Dieses eingefuhrte Lehrbuch basiert auf Vorlesungen an der Westfalischen Wilhelms-Universitat Munster, an der TU Berlin und an der Georg-August-Universitat Goettingen. Der Schwerpunkt des Buches liegt bei der geometrischen Kristallographie. Vom Raumgitter ausgehend werden Symmetrieoperationen, Bravaisgitter, Raum- und Punktgruppen abgehandelt. Auch auf die Beziehungen zwischen Symmetriegruppen und deren Anwendung wird kurz eingegangen. Es folgen Kapitel uber Kristallchemie und roentgenographische Untersuchungen. Die einzelnen Kapitel schliessen mit zahlreichen UEbungsaufgaben, deren Loesungen angegeben sind.

This book traces the journeys of a stone across the world. From its remote point of origin in the city of Nishapur in eastern Iran, turquoise was traded through India, Central Asia, and the Near East, becoming an object of imperial exchange between the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman empires. Along this trail unfolds the story of turquoise--a phosphate of aluminum and copper formed by nature in rocks below the surface of the earth--and its discovery and export as a global commodity. In the material culture and imperial regalia of early modern Islamic tributary empires moving from the steppe to the sown, turquoise evolved into a sacred stone and color, a potent symbol of power projected in vivid color displays. From the empires of Islamic Eurasia, the turquoise trade reached Europe, where the stone was sought after and collected as an exotic object from the East. The Eurasian turquoise trade lasted into the nineteenth century, when the oldest mines in Iran collapsed and lost Aztec mines in the Americas reopened, unearthing more accessible sources of the stone to rival the Persian blue. Sky Blue Stone recounts the origins, trade, and circulation of a natural object in the context of the history of Islamic Eurasia and global encounters between empire and nature.

First published in 1957, this classic study has been reissued in a paperback version that includes an additional chapter bringing the material up to date. The author formulates the physical properties of crystals systematically in tensor notation, presenting tensor properties in terms of their common mathematical basis and the thermodynamic relations between them. The mathematical groundwork is laid in a discussion of tensors of the first and second ranks. Tensors of higher ranks and matrix methods are then introduced as natural developments of the theory. A similar pattern is followed in discussing thermodynamic and optical aspects.

Mehr als 10 Jahre nach Erscheinen der Erstauflage haben sich Herausgeber, Autoren und Verlag entschlossen, eine vollig liberarbeitete Fassung dieses Handbuches zu erstel- len. Das vielf: iltige und positive Echo aus den Reihen der Fachkollegen, der Industrie und der Ministerien war Ermutigung und Ansporn, wiederum ein aktuelles, inform a- tionsreiches Nachschlagewerk zu schaffen. Seit Anfang der siebziger Jahre haben sich tiefgreifende Wandlungen in der Rohstoff- wirtschaft vollzogen, deren Ausma und Wirkungen erst eine Dekade spater in vollem Ausma erkennbar wurden. Die pessimistischen bis apokalyptischen Prognosen des Club of Rome und die substantiellen EnergiepreiserhOhungen haben zwei gegenlaufige Tendenzen auf den Rohstoffmarkten bewirkt: einerseits eine euphorische Beurteilung der Preisentwicklung durch die Produzenten, die aufwendige Explorationsprogramme finanzierten und gro zligige Bergbauinvestitionen vornahmen sowie andererseits die Verstiirkung eines Rohstoftbewu tseins in den Industrielandern, wo der rationelle Ein- satz von Material, die konsequente Rlickgewinnung von Metallen und die Suche nach neuen Werkstoffen, wie Plastik und Keramik, zu einer Verringerung des Bedarfs fUhr- ten. Das Ergebnis ist Mitte der achtziger Jahre sehr deutlich zu erkennen. Stagnieren- der Verbrauch oder nur geringer Bedarfszuwachs auf der Nachfrageseite von Metall- mlirkten und ein Produktionsliberschu sowie zahlreiche standby-Bergbauprojekte auf der Angebotsseite Ftir die vorhersehbare Zukunft ist also eine physische Verknappung der metallischen Rohstoffe nicht zu erwarten. Auf hohem Verbrauchsniveau hat sich der Metallbedarf in den Industrielandern stabilisiert. Doch die Zeit der ausreichenden und preiswerten Versorgung wird urn so ktirzer sein, je weniger Wert auf langfristige Vorsorge gelegt wird.

