As a society, we have learned to value diversity. But can some strategies to achieve diversity mask deeper problems, ones that might require a different approach and different solutions? With "Inclusion," Steven Epstein argues that in the field of medical research, the answer is an emphatic yes.
Formal concern with diversity in American medical research, Epstein shows, is a fairly recent phenomenon. Until the mid-1980s, few paid close attention to who was included in research subject pools. Not uncommonly, scientists studied groups of mostly white, middle-aged men--and assumed that conclusions drawn from studying them would apply to the rest of the population. But struggles involving advocacy groups, experts, and Congress led to reforms that forced researchers and pharmaceutical companies to diversify the population from which they drew for clinical research. That change has gone hand in hand with bold assertions that group differences in society are encoded in our biology--for example, that there are important biological differences in the ways that people of different races and sexes respond to drugs and other treatments.
While the prominence of these inclusive practices has offered hope to traditionally underserved groups, Epstein argues forcefully that it has drawn attention away from the tremendous inequalities in health that are rooted not in biology but in society. There is, for instance, a direct relationship between social class and health status--and Epstein believes that a focus on bodily differences can obscure the importance of this factor. Only when connected to a broad-based effort to address health disparities, Epstein explains, can a medical policy of inclusionachieve its intended effects.
A fascinating history, powerful analysis, and call to action, "Inclusion" will be essential reading for medical professionals, policymakers, and any concerned citizen.

Workbook to accompany Introduction to Biostatistical Applications in Health Research with Microsoft Office Excel practical and methodological approach to the statistical logic of biostatistics in the field of health research.

The skin is composed of three layers of differentiated tissues. The most external layer is the epidermis, followed by the dermis and the hypodermis, which is the most internal layer of the skin. The increasing incidence of skin cancer has led international health authorities to recommend protection measures to prevent the harmful effects of skin exposure to UV-radiation. Such measures include avoidance of sun exposure, especially at times when disease-inducing wavelengths are more intense, wearing protective clothing and use of topical sunscreens. This book discusses the various properties of sunscreens, the role sunscreens play in skin cancer, and other health effects for individuals using sunscreens.

In 1964, the release of Dr. Bernard Rimland's book, Infantile Autism, revolutionized the autism field by providing the autism community with much-needed guidance on how to understand and treat individuals on the spectrum. He single-handedly realigned the field from a psychodynamic, parent-blaming perspective to a scientific, physiological course of action. This 50th anniversary edition presents the original book with contributions from leaders in the autism field, including Drs. Martha Herbert and Simon Baron-Cohen, who celebrate Dr. Rimland's exceptional work, and place his findings within the context of autism as we understand it today. Bringing Dr. Rimland's findings up to date for a new generation of readers, this book will be fascinating reading for parents and those on the autism spectrum as well as professionals working with autism and anyone with an interest in autism and/or psychological theory.

Praise for the "Second Edition: "

.".".a grand feast for biostatisticians. It stands ready to satisfy the appetite of any pharmaceutical scientist with a respectable statistical appetite." --Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices"

The "Third Edition "of "Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials "provides complete, comprehensive, and expanded coverage of recent health treatments and interventions. Featuring a unified presentation, the book provides a well-balanced summary of current regulatory requirements and recently developed statistical methods as well as an overview of the various designs and analyses that are utilized at different stages of clinical research and development. Additional features of this "Third Edition "include:

- New chapters on biomarker development and target clinical trials, adaptive design, trials for evaluating diagnostic devices, statistical methods for translational medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine

- A balanced overview of current and emerging clinical issues as well as newly developed statistical methodologies

- Practical examples of clinical trials that demonstrate everyday applicability, with illustrations and examples to explain key concepts

- New sections on bridging studies and global trials, QT studies, multinational trials, comparative effectiveness trials, and the analysis of QT/QTc prolongation

- A complete and balanced presentation of clinical and scientific issues, statistical concepts, and methodologies for bridging clinical and statistical disciplines

- An update of each chapter that reflects changes in regulatory requirements for the drug review and approval process and recent developments in statistical design and methodology for clinical research and development

"Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials, Third Edition "continues to be an ideal clinical research reference for academic, pharmaceutical, medical, and regulatory scientists/researchers, statisticians, and graduate-level students.

