is expanding, such as in the assessment of left and right ventricular diastolic function.

This book provides a comprehensive up-to-date review of optical approaches used in brain imaging and therapy. It covers a variety of imaging approaches including diffuse optical imaging, laser speckle imaging, photoacoustic imaging and optical coherence tomography. A number of laser-based therapeutic techniques are reviewed, including photodynamic therapy, fluorescence guided resection and photothermal therapy. Fundamental principles and instrumentation are discussed for each imaging and therapeutic approach.

This issue of Ultrasound Clinics provides a general overview of women's imaging with ultrasound. Included in the issue are articles on imaging breast masses, performing breast biopsies using ultrasound, and postsurgical follow up. The remainder of the issue reviews obstetric topics such as ectopic pregnancy, pregnancy-related genitourinary diseases, and first trimester bleeding, and gynecologic topics such as postmenopausal bleeding, endometriosis, and ovarian torsion among others.