Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 117.Earth is a dynamically evolving planet with large-scale flow and chemical differentiation occurring throughout history. These processes include not only mantle convection and related phenomena but also core processes that have an important influence on the generation of the magnetic field. Deep processes in Earth, however, have long been matters for speculation without many observational constraints. Fortunately, during the last 10 years or so this situation has changed dramatically. Enhancements in the capacity of high resolution seismology to probe the fine structures of Earth's deep interior (via seismic tomography, for example) and technical advances in mineral and rock physics, which have provided new and improved data bases for interpreting seismological observations, are essential developments.

Minerals existed long before any forms of life, playing a key role in the origin and evolution of life; an interaction with biological systems that we are only now beginning to understand. Exploring the traditional strand of mineralogy, which emphasises the important mineral families, the well-established analytical methods (optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction) and the dramatic developments made in techniques over recent decades, David Vaughan also introduces the modern strand of mineralogy, which explores the role minerals play in the plate tectonic cycle and how they interact with the living world. Demonstrating how minerals can be critical for human health and illness by providing essential nutrients and releasing poisons, Vaughan explores the multitude of ways in which minerals have aided our understanding of the world. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

The scientific community has argued for decades over the origin of giant craters on the earth. In a highly readable fashion, Kathleen Mark recounts the fascinating detective story of how scientists came to recognize metorite craters, both ancient and relatively recent.

"A fine treatment of this critical time in geology's history. Although it goes against our standard histories of the field, Laudan defends her views convincingly. Her style is direct, with carefully reasoned personal opinions and interpretations clearly defined."--Jere H. Lipps, "The Scientist"

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the mining, refining, industrial use, and recycling of platinum and selected platinum compounds. Because of its exceptional catalytic properties, resistance to chemical corrosion, and high mechanical strength, platinum is widely used in the chemical and petroleum industries, most notably in the production of catalysts, including devices for reducing hazardous gas emissions. The growing use of catalytic converters to reduce pollution from automobile exhausts has caused a sharp increase in the world demand for this metal. Compounds such as cisplatin also have important therapeutic applications.

This famous book takes you on an extensive gem and mineral collecting tour of Colorado, revealing the interesting places where Nature has stored her treasures.
Detailed directions are given for reaching the noted as well as the little-known localities in all sections of this great mineral-producing state. Included are numerous mileage logs never before published, and many sketch maps made especially for this book. A unique system arranges the localities along segments of the main highways.
Latest information is given on local travel and collecting conditions and land ownership, so much desired by collectors who want to make the best use of their time. Gem and mineral societies that welcome visitors -- museums that display outstanding collections -- are all described. Official maps and references to the literature are listed.

This book is the direct result of the desire expressed by Canadians in many walks ofl ife to know "more about mining." It takes the interested layman on a short trip through the complex mining industry.

Discover the common treatments and imitations plus gemstone properties, sources and typical cuts of stones, including a guide on appraisal techniques.

Jewellers and designer goldsmiths, lapidaries and gem cutters, stone setters, gemologists, geologists, collectors and people who buy and sell jewellery at antique fairs and on the internet, this book is for anyone who has ever had a gemstone and wanted identification and information. Featuring a mix of gemstones and gem-set jewellery, it puts gems in context and contains historical context for those buying and selling antique and vintage gem-set jewellery, including details of the stones typically found in Georgian, Victorian, early 20th century settings.

Packed with fascinating gemological details and up-to-minute data on more than 70 of the most exquisite gemstones, and written by leading expert, Judith Crowe, learn the common pitfalls in identifying stones and clarify areas of confusion and misidentification.

Mount Etna in Sicily is one of a small number of active volcanoes in the Mediterranean area, where written history survives from more than two millennia: its eruptions are therefore among the best documented in the world. This account of the eruption of 1819 was written by the chemist and vulcanologist Carmelo Maravigna, a professor at the University of Catania, who was commissioned by his colleagues to make scientific observations of the phenomena and to publish them in a clear and methodical format. Maravigna's book opens with the diary of his own observations from 27 May to 5 August 1819; it then describes the physical consequences of the eruption, including the spread and depth of lava flows, and discusses various theories of volcanic activity. The sixth chapter analyses the mineral deposits in the lava, and the last describes the volcano returned to its dormant state.

Die Beugung von Rontgenstrahlen wird heute in vielen Labors zur schnellen, sicheren und zerstorungsfreien Identifikation von Festkorperproben benutzt. Der Einsatz von Kleinrechnern (PCs) und von schnelleren Detektoren hat in der Rontgenpulverdiffraktometrie zu einer Renaissance sowohl in der Phasenanalyse von Gemischen als auch in der Strukturverfeinerung aus Pulverdaten gefuhrt. Das Buch ist aus mehreren Vorlesungen und Ubungen des Autors entstanden und dient als praxisbezogenes Lehrbuch mit zahlreichen Abbildungen Studenten der Kristallographie, Mineralogie, Geologie, Chemie und der Materialwissenschaften. Es wird ausserdem als Nachschlagewerk von jedem mit dieser Methode arbeitenden Wissenschaftler verwendet. Dies ist die zweite Auflage des Buches. Gegenuber der ersten Auflage wird die Rietveld-Methode und die neue Methode der Profilanpassung durch die Verwendung von physikalisch sinnvollen Fundamentalparametern ausfuhrlicher behandelt."