Das Buch ist urspruenglich als Lehrbuch fuer Studenten kon- zipiert. Die dritte Auflage wurde betraechtlich erweitert und geht in einigen Punkten ueber die Ausbildungserforder- nisse hinaus. Es ist damit auch fuer den in der Glasfor- schung und -produktion taetigen Fachmann von Nutzen. Die Glaschemie als relativ junge Wissenschaft umfa t ein Grenzgebiet zwischen Chemie, Physik und Mineralogie und - fuer einige Anwendungen auch - der Biologie und Medizin. In diesem Buch nehmen die Chemie und auch die Physik die zen- trale Stellung ein. Das Hauptanliegen ist, dem Leser die Zu- sammenhaenge von chemischer Zusammensetzung, Struktur und Eigenschaften der unterschiedlichsten Glaeser aufzuzeigen und verstaendlich zu machen. Diese Kenntnisse sind die Basis einer zielgerichteten Glasentwicklung und Glasproduktions- steuerung. Dabei geht der Autor auch auf die Kernresonanzspektroskopie und die Elektronenmikroskopie als moderne Methoden der Glas- strukturforschung ein. Weil diese Methoden auch in der Pra- xis ihre Bedeutung bewiesen haben, wirdeinem Beduerfnis der zeitgemae en, praxisnahen Ausbildung Rechnung getragen.

Wasser". Dieser MeBfiihler wird nun irgendwo in der Natur installiert, der Beob- achter befindet sich weit entfemt, vor einem Bildschirm sitzend, auf den die MeB- signale iibertragen werden. Es solI festgestellt werden, ob es regnet oder nicht. 1st nun das MeBintervall zu groB eingesteIlt, etwa alle 12 Stunden ein Signal, so kann der Beobachter bei der Information, Nicht-Wasser" keine Aussage dariiber treffen, ob es regnet oder nicht. Da Regen fUr einen konkreten Raurn betrachtet ein Wechsel von "Wasser" und, Nicht-Wasser", eben die diskreten Regentropfen, darsteIlt, ist die Information, Nicht-Wasser" ebenso fiir Regen wie fUr schOnes Wetter richtig, bei Regen eben nur weniger oft. Nach dieser Erfahrung wird das MeBintervaIl nun verkleinert, alle paar Sekun- den erhiUt nun der Beobachter eine Information iiber "Wasser" und, Nicht- Wasser". Und jeden Abend urn halb Sieben bis Sieben Uhr regnet es, zurnindest meldet der Fiihler abwechselnd "Wasser" und, Nicht-Wasser". Des Ratsels Lo- sung: Jeden Abend wird der Garten gesprengt, in dem sich der MeBfiihler befindet. Der Raurn, der vom MeBfiihler erfaBt wird, ist zu klein, urn eindeutig zwischen natiirlichem Regen und anderen sporadischen Wassertropfenereignissen unter- scheiden zu konnen. Fiir einen an den Bildschirm verbannten Beobachter ist die Feststellung, ob es regnet, nur gegeben, wenn mehrere MeBfiihler iiber einen hin- reichend groBen Raum verteilt in entsprechend kurzen Intervallen eine Information dariiber liefem, ob sie gerade vom Wasser oder von Luft umgeben sind. MeBraurn und MeBzeit bestimmen also die durch die Messungen gewonnene Aussage.

Carbon is one of the most important elements of our planet, and ninety percent of it resides inside Earth's interior. This book summarizes ten years of research by scientists involved in the Deep Carbon Observatory, a global community of 1200 scientists. It is a comprehensive guide to carbon inside Earth, including its quantities, movements, forms, origins, changes over time, and impact on planetary processes. Leading experts from a variety of fields, including geoscience, biology, chemistry, and physics, provide exciting new insights into the interconnected nature of the global carbon cycle, and explain why it matters to the past, present, and future of our planet. With end-of-chapter problems, illustrative infographics, full-color images, and access to online models and datasets, it is a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers, and professional scientists interested in carbon cycling and Earth system science. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Bentonite are usually found in deep geographical areas. They are produced from rock, fossils, weathering of volcanic ash and disposal of high-level of radioactive waste in many countries. Bentonite mainly consist of clay mineral such as montmorillinite and kaolinite. They mainly exist in cationic form of organic compounds such as aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon and are employed to modify high cations exchange capacity, higher structural integrity, thermal conductivity, high chemical buffering capacity, and stiffness. Bentonite is a layer of natural silicate clay mineral having numerous properties such as large specific surface area, great absorption and interlayer exchangeable cation. Bentonite consists of outstanding physico-chemical properties which make it applicable in the areas such as water treatment, medical, groundwater barrier, farming, and construction. They are well known to be one of the most versatile and inexpensive treatments. The current book describes the bentonite characteristic, uses and implications for the environment in many areas of environmental science in particular, such as remediation, clean energy, water research and waste management. Researchers working in the area will benefit from the fundamental concepts and advanced approaches described in the book. The book is going to also be beneficial to researchers who are working for their graduate and postgraduate degrees in the area of science and technology. The book also provides a platform for all researchers as it covers a wide background in the subject from recent literature, abbreviations, and summaries. Additionally, this book covers a broader research area of chemistry, physics, environmental science, materials science, polymer science and engineering to present an interdisciplinary approach. This book contains the fundamental knowledge as well as recent advancements in the research and development of bentonite. The book also covers recent approaches and prospects about the current research and development of bentonite.