The use of human tissue for medical research and scientific progress raises many ethical and legal challenges. The procurement, storage and transfer of human tissue for research purposes have posed significant questions over recent years, and a number of high profile scandals in the UK prompted the publication of the Madden Report on Post Mortem Practice and Procedures in Irish hospitals in 2006. Additionally, tissue-related research tends to be most promising if samples and information are shared across national borders, but the heterogeneity of current rules and guidelines within the member states of the European Union calls all the more for clarification.
This multi-authored interdisciplinary text, edited by four experienced researchers, explores many of the issues concerning biobank-related research and aims to provide answers to the most urgent questions by means of ethical, philosophical, and legal investigation. It provides a fascinating insight into a wide range of interlinking research perspectives and serves as a comprehensive reference to the state of play ethically and legally in Europe. It will be of value to medics and social scientists, human tissue researchers, and policy makers who have an interest in ethical and legal issues of human tissue research.

This book offers a comprehensive study of biological molecules acquired from marine organisms, which have been exploited for drug discovery with the aim to treat human diseases. Biomolecules have potential impacts on a diverse range of fields, including medical and pharmaceutical science, industrial science, biotechnology, basic research, molecular science, environmental science and climate change, etc. To understand and effectively apply medicinally important biomolecules, multidisciplinary approaches are called for. The ocean remains a rich biological resource, and the vast untapped potential of novel molecules from marine bio-resources has caught the interest of more and more researchers. These novel biological compounds have never been found in terrestrial or other ecosystems, but only in this rich niche. Advances in sampling techniques and technologies, along with increased funding for research and nature conservation, have now encouraged scientists to look deeper in the waters. Aquaculture supports both tremendous seafood production and the bulk production of marine-derived drugs. Furthermore, molecular methods are now being extensively employed to explore the untapped marine microbial diversity. With the help of molecular and biotech tools, the ability of marine organisms to produce new biosynthetic drugs can be greatly enhanced. This book provides an extensive compilation of the latest information on marine resources and their undisputedly vital role in the treatment of diverse ailments.

This volume highlights the recent advances in the understanding of the endocannabinoid system and the likely benefit from the therapeutic effects of cannabinoid treatment in a variety of health issues. Archeological evidence has shown that Cannabis has a long history of use for multiple purposes, including the treatment of medical conditions. The primary active constituent of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( 9-THC), causes euphoria, enhancement of sensory perception, tachycardia, antinociception, difficulties in concentration and impairment of memory, among other effects. Despite these undesirable effects, signaling is mostly inhibitory and suggests a putative role for cannabinoids as therapeutic agents by managing several diseases where inhibition of neurotransmitter release would be beneficial. The themes of this book have been edited and written by world-leaders in the field, The contents of the volume aims at readers from a range of academic and professional disciplines, such as biomedicine, several areas of biology, neurology, clinical medicine and pharmacy.

The important foodborne zoonotic pathogen non-typhoidal Salmonella cause gastroenteritis, bacteremia and focal infection in humans. Salmonella evades the host's immune system through the coordinated expression of complex arrays of virulence associated-genes. The dynamics of host-pathogen Salmonella enterica interaction and infection might enhance the development of novel targeted preventative measures and drug regimens. However, widespread usage of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant Salmonella. To avoid this problem, effective vaccines are developed to control non-typhoidal Salmonella zoonotic infections. An understanding of how Salmonella enterica spreads and survives in tissues has very important implications for targeting intracellular Salmonella with vaccine-induced immune responses. Application of advanced knowledge and scientific methods in the development of vaccines could diminish the non-typhoidal Salmonella disease burden globally. Currently, the oral live attenuated vaccines showed an efficient protection against non-typhoidal Salmonella zoonotic infection. However, inactivated or sub-unit vaccines are considered to be the safest over live vaccines. Ultimately, this review explores the molecular basis of non-typhoidal Salmonella pathogenesis. In addition to pathogenesis, recent advances in generation of Salmonella vaccines are also emphasised. This review also gives a deep insight into the future development of Salmonella vaccines with different innovations.

