This book provides an elementary, complete account of quasi-Frobenius rings at a level allowing researchers and graduate students to gain entry to the field. A ring is called quasi-Frobenius if it is "right" or "left" selfinjective, and "right" or "left" artinian (all four combinations are equivalent). The study of these rings grew out of the theory of representations of a finite group as a group of matrices over a field, and the present extent of the theory is wide-ranging.

Gorenstein homological algebra is an important area of mathematics, with applications in commutative and noncommutative algebra, model category theory, representation theory, and algebraic geometry. While in classical homological algebra the existence of the projective, injective, and flat resolutions over arbitrary rings are well known, things are a little different when it comes to Gorenstein homological algebra. The main open problems in this area deal with the existence of the Gorenstein injective, Gorenstein projective, and Gorenstein flat resolutions. Gorenstein Homological Algebra is especially suitable for graduate students interested in homological algebra and its applications.

This is the second of a two-volume series on sampling theory. The mathematical foundations were laid in the first volume, and this book surveys the many applications of sampling theory both within mathematics and in other areas of science. Many of the topics covered here are not found in other books, and all are given an up to date treatment bringing the reader's knowledge up to research level. This book consists of ten chapters, written by ten different teams of authors, and the contents range over a wide variety of topics including combinatorial analysis, number theory, neural networks, derivative sampling, wavelets, stochastic signals, random fields, and abstract harmonic analysis. There is a comprehensive, up to date bibliography.

This book emphasizes the role of symmetry and presents as many viewpoints as possible of an important phenomenon - the functional equation of the associated zeta-function. It starts from the basics before warping into the space of new interest; from the ground state to the excited state. For example, the celebrated Gauss quadratic reciprocity law is proved in four independent ways, which are in some way or other dependent on the functional equation. The proofs rest on finite fields, representation theory of nilpotent groups, reciprocity law for the Dedekind sums, and the translation formula for the theta-series, respectively. Likewise, for example, the Euler function is treated in several different places.One of the important principles of learning is to work with the material many times. This book presents many worked-out examples and exercises to enhance the reader's comprehension on the topics covered in an in-depth manner. This is done in a different setting each time such that the reader will always be challenged. For the keen reader, even browsing the text alone, without solving the exercises, will yield some knowledge and enjoyment.

Computers have stretched the limits of what is possible in mathematics. More: they have given rise to new fields of mathematical study; the analysis of new and traditional algorithms, the creation of new paradigms for implementing computational methods, the viewing of old techniques from a concrete algorithmic vantage point, to name but a few. Computational Algebra and Number Theory lies at the lively intersection of computer science and mathematics. It highlights the surprising width and depth of the field through examples drawn from current activity, ranging from category theory, graph theory and combinatorics, to more classical computational areas, such as group theory and number theory. Many of the papers in the book provide a survey of their topic, as well as a description of present research. Throughout the variety of mathematical and computational fields represented, the emphasis is placed on the common principles and the methods employed. Audience: Students, experts, and those performing current research in any of the topics mentioned above.

The arrangement of nonzero entries of a matrix, described by the graph of the matrix, limits the possible geometric multiplicities of the eigenvalues, which are far more limited by this information than algebraic multiplicities or the numerical values of the eigenvalues. This book gives a unified development of how the graph of a symmetric matrix influences the possible multiplicities of its eigenvalues. While the theory is richest in cases where the graph is a tree, work on eigenvalues, multiplicities and graphs has provided the opportunity to identify which ideas have analogs for non-trees, and those for which trees are essential. It gathers and organizes the fundamental ideas to allow students and researchers to easily access and investigate the many interesting questions in the subject.

This is a 2001 account of Algebraic Number Theory, a field which has grown to touch many other areas of pure mathematics. It is written primarily for beginning graduate students in pure mathematics, and encompasses everything that most such students are likely to need; others who need the material will also find it accessible. It assumes no prior knowledge of the subject, but a firm basis in the theory of field extensions at an undergraduate level is required, and an appendix covers other prerequisites. The book covers the two basic methods of approaching Algebraic Number Theory, using ideals and valuations, and includes material on the most usual kinds of algebraic number field, the functional equation of the zeta function and a substantial digression on the classical approach to Fermat's Last Theorem, as well as a comprehensive account of class field theory. Many exercises and an annotated reading list are also included.

