The book entitled "Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH): Biochemistry, Functions and Clinical Significance" provides a broad and authoritative review of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, including its isoforms, catalytic functions, distribution in various tissues, involvement in cancer cell metabolism and tumorigenesis, involvement in the plasmodium enzyme, various small molecule inhibitors of hLDHA and pfLDH, and clinical significance. Recent research and review articles are included to improve the book's significance in the area of research, particularly in cancer treatment, diagnosis, and drug discovery. Although the chapters can be read independently from one another, the whole book is arranged in seven chapters for the convenience of the reader. The first chapter covers the importance of the hot topic, LDH targets, and the second chapter provides an overview of LDH and its involvement in cancer cell metabolism. The third chapter provides the various isoforms of LDH and the basics of catalytic functions of LDHA. All three chapters can serve as an introduction for those who are new to the research area of LDH. Chapters four and five deliver an overview of various small molecules as inhibitors of hLDHA and pfLDHA, respectively. These two chapters are useful to the researcher working in the fields of drug design and drug discovery in the areas of cancer and malaria research. The last two chapters focus on the importance of LDH as a biomarker, and its importance in disease diagnosis and prognosis in clinical settings. All of the chapters discuss the latest research findings that have occurred over the last few years. Bringing all the information together in one major reference, the authors systematically reviewed and summarized these recent research findings, providing an in depth understanding of the role of LDH and its applications in research and clinical practice. Readership: Overall, this book is a complete package for graduates, students, and researchers providing basic information about LDH, and its importance in research and clinical settings. This book is helpful to the researcher engaged in the fields of LDH, drug design and drug discovery, the development of biomarkers, disease diagnosis, and prognosis, etc.

Updated companion volume to the ever popular Statistics at Square One (SS1)

"Statistics at Square Two, Second Edition, " helps you evaluate the many statistical methods in current use. Going beyond the basics of SS1, it covers sophisticated methods and highlights misunderstandings. Easy to read, it includes annotated computer outputs and keeps formulas to a minimum.

Worked examples of methods such as multiple and logical regression reinforce the text. Each chapter concludes with exercises to stimulate learning.

All those who need to understand statistics in clinical research papers and apply them in their own research will value this compact and coherent guide.

Migraine is a painful neurological condition, of which the most common symptom is an intense and disabling episodic headache. Migraine headaches are usually characterised by severe pain on one or both sides of the head. Absent serious head injuries, stroke, and tumours, the recurring severity of the pain indicates a vascular headache rather than a tension headache. Migraines are often accompanied by photophobia (hypersensitivity to light), phonophobia (hypersensitivity to sound) and nausea. Migraine is three times more common in women than in men. Some individuals can predict the onset of a migraine because it is preceded by an 'aura', visual disturbances that appear as flashing lights, zig-zag lines or a temporary loss of vision. People with migraine tend to have recurring attacks triggered by a lack of food or sleep, exposure to light, or hormonal irregularities (only in women). Anxiety, stress, or relaxation after stress can also be triggers. For many years, scientists believed that migraines were linked to

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Chapter One explains unanswered questions of contemporary oncology from the standpoint of karyogamic theory of carcinogenesis. Chapter Two focuses on the molecular players of the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infection leading to chronic inflammation and cancer. Chapter Three describes Multiple Myeloma (MM), and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS). Chapter Four reviews the role of choline metabolites as second messengers in cellular pathways leading to enhanced cell survival, migration, and proliferation to explore the possibility that "in-vivo" imaging of choline metabolism can be used to obtain readouts of cell signal transduction in cancer. Chapter Five investigates the possible correlation between anatomic melanoma distribution on the specific back area and lack of sunscreen application. Chapter Six describes the known molecular mechanisms of epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in malignant neuroblastoma that can help find new directions for future research. Chapter Seven discusses the burdens of childhood cancer survivorship and the consequences of different treatment therapies on the incidence of CVD and explores potential monitoring methods and the need for consistent cardiovascular monitoring of childhood cancer survivors regarding their cardiovascular health. Finally, Chapter Eight considers a model for implementing recommendations pertaining to Lynch syndrome, and also looks at what is happening in the field now to support Lynch syndrome genetic testing and surveillance, and how a deliberative conference can point the way to changes that need to take place to deliver screening to those at risk.

