This book discusses fundamentally new biomedical imaging methods, such as holography, holographic and resonant interferometry, and speckle optics. It focuses on the development of holographic interference microscopy and its use in the study of phase objects such as nerve and muscle fibers subjected to the influence of laser radiation, magnetic fields, and hyperbaric conditions. The book shows how the myelin sheath and even the axon itself exhibit waveguide properties, enabling a fresh new look at the mechanisms of information transmission in the human body. The book presents theoretically and experimentally tested holographic and speckle-optical methods and devices used for investigating complex, diffusely scattering surfaces such as skin and muscle tissue. Additionally, it gives broad discussion of the authors' own original fundamental and applied research dedicated to helping physicians introduce new contact-less methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems into medical practice. The book is aimed at a broad spectrum of scientific specialists in the fields of speckle optics, holography, laser physics, morphology and cytochemistry, as well as medical professionals such as physiologists, neuropathologists, neurosurgeons, cardiologists and dentists.

Nonlinear Structures & Systems, Volume 1: Proceedings of the 38th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2020, the first volume of eight from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Nonlinear Dynamics, including papers on: Nonlinear Reduced-order Modeling Jointed Structures: Identification, Mechanics, Dynamics Experimental Nonlinear Dynamics Nonlinear Model & Modal Interactions Nonlinear Damping Nonlinear Modeling & Simulation Nonlinearity & System Identification

This concise and up-to-date textbook provides an accessible introduction to the core concepts of nonlinear dynamics as well as its existing and potential applications. The book is aimed at students and researchers in all the diverse fields in which nonlinear phenomena are important. Since most tasks in nonlinear dynamics cannot be treated analytically, skills in using numerical simulations are crucial for analyzing these phenomena. The text therefore addresses in detail appropriate computational methods as well as identifying the pitfalls of numerical simulations. It includes numerous executable code snippets referring to open source Julia software packages. Each chapter includes a selection of exercises with which students can test and deepen their skills.

The proceedings of the 2017 Symposium on Chaos, Complexity and Leadership illuminate current research results and academic work from the fields of physics, mathematics, education, economics, as well as management and social sciences. The text explores chaotic and complex systems, as well as chaos and complexity theory in view of their applicability to management and leadership. This proceedings explores non-linearity as well as data-modelling and simulation in order to uncover new approaches and perspectives. Effort will not be spared in bringing theory into practice while exploring leadership and management-laden concepts. This book will cover the analysis of different chaotic developments from different fields within the concepts of chaos and complexity theory. Researchers and students in the field will find answers to questions surrounding these intertwined and compelling fields.

This book contains contributions from the participants of the research group hosted by the ZiF - Center for Interdisciplinary Research at the University of Bielefeld during the period 2013-2017 as well as from the conclusive conference organized at Bielefeld in December 2017. The contributions consist of original research papers: they mirror the scientific developments fostered by this research program or the state-of-the-art results presented during the conclusive conference. The volume covers current research in the areas of operator theory and dynamical systems on networks and their applications, indicating possible future directions. The book will be interesting to researchers focusing on the mathematical theory of networks; it is unique as, for the first time, continuous network models - a subject that has been blooming in the last twenty years - are studied alongside more classical and discrete ones. Thus, instead of two different worlds often growing independently without much intercommunication, a new path is set, breaking with the tradition. The fruitful and beneficial exchange of ideas and results of both communities is reflected in this book.

This book is aimed to make careful analysis to various mathematical problems derived from shock reflection by using the theory of partial differential equations. The occurrence, propagation and reflection of shock waves are important phenomena in fluid dynamics. Comparing the plenty of studies of physical experiments and numerical simulations on this subject, this book makes main efforts to develop the related theory of mathematical analysis, which is rather incomplete so far. The book first introduces some basic knowledge on the system of compressible flow and shock waves, then presents the concept of shock polar and its properties, particularly the properties of the shock polar for potential flow equation, which are first systematically presented and proved in this book. Mathematical analysis of regular reflection and Mach reflection in steady and unsteady flow are the most essential parts of this book. To give challenges in future research, some long-standing open problems are listed in the end. This book is attractive to researchers in the fields of partial differential equations, system of conservation laws, fluid dynamics, and shock theory.