This book is, on the one hand, a pedagogical introduction to the formalism of slopes, of semi-stability and of related concepts in the simplest possible context. It is therefore accessible to any graduate student with a basic knowledge in algebraic geometry and algebraic groups. On the other hand, the book also provides a thorough introduction to the basics of period domains, as they appear in the geometric approach to local Langlands correspondences and in the recent conjectural p-adic local Langlands program. The authors provide numerous worked examples and establish many connections to topics in the general area of algebraic groups over finite and local fields. In addition, the end of each section includes remarks on open questions, historical context and references to the literature.

Combinatorics and Number Theory of Counting Sequences is an introduction to the theory of finite set partitions and to the enumeration of cycle decompositions of permutations. The presentation prioritizes elementary enumerative proofs. Therefore, parts of the book are designed so that even those high school students and teachers who are interested in combinatorics can have the benefit of them. Still, the book collects vast, up-to-date information for many counting sequences (especially, related to set partitions and permutations), so it is a must-have piece for those mathematicians who do research on enumerative combinatorics. In addition, the book contains number theoretical results on counting sequences of set partitions and permutations, so number theorists who would like to see nice applications of their area of interest in combinatorics will enjoy the book, too. Features The Outlook sections at the end of each chapter guide the reader towards topics not covered in the book, and many of the Outlook items point towards new research problems. An extensive bibliography and tables at the end make the book usable as a standard reference. Citations to results which were scattered in the literature now become easy, because huge parts of the book (especially in parts II and III) appear in book form for the first time.

Foreword by Stephen L Adler (Institute for Advanced Study, USA) Illustrations by Peggy Adler The term Phyllotaxis refers to the patterns on plants formed by the arrangement of repeated biological units. In nearly all cases, the Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Ratio occur in these arrangements. This topic has long fascinated scientists. Over a period of more than two decades, Irving Adler wrote a number of papers that construct a rigorously derived mathematical model for Phyllotaxis, which are major and enduring contributions to the field. These papers are collected in this reprint volume to enable their access to a wider readership.

This is a self-contained 2010 account of the state of the art in classical complex multiplication that includes recent results on rings of integers and applications to cryptography using elliptic curves. The author is exhaustive in his treatment, giving a thorough development of the theory of elliptic functions, modular functions and quadratic number fields and providing a concise summary of the results from class field theory. The main results are accompanied by numerical examples, equipping any reader with all the tools and formulas they need. Topics covered include: the construction of class fields over quadratic imaginary number fields by singular values of the modular invariant j and Weber's tau-function; explicit construction of rings of integers in ray class fields and Galois module structure; the construction of cryptographically relevant elliptic curves over finite fields; proof of Berwick's congruences using division values of the Weierstrass p-function; relations between elliptic units and class numbers.

From the reviews: "This is a very interesting book containing material for a comprehensive study of the cyclid homological theory of algebras, cyclic sets and S1-spaces. Lie algebras and algebraic K-theory and an introduction to Connes'work and recent results on the Novikov conjecture. The book requires a knowledge of homological algebra and Lie algebra theory as well as basic technics coming from algebraic topology. The bibliographic comments at the end of each chapter offer good suggestions for further reading and research. The book can be strongly recommended to anybody interested in noncommutative geometry, contemporary algebraic topology and related topics." European Mathematical Society Newsletter

In this second edition the authors have added a chapter 13 on MacLane (co)homology.

Exploring one of the most dynamic areas of mathematics, Advanced Number Theory with Applications covers a wide range of algebraic, analytic, combinatorial, cryptographic, and geometric aspects of number theory. Written by a recognized leader in algebra and number theory, the book includes a page reference for every citing in the bibliography and more than 1,500 entries in the index so that students can easily cross-reference and find the appropriate data. With numerous examples throughout, the text begins with coverage of algebraic number theory, binary quadratic forms, Diophantine approximation, arithmetic functions, p-adic analysis, Dirichlet characters, density, and primes in arithmetic progression. It then applies these tools to Diophantine equations, before developing elliptic curves and modular forms. The text also presents an overview of Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT) and numerous consequences of the ABC conjecture, including Thue-Siegel-Roth theorem, Hall's conjecture, the Erdoes-Mollin--Walsh conjecture, and the Granville-Langevin Conjecture. In the appendix, the author reviews sieve methods, such as Eratothesenes', Selberg's, Linnik's, and Bombieri's sieves. He also discusses recent results on gaps between primes and the use of sieves in factoring. By focusing on salient techniques in number theory, this textbook provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive material for a second course in this field. It prepares students for future study at the graduate level.