Cryosurgery is a common procedure, known for thousands of years. Cryoablation causes tissue necrosis by freezing the targeted tissues. Necrosis results from the freezing and thawing of cells (crystallisation water) and the sequestration of the dead tissue by the organism. After removal of the lesion, regeneration through the layering of a new epithelium starts. Cryosurgery is a safe procedure which does not cause pain or bleeding. It may be performed in an outpatient clinic and premedication is not necessary. The first section of this book focuses on cryosurgery. Chapter One examines the use of cryosurgery in otolaryngology. Chapter Two addresses all clinical aspects of cryosurgery, summarises the current status of cryosurgery in the treatment guidelines along with the technical success and clinical outcomes of this technique, and compares it to other ablative techniques including the most recent ones such as irreversible electroporation (IRE), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Furthermore, it discusses the future perspectives of cryosurgery in management of small renal tumors. The second section of the book reviews colposcopies. Chapter Three addresses the different colposcopic findings in squamous and glandular cervical lesions, and demonstrates the performance of colposcopy in cervical intraepithelial lesions diagnosis. Chapter Four reviews the characteristics, risk factors, methods for screening the diagnosis of, and the role of colposcopy in making the diagnosis of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VaIN). Chapter Five studies the use of vaginal vault cytology after a hysterectomy. Chapter Six critically reviews the causes, risk factors and management of Postcoital bleeding (PCB) in an attempt to outline a unified guidance based on the best available evidence for women and gynecologists alike. Chapter Seven reports clinical procedures, therapeutic effects, and prognosis after the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and early stage cervical cancer. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of PDT in comparison with laser vaporisation and endocervical conisation for CIN and early stage cervical cancer. The final chapter is a commentary which provides and tests a new concept of vulcoscopy to the anatomy of the vulva, according to the differences in histological structure and embryological origin of the vulvar structures.

Based on presentations by world-renowned investigators at the 73rd annual Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, this volume reviews the latest advances in research on the control and regulation of stem cells. The topics covered include nuclear reprogramming, regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, the stem cell niche, and signaling and gene regulation in stem cells. Studies of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells are covered, along with research shedding light on the roles of these cells in regeneration and cancer.

This is a one-of-a-kind book: combining easy-to-understand science, in-the-trenches political warfare, and inspirational stories. It aims to give hope to individuals and families who suffer from chronic disease or disability; to point out how ordinary people can make an extraordinary difference in the battle to ease suffering and save lives through supporting medical research; to share in "people talk" some of the amazing progress already achieved in the new field of stem cell research; to show how even such a magnificent success as the California stem cell program is under constant attack from ideological groups; to offer medical research as a force for international cooperation; to suggest how cure research lessens the need for the mountainous costs of endless care.Unparalleled background: the author has been involved in virtually every important stem cell battle (state, national, and international) since embryonic stem cell research began. The author works closely with Robert N. Klein, sponsor of the California stem cell program, the largest source of such stem cell research funding in the world. In addition, the author is an award-winning teacher as well as writer, and seeks to entertain as well as educate. His book is not only substantive, but also fun.The book would be a treasured gift: for anyone suffering an "incurable" illness or who is a caregiver for a loved one; for a college student considering a rewarding career in biomedicine; for scientists who want to protect and enhance their research funding; and for anyone who wants to see government respond to the needs of its citizenry. Chronic disease and disability are a prison: cure is the triumphant escape - wheelchairs should be for temporary occupancy only.