This book provides a broad introduction to the subject of dynamical systems, suitable for a one or two-semester graduate course. In the first chapter, the authors introduce over a dozen examples, and then use these examples throughout the book to motivate and clarify the development of the theory. Topics include topological dynamics, symbolic dynamics, ergodic theory, hyperbolic dynamics, one-dimensional dynamics, complex dynamics, and measure-theoretic entropy. The authors top off the presentation with some beautiful and remarkable applications of dynamical systems to areas such as number theory, data storage, and internet search engines.

This book, now in its second edition, introduces the singularity analysis of differential and difference equations via the Painleve test and shows how Painleve analysis provides a powerful algorithmic approach to building explicit solutions to nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations. It is illustrated with integrable equations such as the nonlinear Schroedinger equation, the Korteweg-de Vries equation, Henon-Heiles type Hamiltonians, and numerous physically relevant examples such as the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, the Kolmogorov-Petrovski-Piskunov equation, and mainly the cubic and quintic Ginzburg-Landau equations. Extensively revised, updated, and expanded, this new edition includes: recent insights from Nevanlinna theory and analysis on both the cubic and quintic Ginzburg-Landau equations; a close look at physical problems involving the sixth Painleve function; and an overview of new results since the book's original publication with special focus on finite difference equations. The book features tutorials, appendices, and comprehensive references, and will appeal to graduate students and researchers in both mathematics and the physical sciences.

This book provides a complete exposition of equidistribution and counting problems weighted by a potential function of common perpendicular geodesics in negatively curved manifolds and simplicial trees. Avoiding any compactness assumptions, the authors extend the theory of Patterson-Sullivan, Bowen-Margulis and Oh-Shah (skinning) measures to CAT(-1) spaces with potentials. The work presents a proof for the equidistribution of equidistant hypersurfaces to Gibbs measures, and the equidistribution of common perpendicular arcs between, for instance, closed geodesics. Using tools from ergodic theory (including coding by topological Markov shifts, and an appendix by Buzzi that relates weak Gibbs measures and equilibrium states for them), the authors further prove the variational principle and rate of mixing for the geodesic flow on metric and simplicial trees-again without the need for any compactness or torsionfree assumptions. In a series of applications, using the Bruhat-Tits trees over non-Archimedean local fields, the authors subsequently prove further important results: the Mertens formula and the equidistribution of Farey fractions in function fields, the equidistribution of quadratic irrationals over function fields in their completions, and asymptotic counting results of the representations by quadratic norm forms. One of the book's main benefits is that the authors provide explicit error terms throughout. Given its scope, it will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in a wide range of fields, for instance ergodic theory, dynamical systems, geometric group theory, discrete subgroups of locally compact groups, and the arithmetic of function fields.

This book presents exact, closed-form solutions for the response of a variety of nonlinear oscillators (free, damped, forced). The solutions presented are expressed in terms of special functions. To help the reader understand these `non-standard' functions, detailed explanations and rich illustrations of their meanings and contents are provided. In addition, it is shown that these exact solutions in certain cases comprise the well-known approximate solutions for some nonlinear oscillations.

This work provides a convincing motivation for and introduction to magnon-based computing. The challenges faced by the conventional semiconductor-transistor-based computing industry are contrasted with the many exciting avenues for developing spin waves (or magnons) as a complementary technology wherein information can be encoded, transmitted, and operated upon: essential ingredients for any computing paradigm. From this general foundation, one particular operation is examined: phase conjugation via four-wave-mixing (FWM). The author constructs an original theory describing the generation of a phase conjugate mirror with the remarkable property that any incident spin wave will be reflected back along the same direction of travel. After establishing a theoretical framework, the careful design of the experiment is presented, followed by the demonstration of a magnetic phase conjugate mirror using four-wave mixing for the first time. The thesis concludes with an investigation into the unexpected fractal behaviour observed arising from the phase conjugate mirror - a result that is testament to the richness and vibrancy of these highly nonlinear spin wave systems.