Multidimensional continued fractions form an area of research within number theory. Recently the topic has been linked to research in dynamical systems, and mathematical physics, which means that some of the results discovered in this area have applications in describing physical systems. This book gives a comprehensive and up to date overview of recent research in the area.

For a long time, all thought there was only one geometry - Euclidean geometry. Nevertheless, in the 19th century, many non-Euclidean geometries were discovered. It took almost two millennia to do this. This was the major mathematical discovery and advancement of the 19th century, which changed understanding of mathematics and the work of mathematicians providing innovative insights and tools for mathematical research and applications of mathematics.A similar event happened in arithmetic in the 20th century. Even longer than with geometry, all thought there was only one conventional arithmetic of natural numbers - the Diophantine arithmetic, in which 2+2=4 and 1+1=2. It is natural to call the conventional arithmetic by the name Diophantine arithmetic due to the important contributions to arithmetic by Diophantus. Nevertheless, in the 20th century, many non-Diophantine arithmetics were discovered, in some of which 2+2=5 or 1+1=3. It took more than two millennia to do this. This discovery has even more implications than the discovery of new geometries because all people use arithmetic.This book provides a detailed exposition of the theory of non-Diophantine arithmetics and its various applications. Reading this book, the reader will see that on the one hand, non-Diophantine arithmetics continue the ancient tradition of operating with numbers while on the other hand, they introduce extremely original and innovative ideas.

With a foreword by Freeman Dyson, the handbook brings together leading mathematicians and physicists to offer a comprehensive overview of random matrix theory, including a guide to new developments and the diverse range of applications of this approach.
In part one, all modern and classical techniques of solving random matrix models are explored, including orthogonal polynomials, exact replicas or supersymmetry. Further, all main extensions of the classical Gaussian ensembles of Wigner and Dyson are introduced including sparse, heavy tailed, non-Hermitian or multi-matrix models. In the second and larger part, all major applications are covered, in disciplines ranging from physics and mathematics to biology and engineering. This includes standard fields such as number theory, quantum chaos or quantum chromodynamics, as well as recent developments such as partitions, growth models, knot theory, wireless communication or bio-polymer folding.
The handbook is suitable both for introducing novices to this area of research and as a main source of reference for active researchers in mathematics, physics and engineering.

The aim of this book is to serve both as an introduction to profinite groups and as a reference for specialists in some areas of the theory. The book is reasonably self-contained. Profinite groups are Galois groups. As such they are of interest in algebraic number theory. Much of recent research on abstract infinite groups is related to profinite groups because residually finite groups are naturally embedded in a profinite group. In addition to basic facts about general profinite groups, the book emphasizes free constructions (particularly free profinite groups and the structure of their subgroups). Homology and cohomology is described with a minimum of prerequisites.

This second edition contains three new appendices dealing with a new characterization of free profinite groups, presentations of pro-p groups and a new conceptually simpler approach to the proof of some classical subgroup theorems. Throughout the text there are additions in the form of new results, improved proofs, typographical corrections, and an enlarged bibliography. The list of open questions has been updated; comments and references have been added about those previously open problems that have been solved after the first edition appeared.

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the conference on Modelling and Optimization of Distributed Parameter Systems with Applications to Engineering, held in Warsaw on July 17-21, 1995. This conference was a consecutive one in the series of conferences sponsored by the IFIP Working Group WG 7.2 "Computational Techniques in Distributed Systems," chaired by Irena Lasiecka. It was organized by the Systems Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences and supported financially by the following institutions: -European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences, -Fundacja Stefana Batorego, -International Mathematical Union, - Telekomunikacja Polska S.A. The following scientists took an active part in preparation of the scientific program of the conference, organizing or helping to organize special sessions: - E. Casas and I.Lasiecka (Optimization and Optimal ControQ, Z.Mr6z (Mechanical Applications), - M.Niezg6dka (Properties of Solutions to P.D.E.s), - L.Pandolfi (Hamilton and Riccati Equation Approaches to Optimization), - K.Sobczyk and J.Zabczyk (Stochastic Systems), - J.Sokolowski and J.-P.Zolesio (Shape Optimization), - J.Wa8niewski (Scientific Computation). In the conference participated 133 scientists from 22 countries. Ten invited plenary lectures and 103 contributed papers have been presented. This volume contains a part of the presented material. The core of it is constituted by papers devoted to control and optimization of distributed parameter systems. Other selection will be included in a special issue of the quarterly Control & Cybernetics to be published in 1996.

