It is now widely recognised that biological psychiatry is rapidly coming into its own. For over the last three decades dramatic advances in this young discipline have been made, all of which attest to the staying power of the experimental method. Those who made this revolution in knowledge happen are a breed of investigators availing themselves of the tools of molecular biology, pharmacology, genetics, and perhaps, above all, the technology of neuroimaging. The introduction of the interdisciplinary method of approach to the study of psychopathology had made it very clear that neuroimaging, as a set of techniques, is unique in that it is gradually providing us with evidence supporting Kraepelin's original view that mental illness is closely associated with abnormal changes in the brain.
Broadly speaking, there are presently two structural techniques in neuroimaging - computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - and three functional techniques - single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through PET technology, for example, we have learned that, in early brain development, the primitive areas, mostly the brain stem and thalamus, are the first to show high activity in an infant. This is followed by the development of cortical areas by year one. Between the ages of four to 10, the cortex is almost twice as active in the child as in the adult. This information alerts us to what might happen in the way of trauma in abused children, especially those under the age of three. Child abuse increases the risk of physical changes, not only in the stress systems, but also in brain development (Glaser and Weissman). In addition to the difficult problem of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we have to take into account the possibility of other types of mental illness as the consequences of child abuse. These include depression, eating disorders, and drug and alcohol problems.
The combination of PET and fMRI represents a more remarkable example of the power of neuroimaging since the two have made it feasible to map accurately in vitro identifiable cortical fields, or networks. In a landmark NIH investigation of human cortical reorganization (plasticity), persuasive evidence was brought forward showing that the process of learning as a motor task involves a specific network of neurons. These neurons occur in the cortical field that is responsible for that particular task. Such findings are important partly because they provide evidence supporting the current notion that labor in the cortex is divided among ensembles of specialized neurons that cooperate in the performance of complex tasks. Cooperation, then, in this, sense implies crosstalk among ensembles and that signals are both processed and retransmitted to neighbouring ensembles. To understand the workings of these ensembles, much better spatial and temporal resolution in functional brain mapping is required. This can be achieved with an NMR instrument whose magnet is 4.1 Tesla or more.

Migraine treatment improved considerably with the advent of the 'triptans' in the 1990s. While the drugs used previously for headache treatment had efficacy, some compounds had bothersome side effects and their overuse could lead to severe complications. In the early days of the triptans, it was widely presumed that migraine was no longer a treatment problem. However, it has gradually been recognized that a significant proportion of patients are not responsive to triptans or do not tolerate them. It is now clear that, even with effective treatment, patients with frequent migraine attacks are not treated well exclusively with acute medications. This is partly because patients are still bothered by the attacks and partly because frequent intake of acute medication may result in medication-overuse headache. These problems have led to a renewed interest in preventive migraine drugs.
Part of the Frontiers in Headache Research series, this book summarizes the several promising new avenues for the development of future drugs for the treatment of migraine, including cortical-spreading depression inhibition, nitric oxide synthase inhibition and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonism, as well as other potential targets. The book presents frontline knowledge of these evolving modalities as far as it is available in the public domain. It is hoped that readers and their patients will find it exciting to learn about all the novel possibilities, and also that the impressive research advances in migraine will lead to increased funding, not only of migraine but also of other types of headache.

A comprehensive textbook on caring for the infant and child in intensive care. The text includes specific illness / disorders with related A & P, medical management and nursing care and a complete guide to the problems and solutions of working in the PICU.

The Seventh International Conference series on Vision in Vehicles was held in Marseilles in September 1997. This event was run in conjunction with the Applied Vision Association, the Ergonomics Society and with the participation of INRETS (Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Securite).
This volume presents the selected and edited proceedings. The papers at the conference were ordered into sessions, from driver-specific aspects to interfacing with the new in-vehicle systems. These sessions are mirrored in the ordering of the chapters. The conference is long established and regularly draws representatives from the key international research centres working in this popular and diverse transportation area.

This is a practical handbook, whichwill provide an everyday reference for the inexperienced to provide artificial nutrition in a safe and effective manner. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a means of providing nutrients to patients whom, for whatever reason, are unable to take food orally This book covers the whole range of factors involved in TPN, patient selection and suitability for TPN, contraindications to patients receiving TPN and the practicalities involved such as line selection. It examines the range of treatment options available that are alternatives to TPN. It is also a unique publication in that it considers the patients opinion, body image and lifestyle. Despite its broad coverage, the book is able to explain new techniques concisely, which will help readers professional development and increase their confidence in using these techniques.The books elementary nature makes it ideal for nurses or junior medical staff who are unfamiliar with this therapy or who lack knowledge about central venous catheters. Appendix contains step by step procedures referred to throughout the book that can be adapted by the reader to develop new local protocols.The book is illustrated with anatomical drawings and drawings of catheters which will give the reader a clearer understanding of aspects of TPN treatment. Focuses on the multidisciplinary team involved in TPN patient care i.e. pharmacists and dieticians. The editor is recognised and well respected in this field and has already published work in journals.