The main goal of this book is to systematically address the mathematical methods that are applied in the study of synchronization of infinite-dimensional evolutionary dissipative or partially dissipative systems. It bases its unique monograph presentation on both general and abstract models and covers several important classes of coupled nonlinear deterministic and stochastic PDEs which generate infinite-dimensional dissipative systems. This text, which adapts readily to advanced graduate coursework in dissipative dynamics, requires some background knowledge in evolutionary equations and introductory functional analysis as well as a basic understanding of PDEs and the theory of random processes. Suitable for researchers in synchronization theory, the book is also relevant to physicists and engineers interested in both the mathematical background and the methods for the asymptotic analysis of coupled infinite-dimensional dissipative systems that arise in continuum mechanics.

This book focuses on bifurcation and stability in nonlinear discrete systems, including monotonic and oscillatory stability. It presents the local monotonic and oscillatory stability and bifurcation of period-1 fixed-points on a specific eigenvector direction, and discusses the corresponding higher-order singularity of fixed-points. Further, it explores the global analysis of monotonic and oscillatory stability of fixed-points in 1-dimensional discrete systems through 1-dimensional polynomial discrete systems. Based on the Yin-Yang theory of nonlinear discrete systems, the book also addresses the dynamics of forward and backward nonlinear discrete systems, and the existence conditions of fixed-points in said systems. Lastly, in the context of local analysis, it describes the normal forms of nonlinear discrete systems and infinite-fixed-point discrete systems. Examining nonlinear discrete systems from various perspectives, the book helps readers gain a better understanding of the nonlinear dynamics of such systems.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of statistical descriptions of turbulent flows. Its main objectives are to point out why ordinary perturbative treatments of the Navier-Stokes equation have been rather futile, and to present recent advances in non-perturbative treatments, e.g., the instanton method and a stochastic interpretation of turbulent energy transfer. After a brief introduction to the basic equations of turbulent fluid motion, the book outlines a probabilistic treatment of the Navier-Stokes equation and chiefly focuses on the emergence of a multi-point hierarchy and the notion of the closure problem of turbulence. Furthermore, empirically observed multiscaling features and their impact on possible closure methods are discussed, and each is put into the context of its original field of use, e.g., the renormalization group method is addressed in relation to the theory of critical phenomena. The intended readership consists of physicists and engineers who want to get acquainted with the prevalent concepts and methods in this research area.

This book seeks to bridge the gap between the parlance, the models, and even the notations used by physicists and those used by mathematicians when it comes to the topic of probability and stochastic processes. The opening four chapters elucidate the basic concepts of probability, including probability spaces and measures, random variables, and limit theorems. Here, the focus is mainly on models and ideas rather than the mathematical tools. The discussion of limit theorems serves as a gateway to extensive coverage of the theory of stochastic processes, including, for example, stationarity and ergodicity, Poisson and Wiener processes and their trajectories, other Markov processes, jump-diffusion processes, stochastic calculus, and stochastic differential equations. All these conceptual tools then converge in a dynamical theory of Brownian motion that compares the Einstein-Smoluchowski and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck approaches, highlighting the most important ideas that finally led to a connection between the Schroedinger equation and diffusion processes along the lines of Nelson's stochastic mechanics. A series of appendices cover particular details and calculations, and offer concise treatments of particular thought-provoking topics.

This book discusses basic topics in the spectral theory of dynamical systems. It also includes two advanced theorems, one by H. Helson and W. Parry, and another by B. Host. Moreover, Ornstein's family of mixing rank-one automorphisms is given with construction and proof. Systems of imprimitivity and their relevance to ergodic theory are also examined. Baire category theorems of ergodic theory, scattered in literature, are discussed in a unified way in the book. Riesz products are introduced and applied to describe the spectral types and eigenvalues of rank-one automorphisms. Lastly, the second edition includes a new chapter "Calculus of Generalized Riesz Products", which discusses the recent work connecting generalized Riesz products, Hardy classes, Banach's problem of simple Lebesgue spectrum in ergodic theory and flat polynomials.

