In today's unsafe and increasingly wired world cryptology plays a vital role in protecting communication channels, databases, and software from unwanted intruders. This revised and extended third edition of the classic reference work on cryptology now contains many new technical and biographical details. The first part treats secret codes and their uses - cryptography. The second part deals with the process of covertly decrypting a secret code - cryptanalysis, where particular advice on assessing methods is given. The book presupposes only elementary mathematical knowledge. Spiced with a wealth of exciting, amusing, and sometimes personal stories from the history of cryptology, it will also interest general readers.

The main topics of this volume, dedicated to Lance Littlejohn, are operator and spectral theory, orthogonal polynomials, combinatorics, number theory, and the various interplays of these subjects. Although the event, originally scheduled as the Baylor Analysis Fest, had to be postponed due to the pandemic, scholars from around the globe have contributed research in a broad range of mathematical fields. The collection will be of interest to both graduate students and professional mathematicians. Contributors are: G.E. Andrews, B.M. Brown, D. Damanik, M.L. Dawsey, W.D. Evans, J. Fillman, D. Frymark, A.G. Garcia, L.G. Garza, F. Gesztesy, D. Gomez-Ullate, Y. Grandati, F.A. Grunbaum, S. Guo, M. Hunziker, A. Iserles, T.F. Jones, K. Kirsten, Y. Lee, C. Liaw, F. Marcellan, C. Markett, A. Martinez-Finkelshtein, D. McCarthy, R. Milson, D. Mitrea, I. Mitrea, M. Mitrea, G. Novello, D. Ong, K. Ono, J.L. Padgett, M.M.M. Pang, T. Poe, A. Sri Ranga, K. Schiefermayr, Q. Sheng, B. Simanek, J. Stanfill, L. Velazquez, M. Webb, J. Wilkening, I.G. Wood, M. Zinchenko.

This book contains a complete detailed description of two classes of special numbers closely related to classical problems of the Theory of Primes. There is also extensive discussions of applied issues related to Cryptography.In Mathematics, a Mersenne number (named after Marin Mersenne, who studied them in the early 17-th century) is a number of the form Mn = 2n - 1 for positive integer n.In Mathematics, a Fermat number (named after Pierre de Fermat who first studied them) is a positive integer of the form Fn = 2k+ 1, k=2n, where n is a non-negative integer.Mersenne and Fermat numbers have many other interesting properties. Long and rich history, many arithmetic connections (with perfect numbers, with construction of regular polygons etc.), numerous modern applications, long list of open problems allow us to provide a broad perspective of the Theory of these two classes of special numbers, that can be useful and interesting for both professionals and the general audience.

This book deals with several aspects of what is now called "explicit number theory." The central theme is the solution of Diophantine equations, i.e., equations or systems of polynomial equations which must be solved in integers, rational numbers or more generally in algebraic numbers. This theme, in particular, is the central motivation for the modern theory of arithmetic algebraic geometry. In this text, this is considered through three of its most basic aspects. The local aspect, global aspect, and the third aspect is the theory of zeta and L-functions. This last aspect can be considered as a unifying theme for the whole subject.

This book contains selected chapters on perfectoid spaces, their introduction and applications, as invented by Peter Scholze in his Fields Medal winning work. These contributions are presented at the conference on "Perfectoid Spaces" held at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Bengaluru, India, from 9-20 September 2019. The objective of the book is to give an advanced introduction to Scholze's theory and understand the relation between perfectoid spaces and some aspects of arithmetic of modular (or, more generally, automorphic) forms such as representations mod p, lifting of modular forms, completed cohomology, local Langlands program, and special values of L-functions. All chapters are contributed by experts in the area of arithmetic geometry that will facilitate future research in the direction.

Understanding maths has never been easier. Combining bold, elegant graphics with easy-to-understand text, Simply Maths is the perfect introduction to the subject for those who are short of time but hungry for knowledge. Covering more than 90 key mathematical concepts from prime numbers and fractions to quadratic equations and probability experiments, each pared-back, single-page entry explains the concept more clearly than ever before. Organized by major themes - number theory and systems; calculations; geometry; algebra; graphs; ratio and proportion; measurement; probability and statistics; and calculus - entries explain the essentials of each key mathematical theory with simple clarity and for ease of understanding. Whether you are studying maths at school or college, or simply want a jargon-free overview of the subject, this indispensable guide is packed with everything you need to understand the basics quickly and easily.

