Quantitative Methods in HIV/AIDS Research provides a comprehensive discussion of modern statistical approaches for the analysis of HIV/AIDS data. The first section focuses on statistical issues in clinical trials and epidemiology that are unique to or particularly challenging in HIV/AIDS research; the second section focuses on the analysis of laboratory data used for immune monitoring, biomarker discovery and vaccine development; the final section focuses on statistical issues in the mathematical modeling of HIV/AIDS pathogenesis, treatment and epidemiology. This book brings together a broad perspective of new quantitative methods in HIV/AIDS research, contributed by statisticians and mathematicians immersed in HIV research, many of whom are current or previous leaders of CFAR quantitative cores. It is the editors' hope that the work will inspire more statisticians, mathematicians and computer scientists to collaborate and contribute to the interdisciplinary challenges of understanding and addressing the AIDS pandemic.

This book contains a wealth of practical guidance about what doing research actually involves for the often hard-pressed and isolated researcher. It bridges the gap and provides 'real-life' insight into undertaking research in nursing. It focuses on the practicality of research and identifies the pitfalls that can so easily undermine even the most carefully planned project.Practical check lists Case studies Latest information on searching on the Web Include good clinical practice for ethical research - to educate nurses on research - so that they will speak up for patients. Latest information on R & D strategy in the NHS The chapter on a career in research will be expanded and given priority.

The technique of electromyography, used to study the electrical currents generated by muscle action, has become invaluable to researchers in the biological, medical, and behavioral sciences. With it, the scientist can study the role of muscles in producing and controlling limb movement, eating, breathing, posture, vocalizations, and the manipulation of objects. However, many electromyographic techniques were developed in the clinical study of humans and are inappropriate for use in research on other organisms--tadpoles, for example. This book, a complete and very practical hands-on guide to the theoretical and experimental requirements of electromyography, takes into account the needs of researchers across the sciences.

This third edition of the classic "how-to" guide incorporates recent changes in policies and procedures of the NIH, with particular emphasis on the role of the Internet in the research proposal process. Completely revised and updated, it reveals the secrets of success used by seasoned investigators, and directs the reader through the maze of NIH bureaucracies. In addition to providing a detailed overview of the entire review process, the book also includes hundreds of tips on how to enhance proposals, excerpts from real proposals, and extensive Internet references. This book is essential to all scientists involved in the grant writing process.
Key Features:
* Considers the reviewer's perspective
* Detailed presentation of the review process
* All sections of the R01 proposal are reviewed
* Hundreds of tips to enhance proposals
* Includes the many recent changes in NIH policies
* Includes many excerpts from real proposals
* Provides extensive Internet references
Benefits:
* Increased competitiveness
* Better priority scores
* Less chance of triage
* Increased award rates
* Uses the system to advantage
* Reveals strategies used by the "old pros"

This book focuses on the challenges to biomedical education posed by the lockdowns and restrictions to on campus teaching brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the tools and digital visualization technologies that have been successfully developed and used for remote teaching. Biomedical education for science, medical, dental and allied health professionals relies on teaching visual and tactile knowledge using practice-based approaches. This has been delivered for decades via on-campus lectures, workshops and laboratories, teaching practical skills as well as fundamental knowledge and understanding. However, the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic meant that education across the globe had to pivot very quickly to be able to deliver these skills and knowledge in a predominantly online environment. This brought with it many challenges, as Higher Education staff, had to adapt to deliver these visual subjects remotely. This book addresses the challenges and solutions faced by Higher Education staff in teaching visual content in distance education. Chapters include literature reviews, original research, and pedagogical reflections for a wide range of biomedical subjects, degrees such as medicine, dentistry and veterinary sciences with examples from undergraduate and postgraduate settings. The goal of the book is to provide a compendium of expertise based on evidence gathered during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as reflections on the challenges and lessons learned from this dramatic shift in teaching. It also presents new examples of best practices that have emerged from this experience to ensure that they are not lost as we return to on-campus learning in a new era of biomedical teaching. This book will be of interest to anyone looking for a helpful reference point when designing online or blended teaching for visual practice-based subjects.