Hydrothermal crystal growth offers a complementary alternative to many of the classical techniques of crystal growth used to synthesise new materials and grow bulk crystals for specific applications. This specialised technique is often capable of growing crystals at temperatures well below their melting points and thus potentially offers routes to new phases or the growth of bulk crystals with less thermal strain. Borate crystals are widely used as nonlinear optical, laser and luminescent materials due to their diversified structures, and good chemical and physical properties. The growth of high-quality borate crystals is required for their applications. A fundamental problem for borate crystal growth is the high-temperature melt structures in the crystal growth systems. This book discusses several crystals and the crystal growth processes.

Since the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Act) was passed in 2010, relevant U.S. agencies have undertaken various activities related to responsible sourcing of conflict minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and adjoining countries. In response to the Act, the Department of State (State) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) developed a strategy in 2011 to address the linkages among human rights abuses, armed groups, and the mining of conflict minerals and are implementing various strategy objectives. This book examines, among other things, the extent to which relevant U.S. agencies have undertaken activities related to responsible sourcing of conflict minerals; and what is known about the status of, and information provided by, stakeholder initiatives focused on responsible sourcing of conflict minerals from the DRC and adjoining countries.

Die Beugung von Rontgenstrahlen wird heute in vielen Labors zur schnellen, sicheren und zerstorungsfreien Identifikation von Festkorperproben benutzt. Der Einsatz von Kleinrechnern (PCs) und von schnelleren Detektoren hat in der Rontgenpulverdiffraktometrie zu einer Renaissance sowohl in der Phasenanalyse von Gemischen als auch in der Strukturverfeinerung aus Pulverdaten gefuhrt. Das Buch ist aus mehreren Vorlesungen und Ubungen des Autors entstanden und dient als praxisbezogenes Lehrbuch mit zahlreichen Abbildungen Studenten der Kristallographie, Mineralogie, Geologie, Chemie und der Materialwissenschaften. Es wird ausserdem als Nachschlagewerk von jedem mit dieser Methode arbeitenden Wissenschaftler verwendet. Dies ist die zweite Auflage des Buches. Gegenuber der ersten Auflage wird die Rietveld-Methode und die neue Methode der Profilanpassung durch die Verwendung von physikalisch sinnvollen Fundamentalparametern ausfuhrlicher behandelt."

Nanocrystalline apatites constitute the main inorganic part of human hard tissues (bone and teeth), and a growing focus is devoted to prepare synthetic analogs, so-called "biomimetic", able to precisely mimic the morphological and physical-chemical features of biological apatites. In fact, it is reasonable to hypothesize that by virtue of their high similarity with the biogenic calcium phosphates, synthetic nano-sized and ionic substituted apatite nanocrystals can display better biological performances than coarser and ceramic hydroxyapatite. For this reason, the study of their crystallization mechanisms and the possibility to tailor the structural and physical-chemical properties of these materials open several possibilities to prepare optimal devices in medical sciences and also to better investigate the biomineralization processes of living organisms. This book is divided in three main parts and is principally devoted to highlight the recent progresses on the preparation and characterization of multifunctional nanocrystalline apatites with tailored properties to be used as healthcare materials (i.e. nanoparticles for drug or gene delivery and materials for bone substitution and regeneration). The first part is intended to be a comprehensive review of the importance and the occurrence of calcium phosphates in nature (geological and biological occurrence) and to underline the peculiar characteristics of nanocrystalline apatites. The aim of the second part is to show the most important analytical techniques for the characterization of apatite features and to describe the new theories behind the apatite crystallization and dissolution processes. The last part describes the traditional and the most exciting and innovative applications of pure, ionic-substituted, and organic-functionalized apatite as biomaterial. The chapters, written by eminent scientists, will serve as an important and useful reference source for a broad audience that consists of both expert (materials scientists, biomedical engineers and biologists) and non-expert readers to who want to improve their knowledge in the field of apatite based biomaterials.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the crystallography, chemistry and catalytic performance of perovskites. Topics discussed include the defect structure and defect-induced expansion of perovskite oxides; perovskite-based catalysts for transformation of natural gas and oxygenates into syngas; Bi containing multiferroic perovskite oxide thin films; perovskites as catalysts for environmental remediation; microwave-assisted synthesis and characterisation of perovskite oxides; perovskite and lead based ceramic materials; photocatalytic properties of perovskite-type layered oxides; structure of perovskite electron-ionic conductors; and distorted perovskites.