This is a one-of-a-kind book: combining easy-to-understand science, in-the-trenches political warfare, and inspirational stories. It aims to give hope to individuals and families who suffer from chronic disease or disability; to point out how ordinary people can make an extraordinary difference in the battle to ease suffering and save lives through supporting medical research; to share in "people talk" some of the amazing progress already achieved in the new field of stem cell research; to show how even such a magnificent success as the California stem cell program is under constant attack from ideological groups; to offer medical research as a force for international cooperation; to suggest how cure research lessens the need for the mountainous costs of endless care.Unparalleled background: the author has been involved in virtually every important stem cell battle (state, national, and international) since embryonic stem cell research began. The author works closely with Robert N. Klein, sponsor of the California stem cell program, the largest source of such stem cell research funding in the world. In addition, the author is an award-winning teacher as well as writer, and seeks to entertain as well as educate. His book is not only substantive, but also fun.The book would be a treasured gift: for anyone suffering an "incurable" illness or who is a caregiver for a loved one; for a college student considering a rewarding career in biomedicine; for scientists who want to protect and enhance their research funding; and for anyone who wants to see government respond to the needs of its citizenry. Chronic disease and disability are a prison: cure is the triumphant escape - wheelchairs should be for temporary occupancy only.

Qualitative Research in Nursing is a user-friendly text that systematically provides a sound foundation for understanding a wide range of qualitative research methodologies, including triangulation. It approaches nursing education, administration, and practice and gives step-by-step details to instruct students on how to implement each approach. Features include emphasis on ethical considerations and methodological triangulation, instrument development and software usage; critiquing guidelines and questions to ask when evaluating aspects of published research; and tables of published research that offer resources for further reading.

This book attempts to analyze the latest discoveries in sphingolipid biology and how the alteration of their metabolism leads to altered signaling events and to the development of pathobiological disorders, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes, inflammation and infectious diseases.

Obesity is a disease of society and economic transition spreading at an epidemic pace throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization, obesity is defined as an increased or abnormal accumulation of body fat mass to the extent that individual 's health will be negatively affected. Overweight is thus being considered as top at risk condition in the world and it is mandatory to identify the physiopathological causes involved in adipose tissue enlargement and related metabolic and cardiovascular health disorders.This volume provides the most up to date insights into the biology of a complex endocrine organ: the adipose tissue.