The placebo elicits more passionate debate, scepticism and personal belief than almostany other aspect of medicine. As yet there are no concrete answers - but many challenging observations and powerful effects occur daily in healthcare which need to be examined. This book will stimulate and inform every reader from the experienced practitioner to the new student who has ever asked, What is the placebo really, and why should it matter to me?Written in an accessible and engaging style with contributions from leading figures in healthcare, it tackles issues of the placebo effect in complementary medicine.A clear and engaging exploration of a highly topical subject A clinicians route map through the visible territory and the known research in this areaA fair and even analysis of the possibilities and implications of the topic in clinical practice

This book elucidates how advances in genomics research are being applied in connection with heart diseases. It describes the development of genome-scale technologies and their applications to all areas of cardiac investigations, such as genomics, functional genomics, epigenomics, etc., and how they relate to a series of important breakthroughs in various heart diseases. Applying unbiased genomics, combined with a disease-focused and hypothesis-driven approach, represents a promising way to advance our understanding of cardiac diseases. The book offers an important reference work on introducing genomics in heart disease for all scientists and graduate students whose work involves genomics and cardiology, as well as for clinical physicians.

Here in a single source is a complete spectrum of ideas on the development of new anticancer drugs. Containing concise reviews of multidisciplinary fields of research, this book offers a wealth of ideas on current and future molecular targets for drug design, including signal transduction, the cell division cycle, and programmed cell death. Detailed descriptions of sources for new drugs and methods for testing and clinical trial design are also provided.
KEY FEATURES:
* One work that can be consulted for all aspects of anticancer drug development
* Concise reviews of research fields, combined with practical scientific detail, written by internationally respected experts
* A wealth of ideas on current and future molecular targets for drug design, including signal transduction, the cell division cycle, and programmed cell death
* Detailed descriptions of the sources of new anticancer drugs, including combinatorial chemistry, phage display, and natural products
* Discussion of how new drugs can be tested in preclinical systems, including the latest technology of robotic assay systems, cell culture, and experimental animal techniques
* Hundreds of references that allow the reader to access relevant scientific and medical literature
* Clear illustrations, some in color, that provide both understanding of the field and material for teaching

The world is faced with an epidemic of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This is due to changes in dietary habits and the decrease in physical activity. Exercise is usually part of the prescription, the first line of defense, to prevent or treat metabolic disorders. However, we are still learning how and why exercise provides metabolic benefits in human health. This open access volume focuses on the cellular and molecular pathways that link exercise, muscle biology, hormones and metabolism. This will include novel "myokines" that might act as new therapeutic agents in the future.

Recent media headlines about research misconduct in US universities have focused public attention on the dramatic ethical problems that can arise during the conduct of research. In the current atmosphere of accountability, scientific research on humans is now under increased scrutiny by the media, governments and the general public. Ethics of the Use of Human Subjects in Research (Practical Guide) fills the needs for learning materials and strategies providing support for training programmes related to the ethics of the use of human subjects in research. It presents a practical introduction to the ethical issues at stake in the conduct of research with human subjects. Beginning with a chapter on research ethics, a total of ten chapters range in scope from the development of a protocol for ethical decision-making to how to obtain IRB approval, with an emphasis on ethical factors underpinning the IRB review process.

At a ceremony announcing the completion of the first draft of the human genome in 2000, President Bill Clinton declared, "I believe one of the great truths to emerge from this triumphant expedition inside the human genome is that in genetic terms, all human beings, regardless of race, are more than 99.9 percent the same." Yet despite this declaration of unity, biomedical research has focused increasingly on mapping that.1 percent of difference, particularly as it relates to race.

This trend is exemplified by the drug BiDil. Approved by the FDA in 2005 as the first drug with a race-specific indication on its label, BiDil was originally touted as a pathbreaking therapy to treat heart failure in black patients and help underserved populations. Upon closer examination, however, Jonathan Kahn reveals a far more complex story. At the most basic level, BiDil became racial through legal maneuvering and commercial pressure as much as through medical understandings of how the drug worked.

Using BiDil as a central case study, Kahn broadly examines the legal and commercial imperatives driving the expanding role of race in biomedicine, even as scientific advances in genomics could render the issue irrelevant. He surveys the distinct politics informing the use of race in medicine and the very real health disparities caused by racism and social injustice that are now being cast as a mere function of genetic difference. Calling for a more reasoned approach to using race in biomedical research and practice, Kahn asks readers to recognize that, just as genetics is a complex field requiring sensitivity and expertise, so too is race, particularly in the field of biomedicine.

Practical Statistics for Medical Research is a problem-based text for medical researchers, medical students, and others in the medical arena who need to use statistics but have no specialized mathematics background.

The author draws on twenty years of experience as a consulting medical statistician to provide clear explanations to key statistical concepts, with a firm emphasis on practical aspects of designing and analyzing medical research. The text gives special attention to the presentation and interpretation of results and the many real problems that arise in medical research.