In this book, the authors discuss the structure, technology and applications of sapphire. Topics include the advances in machining technology of sapphire wafers; the growth and surface investigations of synthetic sapphire; laser-assisted micro-fabrication of sapphire; and the heat-physical processes of sapphire crystal growth by horizontal directed crystallisation.

In this book, the authors gather and present topical research in the study of the occurrence, mineralogy and origin of granite. Topics discussed in this compilation include the occurrence of Th, U, Y, Zr and REE-bearing accessory minerals in granites and their petrogenetic significance; contrasting petrological attributes of granites in Nigeria; non-linear acoustic phenomena in granite; experimental methods of determining thermal properties of granite; and the mineralogy of the rare-earth element-bearing granites from Central India.

Widely used in adsorption, catalysis and ion exchange, the family of molecular sieves such as zeolites has been greatly extended and many advances have recently been achieved in the field of molecular sieves synthesis and related porous materials. Chemistry of Zeolites and Related Porous Materials focuses on the synthetic and structural chemistry of the major types of molecular sieves. It offers a systematic introduction to and an in-depth discussion of microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous materials and also includes metal-organic frameworks.* Provides focused coverage of the key aspects of molecular sieves* Features two frontier subjects: molecular engineering and host-guest advanced materials* Comprehensively covers both theory and application with particular emphasis on industrial uses This book is essential reading for researches in the chemical and materials industries and research institutions. The book is also indispensable for researches and engineers in R&D (for catalysis) divisions of companies in petroleum refining and the petrochemical and fine chemical industries.

"A fine treatment of this critical time in geology's history. Although it goes against our standard histories of the field, Laudan defends her views convincingly. Her style is direct, with carefully reasoned personal opinions and interpretations clearly defined."--Jere H. Lipps, "The Scientist"

Hydroxyoximes and Copper Hydrometallurgy provides a current examination of what is known regarding hydroxyoxime extractants, the chemistry and physicochemistry of extraction, and the potential of applying hydroxyoximes for extraction of copper and other metals in industrial processes. Topics addressed include the development of the hydrometallurgical process, methods of synthesis and structural characteristics, extraction properties, losses of active substances and problems associated with environmental pollution, the potential of metal extraction and separation with hydroxyoximes, methods of extraction and stripping that can improve metal separation and recovery, the applications of hydroxyoximes in various membrane processes, and industrial processes and equipment used for processing oxide ores and tailing. The book will benefit metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, analytical and physical chemists, and researchers in mining industries and solvent extraction.

Das Buch gibt einen anschaulichen UEberblick uber das facettenreiche Gebiet der Gemmologie in Theorie und Praxis. Im ersten Teil werden die klassischen und modernen Methoden zur Bestimmung und Erkennung der Edelsteine ausfuhrlich vorgestellt. Der zweite Teil des Buches umfasst den komplexen Bereich der Manipulationen und Behandlung der Schmuckmaterialien sowie ihre Erkennungsmoeglichkeiten. Die Kapitel des letzten Teils widmen sich den Grundlagen zum besseren Verstandnis der Eigenschaften und Methoden.

The exploitation of the mining and trade of "conflict minerals"ain particular, tin, tungsten, tantalum, and gold from the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)ahas contributed to the displacement of people and severe human rights abuses. The 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) addresses, among other things, trade in conflict minerals. This book looks at the progress made since the Dodd-Frank Act went into effect.

Der deutsche Mineraloge Alfred Eppler (1867 - 1923) verfasste dieses Werk uber Schmuck- und Edelsteine im Auftrag des deutschen Werkbundes als gewerbliche Materialkunde. Als Ergebnis liegt nun ein ausfuhrliches Buch vor, welches die Eigenschaften und Erkennungsmerkmale (Kristallformen, Spaltbarkeit, Harte, spezifisches Gewicht) beschreibt. Eppler geht umfangreich auf Falschungen und Imitationen ein. Er erlautert verschiedene Untersuchungsmethoden, beschreibt die verschiedenen Arten der Schmuck- und Edelsteine, die Lagerstatten und Gewinnung sowie den Handel mit Rohsteinen und die Schmuckindustrie. Im Anhang findet der Leser farbige Abbildungen der verschiedenen Arten von Schmuck- und Edelsteinen. Der Autor hat einen auch fur interessierte Laien gut lesbaren Schriftstil verwendet.