A long, healthy, happy life is possible after a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Around the world, thousands of people are living active and fulfilling lives on the Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis Program.The Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis Handbook explains what MS is, and outlines the scientifically credible and evidence-based 7 step self-management program originally devised by Professor George Jelinek. It covers all aspects of living on the program, from first diagnosis to later life, with chapters from medical specialists and other experts on choosing your healthcare team, improving resilience, work, pregnancy and progressive MS. The book taps into the wealth of knowledge and experience in the community of people following the Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis Program, with personal stories from across the world.If you have recently been diagnosed with MS, if you have been living with MS for years, or if you have a family member with MS, the Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis Handbook is your best companion. It is also an invaluable resource for doctors treating people with MS.'If you or someone that you love is impacted by MS this book is a must-read.' - Dr Aaron Boster, The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Columbus, Ohio'This highly recommended book highlights the importance of a holistic approach to MS management.' - Professor Richard Nicholas, Imperial College London'Overcoming MS is now the essential mainstay of MS management, before or alongside drug therapy, offering the best chance of a full and healthy life for people with MS.' - Dr Peter Silbert, Clinical Professor of Neurology, University of Western Australia Medical School

Damage to the central nervous system resulting from pathological mechanical loading can occur as a result of trauma or disease. Such injuries lead to significant disability and mortality. The peripheral nervous system, while also subject to injury from trauma and disease, also transduces physiological loading to give rise to sensation, and mechanotransduction is also thought to play a role in neural development and growth. This book gives a complete and quantitative description of the fundamental mechanical properties of neural tissues, and their responses to both physiological and pathological loading. This book reviews the methods used to characterize the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of central and peripheral neural tissues, and the mathematical and sophisticated computational models used to describe this behaviour. Mechanisms and models of neural injury from both trauma and disease are reviewed from the molecular to macroscopic scale. The book provides a comprehensive picture of the mechanical and biological response of neural tissues to the full spectrum of mechanical loading to which they are exposed. This book provides a comprehensive reference for professionals involved in pre prevention of injury to the nervous system, whether this arises from trauma or disease.

The field of narcolepsy has developed enormously within the last 10 years. Indeed the understanding of the basics of sleep-wake regulation and the discovery of new neurotransmitter systems (the hypocretins) has boosted research and key findings in the field, providing important insights into how sleep is regulated. Consequently narcolepsy now receives a great deal of attention from both clinicians and scientists throughout the world. Narcolepsy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment not only offers an engaging and comprehensive treatment of a fascinating disorder but also includes a DVD that offers a unique and large collection of movies displaying the symptoms of narcolepsy in people and animals. Written by some of the best experts in the field, the book focuses on the pathophysiology of the problem and also provides critical, up-to-date insights on the key clinical issues: how to diagnose the disorder, how to treat it, and how to best manage psychosocial problems. The first and only guide to span the latest advances in narcolepsy, this reference provides sections in etiology, neurochemistry, the role of the hypocretins in sleep-wake regulation, animal models in narcolepsy, the key role of the hypothalamus, REM-sleep dysregulation, diagnosis and classification, and treatment. Compiled by an international group of more than 30 authors, Narcolepsy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment is an indispensable resource for all clinicians and scientists with an interest in narcolepsy.

Based on the analytical methods and the computer programs presented in this book, all that may be needed to perform MRI tissue diagnosis is the availability of relaxometric data and simple computer program proficiency. These programs are easy to use, highly interactive and the data processing is fast and unambiguous. Laboratories (with or without sophisticated facilities) can perform computational magnetic resonance diagnosis with only T1 and T2 relaxation data. The results have motivated the use of data to produce data-driven predictions required for machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research. Consequently, this book is intended to be very useful for students, scientists, engineers, the medical personnel and researchers who are interested in developing new concepts for deeper appreciation of computational magnetic resonance imaging for medical diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and management of tissue diseases.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a common injury, with an increasing number of patients presenting after military combat overseas.? With greater frequency, psychiatrists are being asked to treat the psychiatric sequelae of TBI.? This issue brings together neurologists and psychiatrists to examine TBI from every angle.? Among the many topics discussed are pathophysiology of TBI; blast injury and the brain; mild TBI: acute diagnosis and management; neuroimaging in TBI; neuropsycological assessment of frontal lobe injury; role of neurofeedback in TBI; neurobehavioral sequelae of TBI; TBI and the war in Iraq; neurorehavilitation; role and impact of cognitive rehabilitation; personalized medicine in asymptomatic TBI; medical legal issues and TBI.