Complex Numbers lie at the heart of most technical and scientific subjects. This book can be used to teach complex numbers as a course text,a revision or remedial guide, or as a self-teaching work. The author has designed the book to be a flexible learning tool, suitable for A-Level students as well as other students in higher and further education whose courses include a substantial maths component (e.g. BTEC or GNVQ science and engineering courses). Verity Carr has accumulated nearly thirty years of experience teaching mathematics at all levels and has a rare gift for making mathematics simple and enjoyable. At Brooklands College, she has taken a leading role in the development of a highly successful Mathematics Workshop. This series of Made Simple Maths books widens her audience but continues to provide the kind of straightforward and logical approach she has developed over her years of teaching.

This book develops a novel approach to perturbative quantum field theory: starting with a perturbative formulation of classical field theory, quantization is achieved by means of deformation quantization of the underlying free theory and by applying the principle that as much of the classical structure as possible should be maintained. The resulting formulation of perturbative quantum field theory is a version of the Epstein-Glaser renormalization that is conceptually clear, mathematically rigorous and pragmatically useful for physicists. The connection to traditional formulations of perturbative quantum field theory is also elaborated on, and the formalism is illustrated in a wealth of examples and exercises.

This introduction to cryptography employs a programming-oriented approach to study the most important cryptographic schemes in current use and the main cryptanalytic attacks against them. Discussion of the theoretical aspects, emphasizing precise security definitions based on methodological tools such as complexity and randomness, and of the mathematical aspects, with emphasis on number-theoretic algorithms and their applications to cryptography and cryptanalysis, is integrated with the programming approach, thus providing implementations of the algorithms and schemes as well as examples of realistic size.

A distinctive feature of the author's approach is the use of Maple as a programming environment in which not just the cryptographic primitives but also the most important cryptographic schemes are implemented following the recommendations of standards bodies such as NIST, with many of the known cryptanalytic attacks implemented as well. The purpose of the Maple implementations is to let the reader experiment and learn, and for this reason the author includes numerous examples. The book discusses important recent subjects such as homomorphic encryption, identity-based cryptography and elliptic curve cryptography. The algorithms and schemes which are treated in detail and implemented in Maple include AES and modes of operation, CMAC, GCM/GMAC, SHA-256, HMAC, RSA, Rabin, Elgamal, Paillier, Cocks IBE, DSA and ECDSA. In addition, some recently introduced schemes enjoying strong security properties, such as RSA-OAEP, Rabin-SAEP, Cramer--Shoup, and PSS, are also discussed and implemented. On the cryptanalysis side, Maple implementations and examples are used to discuss many important algorithms, including birthday and man-in-the-middle attacks, integer factorization algorithms such as Pollard's rho and the quadratic sieve, and discrete log algorithms such as baby-step giant-step, Pollard's rho, Pohlig--Hellman and the index calculus method.

This textbook is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of computer science, engineering and mathematics, satisfying the requirements of various types of courses: a basic introductory course; a theoretically oriented course whose focus is on the precise definition of security concepts and on cryptographic schemes with reductionist security proofs; a practice-oriented course requiring little mathematical background and with an emphasis on applications; or a mathematically advanced course addressed to students with a stronger mathematical background. The main prerequisite is a basic knowledge of linear algebra and elementary calculus, and while some knowledge of probability and abstract algebra would be helpful, it is not essential because the book includes the necessary background from these subjects and, furthermore, explores the number-theoretic material in detail. The book is also a comprehensive reference and is suitable for self-study by practitioners and programmers."

The first part of this book introduces the Schubert Cells and varieties of the general linear group Gl (k^(r+1)) over a field k according to Ehresmann geometric way. Smooth resolutions for these varieties are constructed in terms of Flag Configurations in k^(r+1) given by linear graphs called Minimal Galleries. In the second part, Schubert Schemes, the Universal Schubert Scheme and their Canonical Smooth Resolution, in terms of the incidence relation in a Tits relative building are constructed for a Reductive Group Scheme as in Grothendieck's SGAIII. This is a topic where algebra and algebraic geometry, combinatorics, and group theory interact in unusual and deep ways.