This is the first monograph dedicated entirely to problems of stability and chaotic behaviour in planetary systems and its subsystems. The author explores the three rapidly developing interplaying fields of resonant and chaotic dynamics of Hamiltonian systems, the dynamics of Solar system bodies, and the dynamics of exoplanetary systems. The necessary concepts, methods and tools used to study dynamical chaos (such as symplectic maps, Lyapunov exponents and timescales, chaotic diffusion rates, stability diagrams and charts) are described and then used to show in detail how the observed dynamical architectures arise in the Solar system (and its subsystems) and in exoplanetary systems. The book concentrates, in particular, on chaotic diffusion and clearing effects. The potential readership of this book includes scientists and students working in astrophysics, planetary science, celestial mechanics, and nonlinear dynamics.

This book provides analytical and numerical methods for the estimation of dimension characteristics (Hausdorff, Fractal, Caratheodory dimensions) for attractors and invariant sets of dynamical systems and cocycles generated by smooth differential equations or maps in finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces or on manifolds. It also discusses stability investigations using estimates based on Lyapunov functions and adapted metrics. Moreover, it introduces various types of Lyapunov dimensions of dynamical systems with respect to an invariant set, based on local, global and uniform Lyapunov exponents, and derives analytical formulas for the Lyapunov dimension of the attractors of the Henon and Lorenz systems. Lastly, the book presents estimates of the topological entropy for general dynamical systems in metric spaces and estimates of the topological dimension for orbit closures of almost periodic solutions to differential equations.

What every neuroscientist should know about the mathematical modeling of excitable cells. Combining empirical physiology and nonlinear dynamics, this text provides an introduction to the simulation and modeling of dynamic phenomena in cell biology and neuroscience. It introduces mathematical modeling techniques alongside cellular electrophysiology. Topics include membrane transport and diffusion, the biophysics of excitable membranes, the gating of voltage and ligand-gated ion channels, intracellular calcium signalling, and electrical bursting in neurons and other excitable cell types. It introduces mathematical modeling techniques such as ordinary differential equations, phase plane, and bifurcation analysis of single-compartment neuron models. With analytical and computational problem sets, this book is suitable for life sciences majors, in biology to neuroscience, with one year of calculus, as well as graduate students looking for a primer on membrane excitability and calcium signalling.

The falling cat is an interesting theme to pursue, in which geometry, mechanics, and control are in action together. As is well known, cats can almost always land on their feet when tossed into the air in an upside-down attitude. If cats are not given a non-vanishing angular momentum at an initial instant, they cannot rotate during their motion, and the motion they can make in the air is vibration only. However, cats accomplish a half turn without rotation when landing on their feet. In order to solve this apparent mystery, one needs to thoroughly understand rotations and vibrations. The connection theory in differential geometry can provide rigorous definitions of rotation and vibration for many-body systems. Deformable bodies of cats are not easy to treat mechanically. A feasible way to approach the question of the falling cat is to start with many-body systems and then proceed to rigid bodies and, further, to jointed rigid bodies, which can approximate the body of a cat. In this book, the connection theory is applied first to a many-body system to show that vibrational motions of the many-body system can result in rotations without performing rotational motions and then to the cat model consisting of jointed rigid bodies. On the basis of this geometric setting, mechanics of many-body systems and of jointed rigid bodies must be set up. In order to take into account the fact that cats can deform their bodies, three torque inputs which may give a twist to the cat model are applied as control inputs under the condition of the vanishing angular momentum. Then, a control is designed according to the port-controlled Hamiltonian method for the model cat to perform a half turn and to halt the motion upon landing. The book also gives a brief review of control systems through simple examples to explain the role of control inputs.