This volume explores sleep medicine, sleep science, and the sleep disorders that keep one-quarter of the U.S. population from getting this necessary component of normal cognitive functioning and survival.

With an emphasis on diagnostic techniques, particularly imaging, this handbook shines newfound attention on the genetic and clinical aspects of sleep medicine. Advances in basic science are explored, including a better understanding of sleep-wakefulness and new models of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mechanisms. Advancements in the understanding of sleep-wake-dependent genes, gene products, and the role of sleep duration in mortality and morbidity are also presented, along with fascinating noninvasive neuroimaging studies that demonstrate marked changes in function during different sleep states.

Clinicians will gain new insights into the diagnosis of sleep disorders and sleep science. In addition, researchers will have an invaluable tool that will form a foundation for new approaches into the ongoing study of sleep medicine.
* A comprehensive resource for the study of sleep science, sleep medicine, and sleep disorders
* Fascinating noninvasive neuroimaging studies that demonstrate marked changes during different sleep states
* A state-of-the-art reference that summarizes the clinical features and management of many of the neurological manifestations of sleep disorders

The proposed book investigates brain asymmetry from the perspective of functional neural systems theory, a foundational approach for the topic. There is currently no such book available on the market and there is a need for a neuroscience book, with a focus on the functional asymmetry of these two integrated and dynamic brains using historical and modern clinical and experimental research findings with the field. The book provides evidence from multiple methodologies, including clinical lesion studies, brain stimulation, and modern imaging techniques. The author has successfully used the book in doctoral and advances undergraduate courses on neuroscience and neuropsychology. It has also been used to teach a course on the biological basis of behavior and could be used in a variety of contexts and courses.

Mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotic cells that control such diverse processes as energy metabolism, calcium buffering, and cell death. Recent studies have revealed that changes in mitochondrial morphology by fission and fusion, a process known as mitochondrial dynamics, is particularly important for neuronal function and survival. Defects in this process are commonly found in neurodegenerative diseases, offering a new paradigm for investigating mechanisms of neurodegeneration. To provide researchers working on neurodegenerative diseases and mitochondria with updated information on this rapidly progressing field, we have invited experts in the field to critically review recent progresses and identify future research directions. The topics include genetics of mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics, autophagy, apoptosis, and axonal transport, and its role in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer s, Parkinson s, and Huntington 's diseases.

With recent advances of modern medicine more people reach the "elderly age" around the globe and the number of dementia cases are ever increasing. This book is about various aspects of dementia and provides its readers with a wide range of thought-provoking sub-topics in the field of dementia. The ultimate goal of this monograph is to stimulate other physicians' and neuroscientists' interest to carry out more research projects into pathogenesis of this devastating group of diseases.

This issue of Neurologic Clinics offers a rounded view of the latest therapeutic advances for the most common neurologic disorders and contains the following articles: Management Controversy in Chronic Daily Headaches (Rahmadan); Neurostimulation in Headache Patients (Dafer); The Selection of Anti-epileptic Drugs for the Treatment of Epilepsy in Children and Adults (Asconape); Management of Status Epilepticus in Adults (Rabinstein); Management of Blood Pressure in Acute and Hemorrhagic Stroke (Schneck); Modern Management of Brainstem Cavernous Malformations (Duckworth); Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas (Narayanan); Management of Motor Complications of Parkinson's Disease (Espay); Therapeutic Challenges in Dystonias (Kartha); Management of? Voltage Gated Potassium Channel Antibody Disorders (Merchut); Management of Critical Care Neuromyopathies (Chawla, Gruener); Approaches to Peripheral Nerve Disorders (Toussaint, Anderson); Management of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Digre, Spencer); Management of Low Grade Gliomas (Prabhu); Management of Acute, Recurrent, and Chronic Meningitdes in Adults (Venna); and Treatment Options for Adult Parasomnias (Attarian).