P-adic Analytic Functions describes the definition and properties of p-adic analytic and meromorphic functions in a complete algebraically closed ultrametric field.Various properties of p-adic exponential-polynomials are examined, such as the Hermite-Lindemann theorem in a p-adic field, with a new proof. The order and type of growth for analytic functions are studied, in the whole field and inside an open disk. P-adic meromorphic functions are studied, not only on the whole field but also in an open disk and on the complemental of an open disk, using Motzkin meromorphic products. Finally, the p-adic Nevanlinna theory is widely explained, with various applications. Small functions are introduced with results of uniqueness for meromorphic functions. The question of whether the ring of analytic functions-in the whole field or inside an open disk-is a Bezout ring is also examined.

In 1988 Shafarevich asked me to write a volume for the Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences on Diophantine Geometry. I said yes, and here is the volume. By definition, diophantine problems concern the solutions of equations in integers, or rational numbers, or various generalizations, such as finitely generated rings over Z or finitely generated fields over Q. The word Geometry is tacked on to suggest geometric methods. This means that the present volume is not elementary. For a survey of some basic problems with a much more elementary approach, see La 9Oc]. The field of diophantine geometry is now moving quite rapidly. Out standing conjectures ranging from decades back are being proved. I have tried to give the book some sort of coherence and permanence by em phasizing structural conjectures as much as results, so that one has a clear picture of the field. On the whole, I omit proofs, according to the boundary conditions of the encyclopedia. On some occasions I do give some ideas for the proofs when these are especially important. In any case, a lengthy bibliography refers to papers and books where proofs may be found. I have also followed Shafarevich's suggestion to give examples, and I have especially chosen these examples which show how some classical problems do or do not get solved by contemporary in sights. Fermat's last theorem occupies an intermediate position. Al though it is not proved, it is not an isolated problem any more."

This book presents the most up-to-date and sophisticated account of the theory of Euclidean lattices and sequences of Euclidean lattices, in the framework of Arakelov geometry, where Euclidean lattices are considered as vector bundles over arithmetic curves. It contains a complete description of the theta invariants which give rise to a closer parallel with the geometric case. The author then unfolds his theory of infinite Hermitian vector bundles over arithmetic curves and their theta invariants, which provides a conceptual framework to deal with the sequences of lattices occurring in many diophantine constructions. The book contains many interesting original insights and ties to other theories. It is written with extreme care, with a clear and pleasant style, and never sacrifices accessibility to sophistication.

Architecture of Mathematics describes the logical structure of Mathematics from its foundations to its real-world applications. It describes the many interweaving relationships between different areas of mathematics and its practical applications, and as such provides unique reading for professional mathematicians and nonmathematicians alike. This book can be a very important resource both for the teaching of mathematics and as a means to outline the research links between different subjects within and beyond the subject. Features All notions and properties are introduced logically and sequentially, to help the reader gradually build understanding. Focusses on illustrative examples that explain the meaning of mathematical objects and their properties. Suitable as a supplementary resource for teaching undergraduate mathematics, and as an aid to interdisciplinary research. Forming the reader's understanding of Mathematics as a unified science, the book helps to increase his general mathematical culture.

This book features challenging problems of classical analysis that invite the reader to explore a host of strategies and tools used for solving problems of modern topics in real analysis. This volume offers an unusual collection of problems - many of them original - specializing in three topics of mathematical analysis: limits, series, and fractional part integrals. The work is divided into three parts, each containing a chapter dealing with a particular problem type as well as a very short section of hints to select problems. The first chapter collects problems on limits of special sequences and Riemann integrals; the second chapter focuses on the calculation of fractional part integrals with a special section called 'Quickies' which contains problems that have had unexpected succinct solutions. The final chapter offers the reader an assortment of problems with a flavor towards the computational aspects of infinite series and special products, many of which are new to the literature. Each chapter contains a section of difficult problems which are motivated by other problems in the book. These 'Open Problems' may be considered research projects for students who are studying advanced calculus, and which are intended to stimulate creativity and the discovery of new and original methods for proving known results and establishing new ones. This stimulating collection of problems is intended for undergraduate students with a strong background in analysis; graduate students in mathematics, physics, and engineering; researchers; and anyone who works on topics at the crossroad between pure and applied mathematics. Moreover, the level of problems is appropriate for students involved in the Putnam competition and other high level mathematical contests.