French biologist and chemist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) transformed medicine-and the lives of people around the world-when he developed the first rabies vaccine in 1885. Two years later, he founded the Institut Pasteur to fight infectious diseases-tuberculosis, hepatitis, tetanus, plague, influenza, and many more. For 130 years, this international organization has been at the forefront of revolutionary discoveries that have contributed enormously to major advances in medicine, in particular the isolation of HIV in 1983. With headquarters in Paris, 33 Institutes throughout the world, and 10 Nobel Prizes, the Institute has truly changed the world. This detailed, illustrated, and fully documented book sheds light on the activities and battles the Institute has led throughout its history, and its plans for the future.

The second volume in the series focuses on protection against noise and covers the problem of noise worldwide, the issues relating to leisure noise, European databank, and hearing conservation.

Many cancers are associated with the abnormal production of some molecules which can be measured in plasma/urine or can be detected on the surface of resected tumour tissue. These molecules are known as tumour markers. The potential uses of tumour markers are screening in the general population, differential diagnoses of symptomatic patients, clinical staging of cancer, estimating tumour volume, indicating prognosis, monitoring treatment and detecting recurrences. In order to obtain maximum clinical benefit, a tumour marker should have some characteristics. A tumour marker should be tissue-specific. The plasma level of the tumour marker should be in proportion to the size and activity of the tumour. A tumour marker should be present in plasma at a detectable level, even though tumour size is very small. A tumour marker should reflect the altered tumour characteristic as a response to therapy. Unfortunately, currently used tumour markers do not meet all of these criteria. A majority of them are present in normal, benign and tumour tissues, and unfortunately, they are not specific enough to be used for cancer screening in the general population. In addition, conventional tumour markers are poor in reflecting altered tumour behavior in response to anticancer therapy. They are of most value during follow-up appointments. Recent developments in molecular biology have led to the identification of numerous new tumour biomarkers. Firstly, the detection of DNA and RNA freely circulating in blood has provided a new perspective for the early diagnosis of cancer, patient follow-up, and assessment of therapy efficacy. Circulating free nucleic acids can originate from both malignant and non-malignant tissues. Discrimination of tumour cells is based on the presence of tumour-specific genetic and epigenetic alterations. This circulating nucleic acid-based approach is termed a liquid biopsy. Due to its non-invasive and repeatable features, liquid biopsy is a promising tool for cancer patients. It is particularly helpful in cancers where solid tissue biopsies are not feasible, and in the metastatic patients when multiple distinct tumour masses are simultaneously present. As another advantage, liquid biopsy shows the current tumour dynamics during anticancer therapy and drug sensitivities that conventional examinations fail to reflect. Secondly, self-renewable stem cells have the potential to cause cancer. If stem cells are genetically or epienetically changed, their differentiation potential becomes impaired and their proliferative capacity becomes uncontrolled. Current anticancer therapies mostly fail to eradicate cancer stem cells and instead favor expansion of the cancer stem cell pool and/or select for resistant stem cells. Thirdly, microRNAs, non-coding RNAs and transfer RNA fragments found in the bloodstream are candidate markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of different types of cancer. This book provides an overview of these new molecular tumour markers.

This practical guide aims to inspire ethically-aware practitioners to become ethically-aware researchers, evaluators and participants. Conducting a research project, whatever the setting, requires not only knowledge of research methods but also an in-depth understanding of research ethics. Embedded in 'real life' experiences of research ethics applications, this guide navigates the reader through research ethics procedures, drawing from legislation and a range of research ethics committee regulations. Although the emphasis is on research, ethical considerations presented in this guide are equally relevant and applicable to other types of enquiry, including monitoring and evaluation projects. Whether leading a research project, being part of a research team or taking part as a research participant, this book is essential reading for all arts & health practitioners and arts therapists.