Every month, groups of people from all over the United Kingdom decide what kind of research should be carried out on patients within the NHS. These groups - Research Ethics Committees (RECs) - made up of doctors, nurses, researchers, and members of the general public - help shape the future of medicine, and play a crucial role in the regulation of a wide range of research from social science to epidemiology, vaccine and drugs trials to surgery. Based on extensive observations, interviews, and archival research, this book provides an in-depth insight into RECs, one of the most crucial forms of regulation around medical research. In providing one of the first empirical examinations of this kind of regulation, this book challenges the impersonal, de-socialised, and mechanical models of REC decision-making. -- .

Volume 76 of Advances in Cancer Research continues the series' goal of publishing timely and authoritative reviews in the broad field of cancer research. Ruoslahti begins the volume with a review of fibronectin and its integrin receptors in cancer. Chapter 2 by Ganter and Lipsick discusses Myb and oncogenesis. Biscardi and colleagues present their research on c-Src, receptor tyrosine kinases, and human cancer in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 by Schulz covers epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma and associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. The consensus on synergism between cigarette smoke and other environmental carcinogens in the causation of lung cancer is reviewed by Reif and Heeren in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6, Breivik and Gaudernack discuss perspectives on carcinogenesis and natural selection in the genetics and epigenetics of colorectal cancer. Chapter 7 by Coulie and co-workers concludes the volume with a discussion of anti-tumor immunity at work in a melanoma patient.

Stable isotope techniques offer advantages in safety, sensitivity, specificity, and economy for many types of pharmaceutical investigations when compared to conventional techniques. Nevertheless, pharmaceutical researchers are slow to embrace stable isotope techniques.

This book assembles in one place comprehensive reviews of the many applications of stable isotopes and the background material necessary to understand the application. This approach is a deliberate attempt to encourage the usage of stable isotopes in pharmaceutical research. A bonus to the reader is the high standard of contributions from a very talented and diverse group of investigators.

Hardbound. In this volume, there are five reviews of topical subjects. The availability of drugs for the successful treatment of many diseases results in an increase in the number of people who live to their eighties and nineties at which time Alzheimer's disease is most prevalent. The steady progress which is being made in our understanding of this complex disease and in the development of drugs for its treatment are reviewed in Chapter 1. Chemotherapy of another disease which often resists treatment may have another weapon in its armoury if recent work on modifying a naturally occurring anticancer compound (camptothecin) succeeds in reducing its side-effects; recent efforts in this field (described in Chapter 2) may yield a drug of value in treating cancer of the colon and stomach.Transporting a drug molecule to a specific site of action continues to present a challenge. The use of phosphates and phosphonates to protect the drug from hydrolysis or o

Data in the genomics field is booming. In just a few years, organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) will host 50+ petabytes-or over 50 million gigabytes-of genomic data, and they're turning to cloud infrastructure to make that data available to the research community. How do you adapt analysis tools and protocols to access and analyze that volume of data in the cloud? With this practical book, researchers will learn how to work with genomics algorithms using open source tools including the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), Docker, WDL, and Terra. With this practical book, researchers will learn how to work with genomics algorithms using open source tools including the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), Docker, WDL, and Terra. Geraldine Van der Auwera, longtime custodian of the GATK user community, and Brian O'Connor of the UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, guide you through the process. You'll learn by working with real data and genomics algorithms from the field. This book covers: Essential genomics and computing technology background Basic cloud computing operations Getting started with GATK, plus three major GATK Best Practices pipelines Automating analysis with scripted workflows using WDL and Cromwell Scaling up workflow execution in the cloud, including parallelization and cost optimization Interactive analysis in the cloud using Jupyter notebooks Secure collaboration and computational reproducibility using Terra

A new edition of the classic guide to the use of statistics in medicine, featuring examples from articles in the "New England Journal of Medicine"

"Medical Uses of Statistics" has served as one of the most influential works on the subject for physicians, physicians-in-training, and a myriad of healthcare experts who need a clear idea of the proper application of statistical techniques in clinical studies as well as the implications of their interpretation for clinical practice. This "Third Edition" maintains the focus on the critical ideas, rather than the mechanics, to give practitioners and students the resources they need to understand the statistical methods they encounter in modern medical literature.