Computer access is the only way to retrieve up-to-date sequences and this book shows researchers puzzled by the maze of URLs, sites, and searches how to use internet technology to find and analyze genetic data. The book describes the different types of databases, how to use a specific database to find a sequence that you need, and how to analyze the data to compare it with your own work.
The content also covers sequence phenotype, mutation, and genetic linkage databases; simple repetitive DNA sequences; gene feature identification; and prediction of structure and function of proteins from sequence information. This book will be invaluable to those starting a career in life sciences research as well as to established researchers wishing to make full use of available resources.
Key Features
* Describes a wide range of databases: DNA, RNA, protein, pathways, and gene expression
* Enables readers to access the information they need from databases on the web
* Includes a directory of URLs for easy reference
* Invaluable for those starting a career in life sciences research and also for established researchers wishing to make full use of available resources.

Acupuncture: a scientific appraisal takes an evaluative approach, summarising the evidence for acupuncture in an impartial way. An international team of specialist contributors brings a wide range of expertise to the book, drawing together different facets of research and clinical practice to provide a cohesive look at acupuncture today. The increasing integration of acupuncture into health care services in the west, requires stringent criteria of efficacy, safety and cost in order to provide optimal benefit for patients, at minimal risk. All professionals involved in the delivery of healthcare will find this new book of great interest. The conclusions reached should provide a focus for future debate. Fully referenced throughout, Acupuncture: a scientific appraisal is an easily accessible, balanced source of information for all practitioners of acupuncture. Healthcare providers, complementary therapists and members of the primary healthcare team will also find this an invaluable purchase. * examines acupuncture's possible mechanisms of action * contains chapters on both Eastern and Western approaches * reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture

Mens health covers a variety of physical, psychological, social, lifestyle and political factors, all of which will be covered in the book. As the whole concept is still emerging, the text will not attempt to be either comprehensive or definitive, but will be seen to add to the pool of knowledge and help set the agenda for future work.

This book brings together a collection of the author's papers which, when taken as a whole, address many of the mostpressing issues in psychiatric nursing today. The papers are linked and present the 'backbone' of the author's philosophy of nursing. Each of the chapters deals either with the search to define the theoretical and practical basis of psychiatric nursing, or addresses more general issues in nursing which have some specific bearing on the practice of psychiatric nursing. Each chapter is followed by an invited commentary from respected psychiatric nurses, who were given the brief to draw out some of the main points of the chapter and put them in focus for today's nurses.Dynamic, charismatic author This book brings together the authors major works for the first time

The life and work of Joseph Babinski (1857-1932) has been revisited by two French physicians whose enthusiasm for the subject is reflected in the depth and breadth of documentary sources. From Babinski's Polish roots, his father (an intrepid revolutionist, his brother(the gold miner and famous gastronome Ali-Bab to the Babinski circle, his friends, his colleagues and his disciples, the reader will find a refreshing perspective on a particularly fascinating period in French medicine. His scientific contribution is analyzed in detail, with for the first time a complete bibliography of his publications. These includes not only the Babinski Sign, but also the earlier and heretofore less-known concerning pathological anatomy and histology, the papers on cutaneous and tendinous reflexes, cerebellar and vestibular semeiology, hysteria and pithiatism, localization of spinal cord compression s and the birth of French neurosurgery.

With a wealth of sound practical advice, from the authors' years of extensive experience, this book will be invaluable for all those prescribing aerobic exercise programmes for cardiovascular health including: general practitioners, physiotherapists, nurses, exercise instructors and advisors.Covers traditional and contemporary approaches Many easy-to-use charts for the calculation of exercise intensities and aerobic exercise programmes Well referenced and thoroughly tested

The key text consists of 10 chapters, each written by subject experts. It aims to provide nurses with the fundamental skills and knowledge they require in order to practise rehabilitation techniques safely and effectively. Those seeking more detailed information specific to their specialty will be guided to other texts. It brings a nursing focus to this topic, which has been needed but not available for many years. The style is informative and instructive, and is very much a book for the hands-on practitioner.Brings a nursing focus to the topic, which has been needed but not available for many years. Informative and instructive styleVery hands-on approach This book has high PREP currency. It will be easy to use this book to provide evidence of professional development in portfolios.

The book is a comprehensive and practical guide to the students, trainees, practitioners and gynecologic oncology workers about premalignant and malignant condition of the vulva. It covers all the cancers of the vulva, as well as the surgical and medical aspects of vulvar disease.

Nurses and others in the front-line(paramedics, ambulance staff, hospital and GP receptionists, social workers etc) are reporting an increasing incidence of violence and aggression from patients/clients. Some of these outbursts have resulted in permanent injury, even death, to the health care worker. The book is structured so that the notion of violence becomes more explicit with each succeeding chapter, until finally the violent outburst arrives. It offers practical prevention and management strategies, based on sound research, and provides a comprehensive view of the problem which will be of value to people working in a variety of clinical situations.Topical, vital subject Excellent mix of theory and practiceWide appeal to a variety of nurses and other professionals

This book provides a comprehensive research-based source of material, which focuses on the important issue of dementia and family care. It critically examines how dementia is defined, diagnosed and "treated" and provides a new environmentally focused approach to this challenging and growing issue for nurses and other care givers.