Clinical Trials in Older Adults is the first book to consider the methodological issues underlying the evaluation of new treatments in older people. * Provides information on the methodology, monitoring and regulations for those planning to conduct a clinical trials involving older adults * Contains examples of ongoing trials involving older adults, and presents the main characteristics of many recently published * Depicts how the issues regarding older adults in clinical trials could be properly addressed with the appropriate study design and conduct * Identifies key issues in performing clinical trials in older patients with common geriatric conditions, i.e. Alzheimer s dementia, depression, low muscle mass, cancer

1. Provides a comprehensive examination of the field of molecular chaperone inhibition and its application to pharmaceutical research 2. Important in pharmaceutical research, particularly oncology clinical development. 3. Medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical science, drug discovery, oncology research 4. Possible cross-promotion with MedChemComm and Biomolecular Science series. 5. Molecular chaperones are proteins expressed during cellular stress, inhibiting them can change a cells behaviour to a stimulus, therefore these are important processes in drug development.

""This is an excellent text which covers all of the important research methods in the field, including randomised control trials. A strong component of the text is the inclusion of chapters on ethics and the future of paramedic research... The use of paramedic examples throughout the chapters will help students and other budding paramedic researchers connect with the subject matter and help them link theory, evidence and practice."
Professor Peter O'Meara, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia"

This practical book provides a no nonsense guide for student and qualified paramedics looking to understand the key elements of research, and what it means for their profession. The authors explain key concepts and methodologies to help you get to grips with the nature of paramedic research and how it works in practice.

By drawing on a wealth of cases and examples, research is placed firmly in the context of clinical practice. The book will enable you to critique research and to engage in small-scale research projects of your own. Emphasising what you need to know, the book includes information on: Knowledge that underpins practice Key elements of qualitative and quantitative research Research ethics and evidence based practice Undertaking a literature review Dissemination of research findings Considerations of the future for paramedic research Written by experienced lecturers, the authors offer practical advice and tips to more advanced researchers on getting work published and giving oral and poster presentations at conferences.

"Contributors Jayne Cutter, Gary Rolfe, Megan Rosser, Julia Williams, Malcolm Woollard

Malaria-like febrile illnesses have been described since Hippocrates as fevers that were periodic and associated with marshes and swamps. The word "malaria" comes from the Italian "mal'aria" for "bad airs". Malaria is transmitted to humans via the bite of the infected female mosquito of anopheles species. Malaria can exist, in a mild form that is most commonly associated with flu-like symptoms; fever, vomiting, and general malaise. Most disease cases are found in the poorest countries; tropical Africa, Latin America, Southern Asia and Oceania. More concern is being given now to malaria even in countries where there is a low risk of infection due to the phenomena of global warming which is significantly increasing. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of anti-malarial drug research and developments. Topics discussed in this compilation include the anti-malarial atovaquone prodrugs based on enzyme models with molecular orbital calculations approach; new quinoline-based multiple ligands in antimalarial drug development; new molecular scaffolds as potential therapeutic agents to combat antimalarial resistance; and PfCRT mediates sensitivity of chloroquine-resistant P Falciparum to diamidines.

Systems Biology (SB) is a suite of technologies and methodologies that resulted, conceptually from the merging of two basic paradigms, reductionism and holism with the goal of identifying its emergent properties and defining, quantitatively, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and whole body processes. One manifestation of SB is as a tool for hypothesis generation about a system that is typically too large and complex to understand by simple reasoning.

The US is currently well ahead of the rest of the world in the development and application of SB and its principles especially as they pertain to basic medical research and development.This lead is largely due to its earlier start in the academic arena. However, there is evidence of rapid development in both the UK/EU and Japan, and the gap is narrowing, particularly in the UK. From an industrial point of view, the Pharmaceutical Industry based in the US and UK can capitalize on these opportunities and gain the benefits of this technology. Many educational institutions (particularly their medical divisions) at present are heavily business-oriented, realize that in this particular industrial environment, that every dollar counts.

This book intends to educate Cell and Molecular Biologists in the use of the quantitative tools that are available to them to help solve the critical problems they face. It is important that biologists recognize early in their research the use and benefits of SB and how this approach can help to generate new therapeutic leads and substances useful for human health. Educational curricula in the life sciences have typically been based on the belief that one can dissect complex systems into their components and that a detailed investigation of each these components individually will in itself lead to novel biological insights, and indeed this is true in numerous instances. However, increasing acknowledgment of the importance of studying whole systems, as well as their components, has led to an emphasis on teaching not just a reductionist view of biology, but also a complementary constructionist view.