Zeolites are natural or synthetic materials with porous chemical structures that are valuable due to their absorptive and catalytic qualities. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are manmade organometallic polymers with similar porous structures. This introductory book, with contributions from top-class researchers from all around the world, examines these materials and explains the different synthetic routes available to prepare zeolites and MOFs. The book also highlights how the substances are similar yet different and how they are used by science and industry in situations ranging from fueling cars to producing drugs.

This book gathers selected papers from the 8th International Field Exploration and Development Conference (IFEDC 2018) and addresses a broad range of topics, including: Reservoir Surveillance and Management, Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description, Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR, Ultra-Tight Reservoirs, Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology, Oil and Gas Well Production Testing, and Geomechanics. In brief, the papers introduce readers to upstream technologies used in oil & gas development, the main principles of the process, and various related design technologies. The conference not only provided a platform to exchange experiences, but also promoted the advancement of scientific research in oil & gas exploration and production. The book is chiefly intended for industry experts, professors, researchers, senior engineers, and enterprise managers.

Widely used in adsorption, catalysis and ion exchange, the family of molecular sieves such as zeolites has been greatly extended and many advances have recently been achieved in the field of molecular sieves synthesis and related porous materials. Chemistry of Zeolites and Related Porous Materials focuses on the synthetic and structural chemistry of the major types of molecular sieves. It offers a systematic introduction to and an in-depth discussion of microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous materials and also includes metal-organic frameworks.* Provides focused coverage of the key aspects of molecular sieves* Features two frontier subjects: molecular engineering and host-guest advanced materials* Comprehensively covers both theory and application with particular emphasis on industrial uses This book is essential reading for researches in the chemical and materials industries and research institutions. The book is also indispensable for researches and engineers in R&D (for catalysis) divisions of companies in petroleum refining and the petrochemical and fine chemical industries.

Many common terms in metamorphic petrology vary in their usage and meaning between countries. The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks (SCMR) has aimed to resolve this, and to present systematic terminology and rock definitions that can be used worldwide. This 2007 book is the result of discussion and consultation lasting 20 years and involving hundreds of geoscientists worldwide. It presents a complete nomenclature of metamorphic rocks, with a comprehensive glossary of definitions, sources and etymology of over 1200 terms, and a list of mineral abbreviations. Twelve multi-authored sections explain how to derive the correct names for metamorphic rocks and processes, and discuss the rationale behind the more important terms. These sections deal with rocks from high- to low- and very-low-grade. This book will form a key reference and international standard for all geoscientists studying metamorphic rocks.

Der deutsche Mineraloge Alfred Eppler (1867 - 1923) verfasste dieses Werk uber Schmuck- und Edelsteine im Auftrag des deutschen Werkbundes als gewerbliche Materialkunde. Als Ergebnis liegt nun ein ausfuhrliches Buch vor, welches die Eigenschaften und Erkennungsmerkmale (Kristallformen, Spaltbarkeit, Harte, spezifisches Gewicht) beschreibt. Eppler geht umfangreich auf Falschungen und Imitationen ein. Er erlautert verschiedene Untersuchungsmethoden, beschreibt die verschiedenen Arten der Schmuck- und Edelsteine, die Lagerstatten und Gewinnung sowie den Handel mit Rohsteinen und die Schmuckindustrie. Im Anhang findet der Leser farbige Abbildungen der verschiedenen Arten von Schmuck- und Edelsteinen. Der Autor hat einen auch fur interessierte Laien gut lesbaren Schriftstil verwendet.

La plupart des peintures parietales prehistoriques sont rouges (hematite naturelle ou goethite chauffee) ou noirs (charbon ou oxyde de manganese). Ces pigments ont ete prepares par broyage, melange ou chauffage. Les analyses physico-chimiques permettent de determiner la nature du materiau, son mode de preparation et eventuellement sa provenance. Les diverses phases d'oxyde de manganese se distinguent par leur composition chimique, leur structure et le degre d'oxydation de l'ion Mn. La transformation structurale des oxydes lors d'un traitement thermique a ete suivie par MET. Plusieurs stigmates permettent de distinguer un oxyde naturel d'un oxyde obtenu par chauffage, comme des pores dans la bixbyite. L'analyse d'echantillons archeologiques provenant de France et d'Espagne a permis d'evaluer le niveau technique des Prehistoriques. La matiere picturale est constituee de pigment brut ou melange. Cependant aucun pigment noir chauffe n'a ete identifie dans les prelevements analyses.

Dans les acieries, la conversion de la fonte en acier est une operation qui genere des quantites tres importantes de residus: les laitiers d'acierie de conversion (LAC), qui sont en partie valorises en tant que granulats en genie civil. Cette these vise a quantifier et a expliquer le comportement a la lixiviation des LAC, c'est-a-dire leur alteration et le relargage des metaux traces (Cr, V) qu'ils contiennent, par l'identification des mecanismes physico-chimiques qui regissent, au sein meme de la matrice solide, la mobilite et le transfert des elements. L'approche experimentale choisie est basee sur des tests de lixiviation (en laboratoire a l'aide du CTG-Leachcrete et en lysimetre a l'echelle semi-pilote) et des spectroscopies d'absorption et de fluorescence des rayons X. Les donnees issues de ces experiences ont permis d'initialiser un modele geochimique (a l'aide du code CHESS) reproduisant l'alteration des LAC. Ce modele vise a terme a predire le comportement a long terme des LAC dans un scenario de valorisation donne.