In Mathematical Foundations of Public Key Cryptography, the authors integrate the results of more than 20 years of research and teaching experience to help students bridge the gap between math theory and crypto practice. The book provides a theoretical structure of fundamental number theory and algebra knowledge supporting public-key cryptography. Rather than simply combining number theory and modern algebra, this textbook features the interdisciplinary characteristics of cryptography-revealing the integrations of mathematical theories and public-key cryptographic applications. Incorporating the complexity theory of algorithms throughout, it introduces the basic number theoretic and algebraic algorithms and their complexities to provide a preliminary understanding of the applications of mathematical theories in cryptographic algorithms. Supplying a seamless integration of cryptography and mathematics, the book includes coverage of elementary number theory; algebraic structure and attributes of group, ring, and field; cryptography-related computing complexity and basic algorithms, as well as lattice and fundamental methods of lattice cryptanalysis. The text consists of 11 chapters. Basic theory and tools of elementary number theory, such as congruences, primitive roots, residue classes, and continued fractions, are covered in Chapters 1-6. The basic concepts of abstract algebra are introduced in Chapters 7-9, where three basic algebraic structures of groups, rings, and fields and their properties are explained. Chapter 10 is about computational complexities of several related mathematical algorithms, and hard problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithm. Chapter 11 presents the basics of lattice theory and the lattice basis reduction algorithm-the LLL algorithm and its application in the cryptanalysis of the RSA algorithm. Containing a number of exercises on key algorithms, the book is suitable for use as a textbook for undergraduate students and first-year graduate students in information security programs. It is also an ideal reference book for cryptography professionals looking to master public-key cryptography.

This book details the classical part of the theory of algebraic number theory, excluding class-field theory and its consequences. Coverage includes: ideal theory in rings of algebraic integers, p-adic fields and their finite extensions, ideles and adeles, zeta-functions, distribution of prime ideals, Abelian fields, the class-number of quadratic fields, and factorization problems. The book also features exercises and a list of open problems.

Proofs 101: An Introduction to Formal Mathematics serves as an introduction to proofs for mathematics majors who have completed the calculus sequence (at least Calculus I and II) and a first course in linear algebra. The book prepares students for the proofs they will need to analyze and write the axiomatic nature of mathematics and the rigors of upper-level mathematics courses. Basic number theory, relations, functions, cardinality, and set theory will provide the material for the proofs and lay the foundation for a deeper understanding of mathematics, which students will need to carry with them throughout their future studies. Features Designed to be teachable across a single semester Suitable as an undergraduate textbook for Introduction to Proofs or Transition to Advanced Mathematics courses Offers a balanced variety of easy, moderate, and difficult exercises

George Andrews is one of the most influential figures in number theory and combinatorics. In the theory of partitions and q-hypergeometric series and in the study of Ramanujan's work, he is the unquestioned leader. To suitably honor him during his 70th birthday year, an International Conference on Combinatory Analysis was held at The Pennsylvania State University during December 5-7, 2008. Three issues of the Ramanujan Journal comprising Volume 23 were published in 2010 as the refereed proceedings of that conference. The Ramanujan Journal was proud to bring out that volume honoring one of its Founding Editors. In view of the great interest that the mathematical community has in the influential work of Andrews, it was decided to republish Volume 23 of The Ramanujan Journal in this book form, so that the refereed proceedings are more readily available for those who do not subscribe to the journal but wish to possess this volume. As a fitting tribute to George Andrews, many speakers from the conference contributed research papers to this volume which deals with a broad range of areas that signify the research interests of George Andrews. In reproducing Volume 23 of The Ramanujan Journal in this book form, we have included two papers-one by Hei-Chi Chan and Shaun Cooper, and another by Ole Warnaar-which were intended for Volume 23 of The Ramanujan Journal, but appeared in other issues. The enormous productivity of George Andrews remains unabated in spite of the passage of time. His immensely fertile mind continues to pour forth seminal ideas year after year. He has two research papers in this volume. May his eternal youthfulness and his magnificent research output continue to inspire and influence researchers in the years ahead.