Your guide to research and evidence-based practice. This classic text explains the hows and whys of conducting and writing a research project. Step-by-step guidance shows you how to select topics; how to select the appropriate methodology and theoretical framework; how to collect, analyze, and interpret the data; and how to write, present, and publish your project.

There is a paradigm shift in plastic and reconstructive surgery from the interest of developing new surgical techniques into the application of new technologies via research based studies on stem cells, tissue engineering and new field of reconstructive transplantation such as e.g. face, hand or larynx transplants. This approach is relatively novel and introduced to plastic surgery within past decade. Thus there is an urgent need to facilitate access to this new knowledge which was not traditionally a part of plastic surgery curriculum. The most efficient way of introducing these new approaches is via presentation of pertinent to different fields (stem cell, transplantation, nerve regeneration, tissue engineering) experimental models which can be used as a tool to develop technologies of interest by different groups of surgeons. These surgical specialities which will be interested and benefit from the book include: plastic and reconstructive surgeons, microsurgeons, hand surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, neurosurgeons and transplant surgeons.

This practical 'How To' guide talks the reader step-by-step through designing, conducting and disseminating primary care research, a growing discipline internationally. The vast majority of health care issues are experienced by people in community settings, who are not adequately represented by hospital-based research. There is therefore a great need to upskill family physicians and other primary care workers and academics to conduct community-based research to inform best practice. Aimed at emerging researchers, including those in developing countries, this book also addresses cutting edge and newly developing research methods, which will be of equal interest to more experienced researchers.

This unique book is designed to help a medical team become a clinical research team. It includes practical information and tips for the initial stages of clinical research: building a team, negotiating a contract, developing a budget, and writing and improving a patient consent. Chapters describing the nuts and bolts of how to actually perform the study follow, including patient recruiting and retention, screening, follow-ups and handling monitor visits. Finally, there is discussion of the yearly reviews and disclosures and not just surviving, but acing, the all-important Food and Drug Administration audit. Clinical research moves medicine forward and is a necessary part of bringing any new therapy, device, or procedure into routine medical care. However, it can be costly and convoluted, and the methodologies of clinical research are not widely standardized. Decreasing some of the chaos present in American clinical research is the primary goal of this book. The second goal is to improve the understanding and education of those who enter clinical research, whether in the frontline work of the clinical research site, in the middleman companies who have a high turnover rate, at a research hospital or institution, or at medical corporations that depend on good clinical research to bring their products to market. The third reason is to standardize American clinical research and to remove some of the vagaries and inconsistencies in the field. Practical and user-friendly, Developing a Successful Clinical Research Program fills a need for a clear guide to developing and improving a first-class research program in any clinical setting.

This book focuses on different techniques of asymmetric synthesis of important compounds, such as drugs and natural products. It gives insightful information on recent asymmetric synthesis by Inorganic, Organic and Enzymatic combinations. It also emphasizes chiral compounds and design of new catalyst for synthesis of compounds.

This book offers a comprehensive introduction to translational efforts in breast cancer, addressing the latest approaches to precision medicine based on the current state of understanding of breast cancer. With the latest developments in breast cancer research, our understanding of the genomic changes and the oncogenic signaling cascade of breast cancer has made considerable strides. Further, the immuno-environment has been demonstrated as the barrier to clinical cancer. In addition, major advances in cancer biology, immunology, genomics and metabolism have broken new ground for designing therapeutic approaches and selecting appropriate treatments on the basis of more precise information on the individual patient. As a result of these two trends, a clearer picture of the molecular landscape of breast cancers has facilitated the development of diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for clinical oncology. All these aspects are addressed in this volume, which offers a comprehensive resource for researchers, graduate students and oncologists in cancer research.

The main focus of this book is on brown adipose tissue and its metabolic function. The book provides a timely update on the latest research and shows where the field is heading. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy and has received considerable attention in the last few years, having been re-discovered in adult humans in 2007/9. Moreover, BAT might offer a target for novel therapies to address obesity, a health condition that has reached pandemic dimensions.