In this next edition of "Advances in Medicine and Biology," chapters include research on differential diagnosis, along with potential treatments for insomnia in children and adults; the effectiveness of biobehavioral interventions to relieve joint and muscle dysfunction that occurs in Temporomandibular Joint and Muscle Disorders (TMJMD), when they are implemented in community-based clinics; the pharmacological and therapeutic potential of scorpion venom and their toxins; the relief of chemical-induced acute colitis through the use of non-anticoagulant oligosaccharides of enoxaparin; the expression and function of macrophage CXCR7's link to atherosclerosis; the participation of microtubules in intracellular cholesterol transport through cytosolic lipid-protein particles in rat astrocytes; and teeth and amelogenin in xenopus.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Lipomas are extremely common benign lesions, representing the most common softtissue tumor, with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and imaging appearances. Several subtypes are described, ranging from lesions entirely composed of mature adipose tissue to tumors intimately associated with nonadipose tissue, to those composed of brown fat. Chapter one begins with an overview of the available evidence about the classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and treatment options of lipomas. The following three chapters examine parosteal lipomas and giant lipomas. Chapter five studies the first literary description of cavernous angiolipoma of the subcutis in a 75-year-old man, delivering a new lipomatous entity. Chapter six focuses on immune plasticity and susceptibility to cancer from fanconi anemia, which is characterised as a genetic disorder of genomic instability, with main clinical symptoms involving congenital abnormalities, infertility, bone marrow failure and a predisposition to the development of several types of cancer, especially acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and head and neck carcinomas. Chapter seven discusses radiotherapy for patients with fanconi anemia. Chapters eight and nine examine the effects of ursolic acid (UA) and flavonol-enriched extract (FL) on the cell cycle behaviour of DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Chapter ten describes the most current advances made in characterising the role of PLA2 in tumor development and progression, as well as highlight some of our most recent studies involving iPLA2 and cancer. The remaining chapters discuss the preclinical rationale for targeting human EGFR and recent clinical reports of targeted agents in esophageal cancer; study the pharmaceutical properties and drug likeness of anticancer drugs administered for the clinical treatment of lung cancer; and covers the epidemiology, different etiology and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Sixteen years have passed since human aquaporin-1 (AQP1) was discovered as the first water channel, facilitating trans-membrane water fluxes. Subsequent years of research showed that the water channel AQP1 was only the tip of an iceberg; the iceberg itself being the ubiquitous super family of membrane intrinsic proteins (MIPs) that facilitate trans-membrane transport of water and an increasing number of small, water-soluble and uncharged compounds. Here we introduce you to the superfamily of MIPs and provide a summary about our gradually refined understanding of the phylogenetic relationship of its members. This volume is dedicated to the metalloids, a recently discovered group of substrates for a number of specific MIPs in a diverse spectrum of organisms. Particular focus is given to the essential boron, the beneficial silicon and the highly toxic arsenic. The respective MIP isoforms that facilitate the transport of these metalloids include members from several clades of the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that metalloid transport is an ancient function within this family of channel proteins. Among all the various substrates that have been shown to be transported by MIPs, metalloids take an outstanding position. While water transport seems to be a common function of many MIPs, single isoforms in plants have been identified as being crucially important for the uptake of boric acid as well as silicic acid. Here, the function seems not to be redundant, as mutations in those genes render plants deficient in boron and silicon, respectively.

Cancer is a group of different diseases (more than 100) characterised by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer can arise in many sites and behave differently depending on its organ of origin. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the battle against cancer and in understanding its underlying biological mechanisms. This research progress has resulted in many experimental treatments and cures. This book brings together important research from around the world in this frontal field.

The initial identification of the Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene as the site of mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis (FA P) was described in 1992. A causal relationship between Apc mutations and intestinal tract tumours was confirmed three years later with the establishment of the Min mouse model. These mice are heterozygous for Apc and develop numerous intestinal tumours that mimic FA P. Subsequently, Apc has emerged as the most commonly mutated gene in colorectal cancer with reports varying between 50-80% of sporadic tumours carrying such mutations. The search for how mutations in Apc initiate and/or support progression of tumours in the intestinal tract has revealed that the Apc protein is a multifunctional participant in a diverse array of cellular functions. By collecting and assembling the chapters in this book, we aimed to provide an overview of the diverse functions performed by the Apc protein. As summarised in a short final chapter by Trainer, heterozygosity of Apc leads to a number of extracolonic manifestations that further support this emerging picture of the Apc protein as an active contributor to many different cellular functions. The first recognised function of Apc was its role in Wnt signalling. This function is one of the driving forces for how mutations in Apc ensure that cells remain proliferative. Many of the molecular details of this pathway have been discovered and are described in the first chapter by Kennell and Cadigan. The transcriptional changes that result from Apc mutations due to changes in the transcriptional contribution of -catenin are exacerbated by direct functions of Apc in the nucleus, which are discussed by Neufeld. The transcriptional changes induced by mutant Apc provide the background against which other cellular functions of Apc become particularly important in the digestive tract epithelium. Cell migration contributes significantly to the normal maintenance of this tissue, a