This introductory textbook is designed to teach undergraduates the basic ideas and techniques of number theory, with special consideration to the principles of analytic number theory. The first five chapters treat elementary concepts such as divisibility, congruence and arithmetical functions. The topics in the next chapters include Dirichlet's theorem on primes in progressions, Gauss sums, quadratic residues, Dirichlet series, and Euler products with applications to the Riemann zeta function and Dirichlet L-functions. Also included is an introduction to partitions. Among the strong points of the book are its clarity of exposition and a collection of exercises at the end of each chapter. The first ten chapters, with the exception of one section, are accessible to anyone with knowledge of elementary calculus; the last four chapters require some knowledge of complex function theory including complex integration and residue calculus.

Natural numbers are the oldest human inventions. This volume describes their nature, laws, history and current status. The first five chapters contain not only the basics of elementary number theory for the convenience of teaching and continuity of reading, but also many latest research results. For the first time in history, the Chinese Remainder Theorem is renamed the Qin Jiushao Theorem to give him the full credit for his establishment of this famous theorem in number theory. Chapter 6 is about the fascinating congruence modulo an integer power, and Chapter 7 introduces a new problem extracted by the author from the classical problems of number theory, which is out of the combination of additive number theory and multiplicative number theory.In this volume, there is supplementary material after each section to broaden the reader's knowledge and imagination. It either discusses the rudiments of some aspects or introduces new topics, such as the perfect number problem, Goldbach's conjecture, the twin prime conjecture, the 3x + 1 problem, Waring's problem, Catalan's conjecture, Euler's conjecture, Fermat's Last Theorem, etc.Originally published in Chinese as in 2014, The Book of Numbers is written for anyone who loves natural numbers. The author is not only a mathematician, but also a literary and science writer, with more than 20 books published, many of which were translated into 20 languages.

This book deals with the number-theoretic properties of almost all real numbers. It brings together many different types of result never covered within the same volume before, thus showing interactions and common ideas between different branches of the subject. It provides an indispensable compendium of basic results, important theorems and open problems. Starting from the classical results of Borel, Khintchine and Weyl, normal numbers, Diophantine approximation and uniform distribution are all discussed. Questions are generalized to higher dimensions and various non-periodic problems are also considered (for example restricting approximation to fractions with prime numerator and denominator). Finally, the dimensions of some of the exceptional sets of measure zero are considered.

This book contains a number of elementary ideas on numbers, their representations, interesting arithmetical problems and their analytical solutions, fundamentals of computers and programming plus programming solutions as an alternative to the analytical solutions and much more. Spanning seven chapters, this book, while keeping its lucid storytelling verve, describes integers, real numbers and numerous interesting properties and historical references; followed by a good collection of arithmetic problems and their analytical solutions. Please note: Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Modular Forms is a graduate student-level introduction to the classical theory of modular forms and computations involving modular forms, including modular functions and the theory of Hecke operators. It also includes applications of modular forms to various subjects, such as the theory of quadratic forms, the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem and the approximation of . The text gives a balanced overview of both the theoretical and computational sides of its subject, allowing a variety of courses to be taught from it.This second edition has been revised and updated. New material on the future of modular forms as well as a chapter about longer-form projects for students has also been added.

Summability methods are transformations that map sequences (or functions) to sequences (or functions). A prime requirement for a "good" summability method is that it preserves convergence. Unless it is the identity transformation, it will do more: it will transform some divergent sequences to convergent sequences. An important type of theorem is called a Tauberian theorem. Here, we know that a sequence is summable. The sequence satisfies a further property that implies convergence. Borel's methods are fundamental to a whole class of sequences to function methods. The transformation gives a function that is usually analytic in a large part of the complex plane, leading to a method for analytic continuation. These methods, dated from the beginning of the 20th century, have recently found applications in some problems in theoretical physics.

Award-winning monograph of the Ferran Sunyer i Balagure Prize 1996.

This book systematically develops some methods for proving the non-vanishing of certain L-functions at points in the critical strip. Researchers in number theory, graduate students who wish to enter into the area and non-specialists who wish to acquire an introduction to the subject will benefit by a study of this book. One of the most attractive features of the monograph is that it begins at a very basic level and quickly develops enough aspects of the theory to bring the reader to a point the latest discoveries as are presented in the final chapters can be fully appreciated.