Proofs 101: An Introduction to Formal Mathematics serves as an introduction to proofs for mathematics majors who have completed the calculus sequence (at least Calculus I and II) and a first course in linear algebra. The book prepares students for the proofs they will need to analyze and write the axiomatic nature of mathematics and the rigors of upper-level mathematics courses. Basic number theory, relations, functions, cardinality, and set theory will provide the material for the proofs and lay the foundation for a deeper understanding of mathematics, which students will need to carry with them throughout their future studies. Features Designed to be teachable across a single semester Suitable as an undergraduate textbook for Introduction to Proofs or Transition to Advanced Mathematics courses Offers a balanced variety of easy, moderate, and difficult exercises

The Rogers--Ramanujan identities are a pair of infinite series-infinite product identities that were first discovered in 1894. Over the past several decades these identities, and identities of similar type, have found applications in number theory, combinatorics, Lie algebra and vertex operator algebra theory, physics (especially statistical mechanics), and computer science (especially algorithmic proof theory). Presented in a coherant and clear way, this will be the first book entirely devoted to the Rogers-Ramanujan identities and will include related historical material that is unavailable elsewhere.

For a long time, all thought there was only one geometry - Euclidean geometry. Nevertheless, in the 19th century, many non-Euclidean geometries were discovered. It took almost two millennia to do this. This was the major mathematical discovery and advancement of the 19th century, which changed understanding of mathematics and the work of mathematicians providing innovative insights and tools for mathematical research and applications of mathematics.A similar event happened in arithmetic in the 20th century. Even longer than with geometry, all thought there was only one conventional arithmetic of natural numbers - the Diophantine arithmetic, in which 2+2=4 and 1+1=2. It is natural to call the conventional arithmetic by the name Diophantine arithmetic due to the important contributions to arithmetic by Diophantus. Nevertheless, in the 20th century, many non-Diophantine arithmetics were discovered, in some of which 2+2=5 or 1+1=3. It took more than two millennia to do this. This discovery has even more implications than the discovery of new geometries because all people use arithmetic.This book provides a detailed exposition of the theory of non-Diophantine arithmetics and its various applications. Reading this book, the reader will see that on the one hand, non-Diophantine arithmetics continue the ancient tradition of operating with numbers while on the other hand, they introduce extremely original and innovative ideas.

This book contains a detailed account of the result of the author's recent Annals paper and JAMS paper on arithmetic invariant, including mu-invariant, L-invariant, and similar topics. This book can be regarded as an introductory text to the author's previous book p-Adic Automorphic Forms on Shimura Varieties. Written as a down-to-earth introduction to Shimura varieties, this text includes many examples and applications of the theory that provide motivation for the reader. Since it is limited to modular curves and the corresponding Shimura varieties, this book is not only a great resource for experts in the field, but it is also accessible to advanced graduate students studying number theory. Key topics include non-triviality of arithmetic invariants and special values of L-functions; elliptic curves over complex and p-adic fields; Hecke algebras; scheme theory; elliptic and modular curves over rings; and Shimura curves.

This is the most comprehensive survey of the mathematical life of the legendary Paul Erdos (1913-1996), one of the most versatile and prolific mathematicians of our time. For the first time, all the main areas of Erdos' research are covered in a single project. Because of overwhelming response from the mathematical community, the project now occupies over 1000 pages, arranged into two volumes. These volumes contain both high level research articles as well as key articles that survey some of the cornerstones of Erdos' work, each written by a leading world specialist in the field. A special chapter "Early Days", rare photographs, and art related to Erdos complement this striking collection. A unique contribution is the bibliography on Erdos' publications: the most comprehensive ever published. This new edition, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Paul Erdos' birth, contains updates on many of the articles from the two volumes of the first edition, several new articles from prominent mathematicians, a new introduction, more biographical information about Paul Erdos, and an updated list of publications. The first volume contains the unique chapter "Early Days", which features personal memories of Paul Erdos by a number of his colleagues. The other three chapters cover number theory, random methods, and geometry. All of these chapters are essentially updated, most notably the geometry chapter that covers the recent solution of the problem on the number of distinct distances in finite planar sets, which was the most popular of Erdos' favorite geometry problems.

Model theory is one of the central branches of mathematical logic. The field has evolved rapidly in the last few decades. This book is an introduction to current trends in model theory, and contains a collection of articles authored by top researchers in the field. It is intended as a reference for students as well as senior researchers.