Bringing together contributions from more than two dozen distinguished statisticians and medical doctors, this volume stresses the underlying concepts in areas such as randomized trials, survival analysis, genetics, linear regression, meta-analysis, and risk analysis. The "Third Edition" includes:

Numerous examples based on studies taken directly from the pages of the "New England Journal of Medicine"

Two added chapters on statistics in genetics

Two new chapters on the application of statistical methods to studies in epidemiology

New chapters on analyses of randomized trials, linear regression, categorical data analysis, meta-analysis, subgroup analyses, and risk analysis

Updated chapters on statistical thinking, crossover designs, p-values, survival analysis, and reporting research results

A focus on helping readers to critically interpret published results of clinical research

"Medical Uses of Statistics," Third Edition is a valuable resource for researchers and physicians working in any health-related field. It is also an excellent supplemental book for courses on medicine, biostatistics, and clinical research at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels.

You can also visit the New England Journal of Medicine website for related information.

Metabolic Bone Disease, Third Edition is the new, expanded edition of the classic text, featuring the latest advancements and research information in this fast-moving field. The Third Edition includes the most up-to-date information on molecular mechanisms, basic biology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis and management strategies of metabolic bone disease.
Key Features
* Edited by "fathers of the field"
* An expanded version of a classic AP text
* Complete coverage of a fast-growing field

Learn the basics and more of gastrointestinal diseases. Gastrointestinal diseases have become a major medical, social and economic burden worldwide. The larger the number of patients suffering from gastric ulcer and colorectal cancer, the greater the need to properly diagnose and cure. This book is a comprehensive guide through GI diseases, which can be used by practitioners and patients. It will allow: - to explore the mechanisms underlying GI diseases - to accurately diagnose and find the best treatment - to learn how to alleviate GI disease symptoms by changing diet and lifestyle This guide has been written by experts in the field who understand the needs of doctors and their patients. With this book, you will make sure that the GI disease can be properly managed.

In this book we provide insights into liver - cancer and immunology. Experts in the field provide an overview over fundamental immunological questions in liver cancer and tumorimmunology, which form the base for immune based approaches in HCC, which gain increasing interest in the community due to first promising results obtained in early clinical trials. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer related death in the United States. Treatment options are limited. Viral hepatitis is one of the major risk factors for HCC, which represents a typical "inflammation-induced" cancer. Immune-based treatment approaches have revolutionized oncology in recent years. Various treatment strategies have received FDA approval including dendritic cell vaccination, for prostate cancer as well as immune checkpoint inhibition targeting the CTLA4 or the PD1/PDL1 axis in melanoma, lung, and kidney cancer. Additionally, cell based therapies (adoptive T cell therapy, CAR T cells and TCR transduced T cells) have demonstrated significant efficacy in patients with B cell malignancies and melanoma. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in particular have generated enormous excitement across the entire field of oncology, providing a significant benefit to a minority of patients.

The book provides and intensive overview on exosomes in cardiovascular diseases, its potential as biomarkers, as well as pathological and therapeutic effects. It firstly describes the general aspects of exosomes including the definition, formation and secretion of exosomes and highlight their roles as biomarkers and pathological and therapeutic effects in cardiovascular diseases as well. Secondly, basic aspects of exosomes including the purification methods of exosomes, exosomes content, and functional roles of the cardiovascular exosomes are summarized. Thirdly, exosomes as biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases are overviewed including their roles in diagnosis, prognosis and reaction to therapy. Fourthly, pathological effects of exosomes and therapeutic effects of exosomes are highlighted. Finally, future prospects of exosomes in cardiovascular research would be provided. This is an essential reference for researchers working in cell biology and regeneration, as well as clinicians such as cardiologist.

Because the concept and discoveries of cancer stem cells are relatively new, scientists and researchers need an introduction to this dynamic area. Cancer Stem Cells presents a consolidated account of the research done to date and recent progresses in the studies of cancer stem cells. Such a presentation facilitates a better understanding of and draws attention to stem cell and cancer biology - two fields that enhance, move, and evolve into each other continuously. It provides an informative study in designing approaches to apply stem cell principles to cancer biology while offering an overview of the challenges in developing combination stem and cancer biology targets for therapeutics. This book serves as a primer for new researchers in the field of cancer biology.

This book provides the most up-to-date review of the simian virus 40 (SV40) minichromosome as a model for the mammalian chromosome in studies of DNA replication. It focuses on disruption of DNA replication by anticancer drugs and DNA-damaging agents. There is a strong emphasis on the unique advantages of SV40 as an experimental system for the analysis of these classes of anticancer drug mechanisms. The new high-resolution gel electrophoresis methods for the analysis of SV40 DNA replication are covered in detail to aid readers in designing and interpreting similar experiments.
Key Features
* Presents unique advantages of SV40 as an experimental system for the study of classes of anticancer drugs
* Details new high-resolution gel electrophoresis methods for the analysis of SV40 DNA replication
* Provides details to help the reader design and interpret similar experiments