No further information has been provided for this title.

Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Stroke is a comprehensive reference on nutrition for the multidisciplinary team caring for stroke patients. Targeting physicians, nurse practitioners, clinical dietitians, and advanced allied health and medical students, this volume provides an introduction on the different types of stroke, associated risk factors, and uniquely featured global perspectives on stroke. In addition to discussing stroke risk factors, the book expands upon treatment and management from the acute care setting through rehabilitation, captures the lifespan of patients affected by stroke, and discusses the progression of the nutrition care plan. Containing the most up-to-date, evidence based information currently available, Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Stroke is a valuable resource for clinicians working with the stroke population.

THE RICHARD AND JUDY BOOK CLUB PICK

THE SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER

A BBC RADIO 4 BOOK OF THE WEEK

SELECTED AS A BOOK OF THE YEAR BY THE TIMES

SELECTED AS A SUMMER READ BY THE SUNDAY TIMES, FINANCIAL TIMES, DAILY TELEGRAPH, THE TIMES AND THE MAIL ON SUNDAY

'Revelatory' Guardian

'A miracle' Telegraph

'Remarkable' Daily Mail

'A landmark book' Financial Times

How do you build a life when all that you know is changing?

How do you conceive of love when you can no longer recognise those who mean the most to you?

A phenomenal memoir - the first of its kind - Somebody I Used to Know is both a heart-rending tribute to the woman Wendy Mitchell once was, and a brave affirmation of the woman dementia has seen her become.

With recent advances of modern medicine more people reach the "elderly age" around the globe and the number of dementia cases are ever increasing. This book is about various aspects of dementia and provides its readers with a wide range of thought-provoking sub-topics in the field of dementia. The ultimate goal of this monograph is to stimulate other physicians' and neuroscientists' interest to carry out more research projects into pathogenesis of this devastating group of diseases.

This book discusses and provides insight on the legal and ethical dilemmas of managing those with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). This book provides a clear perspective for those clinicians and legal professionals who are working with those with this disorder, and correspondingly increases their understanding when arranging effective supports for this population. Historically, the primary focus on FASD has been on children. However, this is a lifelong disorder and the implications of this disorder become even more prominent and complex in adulthood. Those with this condition can struggle with impulsiveness, and a host of cognitive difficulties. This correspondingly impacts their independence and employability, and produces an elevated risk for homelessness and other residential issues, involvement in substance use, being exploited, development of behavioural issues, and subsequent legal difficulties. Their cognitive difficulties result in challenges for legal systems around the world to understand their issues, and to design appropriate remedial strategies, recommendations for treatments and supports, and even for understanding the failure of many of these individuals to be able to change their behaviours effectively. This produces various legal and ethical dilemmas, which are discussed in detail in this volume by 28 authors from Europe, New Zealand and North America. These include discussions regarding the rights of the unborn child, the alcohol industry's duty to warn, whether small amounts of alcohol during pregnancy can be condoned, and even the current use of involuntary hospitalization for addicted mothers. Other chapters discuss the need for training on FASD for front line officers, use of lies during interrogation of those with FASD, medical and legal interventions for offenders with FASD, access to diagnostic services and follow-up supports, and whether FASD can be considered a mitigating factor for sentencing. Furthermore, caregivers also provide their stories regarding the daily dilemmas that are faced in raising those with FASD.