The theory of holomorphic dynamical systems is a subject of increasing interest in mathematics, both for its challenging problems and for its connections with other branches of pure and applied mathematics. A holomorphic dynamical system is the datum of a complex variety and a holomorphic object (such as a self-map or a vector ?eld) acting on it. The study of a holomorphic dynamical system consists in describing the asymptotic behavior of the system, associating it with some invariant objects (easy to compute) which describe the dynamics and classify the possible holomorphic dynamical systems supported by a given manifold. The behavior of a holomorphic dynamical system is pretty much related to the geometry of the ambient manifold (for instance, - perbolic manifolds do no admit chaotic behavior, while projective manifolds have a variety of different chaotic pictures). The techniques used to tackle such pr- lems are of variouskinds: complexanalysis, methodsof real analysis, pluripotential theory, algebraic geometry, differential geometry, topology. To cover all the possible points of view of the subject in a unique occasion has become almost impossible, and the CIME session in Cetraro on Holomorphic Dynamical Systems was not an exception.

Statistical physics concepts such as stochastic dynamics, short- and long-range correlations, self-similarity and scaling, permit an understanding of the global behavior of economic systems without first having to work out a detailed microscopic description of the system. This pioneering text explores the use of these concepts in the description of financial systems, the dynamic new specialty of econophysics. The authors illustrate the scaling concepts used in probability theory, critical phenomena, and fully-developed turbulent fluids and apply them to financial time series. They also present a new stochastic model that displays several of the statistical properties observed in empirical data. Physicists will find the application of statistical physics concepts to economic systems fascinating. Economists and other financial professionals will benefit from the book's empirical analysis methods and well-formulated theoretical tools that will allow them to describe systems composed of a huge number of interacting subsystems.

MATRIX is Australia's international and residential mathematical research institute. It facilitates new collaborations and mathematical advances through intensive residential research programs, each 1-4 weeks in duration. This book is a scientific record of the eight programs held at MATRIX in 2018: - Non-Equilibrium Systems and Special Functions - Algebraic Geometry, Approximation and Optimisation - On the Frontiers of High Dimensional Computation - Month of Mathematical Biology - Dynamics, Foliations, and Geometry In Dimension 3 - Recent Trends on Nonlinear PDEs of Elliptic and Parabolic Type - Functional Data Analysis and Beyond - Geometric and Categorical Representation Theory The articles are grouped into peer-reviewed contributions and other contributions. The peer-reviewed articles present original results or reviews on a topic related to the MATRIX program; the remaining contributions are predominantly lecture notes or short articles based on talks or activities at MATRIX.

Complex behavior can occur in any system made up of large numbers of interacting constituents, be they atoms in a solid, cells in a living organism, or consumers in a national economy. Analysis of this behavior often involves making important assumptions and approximations, the exact nature of which vary from subject to subject. Foundations of Complex-system Theories begins with a description of the general features of complexity and then examines a range of important concepts, such as theories of composite systems, collective phenomena, emergent properties, and stochastic processes. Each topic is discussed with reference to the fields of statistical physics, evolutionary biology, and economics, thereby highlighting recurrent themes in the study of complex systems. This detailed yet nontechnical book will appeal to anyone who wants to know more about complex systems and their behavior. It will also be of great interest to specialists studying complexity in the physical, biological, and social sciences.

This book is devoted to unstable solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Despite the huge interest in the theory of SDEs, this book is the first to present a systematic study of the instability and asymptotic behavior of the corresponding unstable stochastic systems. The limit theorems contained in the book are not merely of purely mathematical value; rather, they also have practical value. Instability or violations of stability are noted in many phenomena, and the authors attempt to apply mathematical and stochastic methods to deal with them. The main goals include exploration of Brownian motion in environments with anomalies and study of the motion of the Brownian particle in layered media. A fairly wide class of continuous Markov processes is obtained in the limit. It includes Markov processes with discontinuous transition densities, processes that are not solutions of any Ito's SDEs, and the Bessel diffusion process. The book is self-contained, with presentation of definitions and auxiliary results in an Appendix. It will be of value for specialists in stochastic analysis and SDEs, as well as for researchers in other fields who deal with unstable systems and practitioners who apply stochastic models to describe phenomena of instability.