Key features: Serves as a standard reference for researchers, teachers and students of various disciplines such as Fisheries Science, Marine Biology, Life Sciences, Biotechnology, Natural Products, and Pharmacy, their libraries, and as a valuable guide for pharmaceutical companies involved in the development of new drugs from marine sponges Presents the taxonomy, common name, global distribution, and habitat of 250 species of marine sponges Provides the diagnostic features and pharmaceutical compounds (along with their chemical structure and activities) of 450 species of marine sponges Includes more than 500 detailed illustrations Biology and Ecology of Pharmaceutical Marine Sponges is the first comprehensive book of its kind written by scientists from both the Marine Biology and Pharmacy disciplines to fill the long-felt need for a marine natural products book devoted exclusively to sponges. Sponges are the most primitive multicelled animals that have existed for 700 - 800 million years. Despite their wide range of functional roles, not much is known about them. Marine sponges are responsible for more than 5,300 pharmaceutical products and some species have the potential to provide future drugs to prevent and treat important medical conditions such as cancer, a range of viral diseases, malaria, and inflammatory diseases. Nucleosides derived from sponges were the basis for the synthesis of Ara-C, the first marine-derived anticancer agent, currently used in the routine treatment of patients with leukemia and lymphoma. Marine sponges are the potential sources of many unique metabolites with anticancer,anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antiviral, antimalarial, and immune or neurosuppressive properties. Although many bioactives have been discovered in marine sponges, only a few of these compounds have been commercialized. This book hopes to change that, providing the taxonomy, common name, global distribution, habitat, diagnostic features and pharmaceutical compounds (along with their chemical structure and activities) of 450 species of marine sponges, accompanied by high-quality illustrations. The book should be a standard reference for students, researchers and teachers of disciplines such as Fisheries Science, Marine Biology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Pharmacy and a valuable guide for pharmaceutical companies involved in the development of new drugs from marine sponges.

This book elucidates how advances in genomics research are being applied in connection with heart diseases. It describes the development of genome-scale technologies and their applications to all areas of cardiac investigations, such as genomics, functional genomics, epigenomics, etc., and how they relate to a series of important breakthroughs in various heart diseases. Applying unbiased genomics, combined with a disease-focused and hypothesis-driven approach, represents a promising way to advance our understanding of cardiac diseases. The book offers an important reference work on introducing genomics in heart disease for all scientists and graduate students whose work involves genomics and cardiology, as well as for clinical physicians.

This book provides practical guidance for statisticians, clinicians, and researchers involved in clinical trials in the biopharmaceutical industry, medical and public health organisations. Academics and students needing an introduction to handling missing data will also find this book invaluable. The authors describe how missing data can affect the outcome and credibility of a clinical trial, show by examples how a clinical team can work to prevent missing data, and present the reader with approaches to address missing data effectively. The book is illustrated throughout with realistic case studies and worked examples, and presents clear and concise guidelines to enable good planning for missing data. The authors show how to handle missing data in a way that is transparent and easy to understand for clinicians, regulators and patients. New developments are presented to improve the choice and implementation of primary and sensitivity analyses for missing data. Many SAS code examples are included the reader is given a toolbox for implementing analyses under a variety of assumptions.

This is the second edition of a very well received book that details how the sumoylation system functions and how it modulates numerous cellular activities. SUMO is a post-translational modifier in the ubiquitin super-family that has gained recognition over the last twenty years as an essential and prevalent regulatory molecule. Individual chapters explore the biochemistry, molecular biology, and cell biology of the sumoylation system and its substrate proteins. The book is divided into three themed parts: Molecular Functions (I), Cell Growth Regulation (II), and Diseases (III). Parts I and II focus on the contribution of sumoylation to cellular activities in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. The nuclear activities covered include nucleic acid metabolism (both RNA and DNA), chromosome structure and replication, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Cytoplasmic processes presented include regulation of membrane ion channels, general metabolism, and apoptotic signalling. Topics in Part III include the role of sumoylation in developmental abnormalities (craniofacial and cardiovascular), diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and infections with viruses and bacteria. Each of the corresponding chapter authors is an active researcher who has made significant contributions to understanding sumoylation. This second edition provides updates and revisions to most of the original chapters plus adds six new chapters to address important developing areas of sumoylation research. This volume is intended for a scientific audience from undergraduates to independent researchers. The content will serve as both a solid introduction for the novice reader and an in depth treatment for the advanced scholar.