This book is a thoughtful, informative, and practical guide for anyone involved in caring for the seriously and chronically ill or dying. The connection between spirituality and medicine has been receiving a lot of attention in both the scientific and lay presses recently, but research and
anecdotal evidence all indicate that spirituality is central to the care of the chronically ill and dying. It is therefore critical that healthcare providers who interact with seriously ill patients know how to address their spiritual needs.
This book presents current thinking on how spiritual care can be integrated into traditional caregiving. Part one discusses aspects of spirituality, such as presence, ethics, and relationships. Part two delves into a number of specific religious and theological traditions. Part three offers
practical applications and tools, including storytelling, psychotherapy, dance, music, and the arts. Part four focuses on patients' stories and reflections. The book concludes with appendices that have sample advance directives for Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, and Muslim patients.
Volume editor Christina Puchalski is the director of the George Washington Institute of Spirituality and Health. She is also an associate professor of medicine at the George Washington University Medical Center and an active practicing physician and medical educator. Dr. Puchalski is nationally and
internationally recognized as a pioneer in the integration of spirituality and healthcare. Chapters are authored by an impressive group of medical and religious experts, and patients' stories also appear throughout, offering real-world examples. The book features a foreword by theDalai
Lama.

This book will provide a clear and practical guide to implementing clinical audit in practice. Divided into three parts, it introduces and contextualises what clinical audit is and how it fits in with other strategies such as evidence-based practice. The second part consists of a step-by step guide to conducting a clinical audit project in practice and part three sets out the issues which need to be considered when implementing a clinical audit programme and disseminating the results. By working through the manual, readers will be equipped to design, plan and implement a clinical audit project in order to develop patient care in line with the latest available evidence.Clearly written, practical handbook. RCN-Linked. Multi-disciplinary approach. Extensive use of case studies and exercises.Leading Authors in their field.

A much needed practical nursing text addressing the complex problems posed by the growing number of elderly people with mental health problems. The book can be used as an everyday companion for qualified nurses or for teaching health care assistants and students about practical interventions, therapeutic approaches and for developing knowledge and attitudes. Wider issues are considered, including the care continuum through acute to continuing care, and different care environments. * Practical advice for dealing with every-day problems * Examines common mental health problems in depth, to develop nurses' understanding of clients' needs * Positive approach, challenging stereotypical views and giving guidance for good care practices

A mononeuropathy has to be recognised through physical examination before it can be explained and treated. This practical book provides valuable guidance on examination of peripheral nerves, and then looks at possible causes, prognosis and treatment. Mononeuropathies of the arm, leg and trunk are covered, and causes of mononeuropathies other than focal lesions are included. The easy to follow text is well illustrated with over 90 line diagrams.practical book in the style of Aids to the Examination of the Peripheral Nervous system Each chapter includes anatomy, lesions, causes, and treatmentEach chapter is illustrated by clear line diagrams will be of immediate practical help to office neurologists, and all those undertaking physical examination of patientsof interest to a broad group of physicians, neurologists, orthopaedic surgeons, hand surgeons, and neurosurgeons

This book is an introductory text to spinal disorders. Based on the highly successful forerunner to this volume, Practical Orthopaedic Medicine, the book still retains the original philosophy of this text which is to systematically cover all the joints discussing examination, diagnosis and treatment. The full spectrum of therapies is covered with particular emphasis on Maitland's widely practised spinal manipulation techniques - how they are assessed clinically and their role in the management of spinal problems. A complete review of the current literature has been undertaken and a valuable new chapter on the spine in sport has been added. This book will be essential reading for students and practitioners involved in sports medicine, orthopaedic medicine and physiotherapy.

Sociology and Occupational Therapy is the first book on sociology specifically designed to introduce Occupational Therapy students at undergraduate and postgraduate level to areas of sociology relevant to the theory and practice of OT. It provides a beginners guide to the relevant literature and explains how the sociological theory impacts on the practice of OTs in the widest sense. It makes use of the knowledge and expertise of Sociologists and Occupational Therapists to explain key concepts and their relevance to practice. With activities provided at the end of each chapter the student is encouraged to make their own links with between the text and their experience of OT practice and everyday life.Specifically for Occupational Therapists Reflects areas of interest to occupational therapyUses international material Assumes no prior knowledge of sociologyIdentifies ways in which sociology can be used to analyze pracice Uses activities to help reflect on material

All healthcare professionals working with complementary therapies must be fully aware of legal boundaries, responsibilities and liabilities in the practice of complementary therapies. This book covers all the main topics and principles and deals with points specific to individual therapies, helping practitioners to practice confidently.Legal aspects of using and integrating complementary therapies in health care practice present an area of anxiety for therapists, nurses and others Bridget Dimond is very well known in the UK as a speaker in this topic. It is the subject on which she is most frequently asked to talk at conferences.Information is clearly presented and extremely practical