1 Methoden.- 1.1 Elektroenzephalographie (EEG).- 1.1.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.1.2 Entstehungsmechanismen des EEG.- 1.1.3 Methodik der EEG-Ableitung.- 1.1.4 Das normale EEG.- 1.1.5 Pathologische EEG-Veranderungen.- 1.1.6 Diagnostisch relevante EEG-Befunde.- 1.1.7 EEG-Indikationen im Intensivbereich.- 1.2 Ultraschalldiagnostik.- 1.2.1 Physikalische und apparative Voraussetzungen.- 1.2.2 Anatomische und physiologische Voraussetzungen.- 1.2.3 Untersuchungsgang.- 1.2.4 Indikationen der Ultraschalldiagnostik in der Intensivmedizin.- 1.3 Somatosensibel evozierte Potentiale (SEP).- 1.3.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.3.2 Methodik.- 1.3.3 Ursprungsorte der SEP-Komponenten.- 1.3.4 Auswertung und Normwerte.- 1.3.5 Ausfallsmuster bei typischen Schadigungsorten.- 1.3.6 Indikationen zur Ableitung von SEP.- 1.4 Fruhe akustisch evozierte Potentiale (FAEP).- 1.4.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.4.2 Methodik.- 1.4.3 Generatoren des FAEP.- 1.4.4 Auswertung und Normwerte.- 1.4.5 Lokalisationsdiagnostische Bedeutung der FAEP.- 1.4.6 Indikationen zur Ableitung von FAEP.- 1.5 Motorisch evozierte Potentiale (MEP).- 1.5.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.5.2 Wirkungsweise der Magnetstimulation.- 1.5.3 Methodik.- 1.5.4 Auswertung.- 1.5.5 Kontraindikationen.- 1.5.6 Besonderheiten der MEP-Untersuchung auf der Intensivstation.- 1.5.7 Einsatz der MEP auf der neurologischen Intensivstation und im Neuromonitoring.- 1.6 Visuell evozierte Potentiale (VEP).- 1.6.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.6.2 Anatomische und physiologische Grundlagen.- 1.6.3 Technische Durchfuhrung.- 1.6.4 Auswertung.- 1.6.5 Beeinflussung der VEP.- 1.6.6 Indikationen fur VEP-Ableitung in der Intensivmedizin.- 1.7 Elektromyographie (EMG) und Neurographie.- 1.7.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.7.2 Elektromyographie.- 1.7.3 Motorische Neurographie.- 1.7.4 Sensible Neurographie.- 1.7.5 Prufung der neuromuskularen UEberleitung.- 1.7.6 F-Antworten.- 1.7.7 Reflexmessungen.- 1.8 Untersuchung des autonomen Nervensystems.- 1.8.1 Anatomie.- 1.8.2 Physiologie.- 1.8.3 Methodik: Grundlagen.- 1.8.4 Pathophysiologie.- 1.8.5 Methodik: Analyse der Herzfrequenzvariabilitat.- 1.8.6 Allgemeine Befunde.- 1.8.7 Blutdruckmonitoring.- 1.8.8 Methodik: Sympathische Hautreaktion.- 1.9 Exogene und endogene Einflusse auf neurophysiologische Parameter.- 1.9.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.9.2 Exogene Einflusse.- 1.9.3 Endogene Einflusse.- 2 Neuromonitoring bei Intensivtherapiepflichtigen Erkrankungen.- 2.1 Schadel-Hirn-Trauma.- 2.1.1 Einfuhrung.- 2.1.2 Pathophysiologie.- 2.1.3 Klinische Diagnostik.- 2.1.4 Radiologische Diagnostik.- 2.1.5 Neurophysiologische Diagnostik.- 2.2 Hypoxisch-ischamische Hirnschadigung.- 2.2.1 Einfuhrung.- 2.2.2 Ursachen und Pathophysiologie.- 2.2.3 Klinisches Erscheinungsbild.- 2.2.4 Prognose aufgrund der klinischen Untersuchung.- 2.2.5 Bedeutung neurophysiologischer Methoden fur Diagnostik, Verlauf und Prognose.- 2.2.6 Andere Untersuchungen.- 2.3 Intrakranielle Blutungen.- 2.3.1 Einfuhrung.- 2.3.2 Infratentorielle intrazerebrale Blutungen.- 2.3.3 Supratentorielle intrazerebrale Blutungen.- 2.3.4 Subarachnoidalblutungen.- 2.4 Hirninfarkt.- 2.4.1 Einfuhrung.- 2.4.2 Klinische und radiologische Klassifikation der Hirninfarkte.- 2.4.3 Ultraschalldiagnostik.- 2.4.4 Elektroenzephalographie (EEG).- 2.4.5 Fruhe akustisch evozierte Potentiale (FAEP).- 2.4.6 Motorisch evozierte Potentiale (MEP).- 2.4.7 Somatosensibel evozierte Potentiale (SEP).- 2.5 Meningoenzephalitis.- 2.5.1 Einfuhrung.- 2.5.2 Bedeutung neurophysiologischer Methoden fur Verlauf und Prognose.- 2.6 Metabolische und septische Enzephalopathien.- 2.6.1 Einfuhrung.- 2.6.2 Hepatische Enzephalopathie.- 2.6.3 Uramische Enzephalopathie und Dysequilibrium-Syndrom.- 2.6.4 Hypoglykamie.- 2.6.5 Hyperglykamie und hyperosmolares Koma.- 2.6.6 Elektrolytstoerungen.- 2.6.7 Schilddrusenfunktionsstoerungen.- 2.6.8 Weitere metabolische Enzephalopathien.- 2.6.9 Septische Enzephalopathie.- 2.7 Toxische Enzephalopathien.- 2.7.1 Einfuhrung.- 2.7.2 Intoxikation mit Barbituraten und Benzodiazepinen.- 2.7.3 Intoxikation mit Neurol