Workbook to accompany Introduction to Biostatistical Applications in Health Research with Microsoft Office Excel practical and methodological approach to the statistical logic of biostatistics in the field of health research.

The skin is composed of three layers of differentiated tissues. The most external layer is the epidermis, followed by the dermis and the hypodermis, which is the most internal layer of the skin. The increasing incidence of skin cancer has led international health authorities to recommend protection measures to prevent the harmful effects of skin exposure to UV-radiation. Such measures include avoidance of sun exposure, especially at times when disease-inducing wavelengths are more intense, wearing protective clothing and use of topical sunscreens. This book discusses the various properties of sunscreens, the role sunscreens play in skin cancer, and other health effects for individuals using sunscreens.

In 1964, the release of Dr. Bernard Rimland's book, Infantile Autism, revolutionized the autism field by providing the autism community with much-needed guidance on how to understand and treat individuals on the spectrum. He single-handedly realigned the field from a psychodynamic, parent-blaming perspective to a scientific, physiological course of action. This 50th anniversary edition presents the original book with contributions from leaders in the autism field, including Drs. Martha Herbert and Simon Baron-Cohen, who celebrate Dr. Rimland's exceptional work, and place his findings within the context of autism as we understand it today. Bringing Dr. Rimland's findings up to date for a new generation of readers, this book will be fascinating reading for parents and those on the autism spectrum as well as professionals working with autism and anyone with an interest in autism and/or psychological theory.

Praise for the "Second Edition: "

.".".a grand feast for biostatisticians. It stands ready to satisfy the appetite of any pharmaceutical scientist with a respectable statistical appetite." --Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices"

The "Third Edition "of "Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials "provides complete, comprehensive, and expanded coverage of recent health treatments and interventions. Featuring a unified presentation, the book provides a well-balanced summary of current regulatory requirements and recently developed statistical methods as well as an overview of the various designs and analyses that are utilized at different stages of clinical research and development. Additional features of this "Third Edition "include:

- New chapters on biomarker development and target clinical trials, adaptive design, trials for evaluating diagnostic devices, statistical methods for translational medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine

- A balanced overview of current and emerging clinical issues as well as newly developed statistical methodologies

- Practical examples of clinical trials that demonstrate everyday applicability, with illustrations and examples to explain key concepts

- New sections on bridging studies and global trials, QT studies, multinational trials, comparative effectiveness trials, and the analysis of QT/QTc prolongation

- A complete and balanced presentation of clinical and scientific issues, statistical concepts, and methodologies for bridging clinical and statistical disciplines

- An update of each chapter that reflects changes in regulatory requirements for the drug review and approval process and recent developments in statistical design and methodology for clinical research and development

"Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials, Third Edition "continues to be an ideal clinical research reference for academic, pharmaceutical, medical, and regulatory scientists/researchers, statisticians, and graduate-level students.

The use of human tissue for medical research and scientific progress raises many ethical and legal challenges. The procurement, storage and transfer of human tissue for research purposes have posed significant questions over recent years, and a number of high profile scandals in the UK prompted the publication of the Madden Report on Post Mortem Practice and Procedures in Irish hospitals in 2006. Additionally, tissue-related research tends to be most promising if samples and information are shared across national borders, but the heterogeneity of current rules and guidelines within the member states of the European Union calls all the more for clarification.
This multi-authored interdisciplinary text, edited by four experienced researchers, explores many of the issues concerning biobank-related research and aims to provide answers to the most urgent questions by means of ethical, philosophical, and legal investigation. It provides a fascinating insight into a wide range of interlinking research perspectives and serves as a comprehensive reference to the state of play ethically and legally in Europe. It will be of value to medics and social scientists, human tissue researchers, and policy makers who have an interest in ethical and legal issues of human tissue research.