In Right Hemisphere Stroke, Fred Johnson describes in vivid prose the onset of his devastating stroke and the obstacles he overcame during his therapy, giving a patient's view of a first-class rehabilitation institute. Johnson pays particular attention to the personality changes and the problems of disorientation he experienced. He poignantly captures the bewilderment and terror so often felt by stroke patients in the hospital and upon returning home. In telling his story, Johnson provides valuable insights about the effects of stroke and, along the way, calls into question some traditionally held conclusions about the functions of the brain's right hemisphere. The book is important in other ways. As Dr. John Gilroy states in his foreword, Fred Johnson's account moves us to realize that a "stroke affects the brain as a whole, and patients should be treated for brain dysfunction, not hemisphere deficits." Moreover, for Gilroy the book underscores the need for better communication with the patient. With most diseases, health care professionals freely discuss present or anticipated problems with patients and family. In cases of stroke, however, there is a great deal of resistance to sharing the complex problems that arise. Fred Johnson's book is valuable, then, not only as a testament to the courage and determination of one man but also for the lessons it provides for medical students and health care professionals.

This monograph was assembled to honor Professor Norman Bowery and his work on the 30th anniversary of his discovery of the GABAB receptor. In the present volume, leading neuroscientists from academia and industry provide a perspective of current research, both basic and translational, in the discovery of drugs acting at the GABAB receptor. The topics covered provide a comprehensive review of the field and the current state of research in this area. Included are chapters on the chemistry of GABAB agonists and antagonists, on the genetics and molecular composition of the site, its regulation and trafficking, and its role in controlling cellular, autonomic, and behavioral function. There are also chapters describing the potential clinical utility of drugs regulating GABAB activity receptorin the areas of hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Down syndrome, depression, and substance abuse.

The information contained in this text will be of particular interest to neuroscientists in general and to neuropharmacologists in particular.
Articles written by leading investigators in the fieldInforms and updates on all the latest developments"

With recent advances of modern medicine more people reach the "elderly age" around the globe and the number of dementia cases are ever increasing. This book is about various aspects of dementia and provides its readers with a wide range of thought-provoking sub-topics in the field of dementia. The ultimate goal of this monograph is to stimulate other physicians' and neuroscientists' interest to carry out more research projects into pathogenesis of this devastating group of diseases.

Stress is a universal phenomenon that impacts adversely on most people. Following on the heels of "Stress Science: Neuroendocrinology" and "Stress Consequences: Mental, Neuropsychological and Socioeconomic," this third derivative volume will provide a readily accessible and affordable compendium that explains the phenomenon of stress as it relates physically and mentally to war, conflict and disaster. The first section will be dedicated to study of the link between stress and various forms of conflict. Specific instances of conflict will be discussed - the Gulf wars, Korea, Hiroshima bombing, the Holocaust, 9/11, Northern Ireland, terrorism in general, torture. The second section will explore the stress impact of more general physical disasters such as airline and vehicle accidents, earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes. The final section will focus on the clinical relationship between conflict stress and various mental diseases - PTSD, suicide, disaster syndrome, etc - as well as the adverse impact of stress on human physical health in general.

Comprised of about 100 top articles selected from Elsevier s "Encyclopedias of Stress," the volume will provide a valuable desk reference that will put relevant articles readily at the fingertips of all scientists who consider stress.

Chapters offer impressive and unique scope with topics addressing the relationship between stress generated by war, conflict and disaster and various physical/mental disorders Richly illustrated with over 200 figures, dozens in color Articles carefully selected by one of the world s most preeminent stress researchers and contributors represent the most outstanding scholarship in the field, with each chapter providing fully vetted and reliable expert knowledge"

An expanded, updated, and revised edition, the ADHD Handbook, second edition covers recent advances in causes and management of ADHD, and includes more than 400 scientific references to peer-reviewed articles. It provides answers to the numerous questions that surround ADHD, including how is it diagnosed? What causes ADHD? What are the risks of associated learning and behavior disorders, tics, seizures, and headaches? What treatments are available? What are the choices of medications and the risks of side effects? How can adverse effects be avoided? What are the alternatives to medication? Do children outgrow ADHD, and how long is treatment required? ADHD Handbook is written for neurologists, pediatricians, practicing physicians, residents, fellows and students of medicine, psychologists, educators, occupational and speech therapists, nurse practitioners and other healthcare providers. It also offers parents a readable, but uniquely well documented and objective account of ADHD symptoms, diagnosis, medications, alternative treatments, and management.

"Electrical Disease of the Heart, 2nd Edition, volume 2, " covers the diagnostic and treatment options available in the management of electrical diseases and with its companion volume provides the latest developments in the field of experimental and clinical cardiac electrophysiology, genetics, pharmacology and interventional therapies of various clinical arrhythmogenic entities. This bookis highly relevant to a broad audience, ranging from medical and graduate students, to clinicians and scientists."

Foreword by Walter J. Freeman.

The induction of unconsciousness using anesthetic agents demonstrates that the cerebral cortex can operate in two very different behavioral modes: alert and responsive vs. unaware and quiescent. But the states of wakefulness and sleep are not single-neuron properties---they emerge as bulk properties of cooperating populations of neurons, with the switchover between states being similar to the physical change of phase observed when water freezes or ice melts. Some brain-state transitions, such as sleep cycling, anesthetic induction, epileptic seizure, are obvious and detected readily with a few EEG electrodes; others, such as the emergence of gamma rhythms during cognition, or the ultra-slow BOLD rhythms of relaxed free-association, are much more subtle. The unifying theme of this book is the notion that all of these bulk changes in brain behavior can be treated as phase transitions between distinct brain states.

Modeling Phase Transitions in the Brain contains chapter contributions from leading researchers who apply state-space methods, network models, and biophysically-motivated continuum approaches to investigate a range of neuroscientifically relevant problems that include analysis of nonstationary EEG time-series; network topologies that limit epileptic spreading; saddle--node bifurcations for anesthesia, sleep-cycling, and the wake--sleep switch; prediction of dynamical and noise-induced spatiotemporal instabilities underlying BOLD, alpha-, and gamma-band Hopf oscillations, gap-junction-moderated Turing structures, and Hopf-Turing interactions leading to cortical waves.

Neuro-ophthalmology has been an established subspecialty in neurology for over 30 yesrs. This issue of Neurologic Clinics contains the following articles: Ocular Motor Cranial Neuropathy (Volpe); Papilledema (Wall); Transient Monocular Visual Loss (Ahmed/Foroozan); Multiple Sclerosis (Galetta); Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Bonelli/Arnold); Optic Neuritis (Eggenberger); Pupil Disorders (Kawasaki);Giant Cell Arteritis (Falardeau); Functional Visual Loss (Newman); Orbital Disease (McCulley); Thyroid Eye Disease (Cockerham); Vascular Neuro-opthalmology (Biousse); Neuroimaging (Costello); and Optic Atrophy (Golnik).