Spinors are used extensively in physics. It is widely accepted that they are more fundamental than tensors, and the easy way to see this is through the results obtained in general relativity theory by using spinors -- results that could not have been obtained by using tensor methods only.

The foundation of the concept of spinors is groups; spinors appear as representations of groups. This textbook expounds the relationship between spinors and representations of groups. As is well known, spinors and representations are both widely used in the theory of elementary particles.

The authors present the origin of spinors from representation theory, but nevertheless apply the theory of spinors to general relativity theory, and part of the book is devoted to curved space-time applications.

Based on lectures given at Ben Gurion University, this textbook is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics and mathematics, as well as being a reference for researchers.

Extending Structures: Fundamentals and Applications treats the extending structures (ES) problem in the context of groups, Lie/Leibniz algebras, associative algebras and Poisson/Jacobi algebras. This concisely written monograph offers the reader an incursion into the extending structures problem which provides a common ground for studying both the extension problem and the factorization problem. Features Provides a unified approach to the extension problem and the factorization problem Introduces the classifying complements problem as a sort of converse of the factorization problem; and in the case of groups it leads to a theoretical formula for computing the number of types of isomorphisms of all groups of finite order that arise from a minimal set of data Describes a way of classifying a certain class of finite Lie/Leibniz/Poisson/Jacobi/associative algebras etc. using flag structures Introduces new (non)abelian cohomological objects for all of the aforementioned categories As an application to the approach used for dealing with the classification part of the ES problem, the Galois groups associated with extensions of Lie algebras and associative algebras are described

To date, the theoretical development of q-calculus has rested on a non-uniform basis. Generally, the bulky Gasper-Rahman notation was used, but the published works on q-calculus looked different depending on where and by whom they were written. This confusion of tongues not only complicated the theoretical development but also contributed to q-calculus remaining a neglected mathematical field. This book overcomes these problems by introducing a new and interesting notation for q-calculus based on logarithms.For instance, q-hypergeometric functions are now visually clear and easy to trace back to their hypergeometric parents. With this new notation it is also easy to see the connection between q-hypergeometric functions and the q-gamma function, something that until now has been overlooked.

The book covers many topics on q-calculus, including special functions, combinatorics, and q-difference equations. Apart from a thorough review of the historical development of q-calculus, this book also presents the domains of modern physics for which q-calculus is applicable, such as particle physics and supersymmetry, to name just a few. "

Starting with the Zermelo-Fraenhel axiomatic set theory, this book gives a self-contained, step-by-step construction of real and complex numbers. The basic properties of real and complex numbers are developed, including a proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. Historical notes outline the evolution of the number systems and alert readers to the fact that polished mathematical concepts, as presented in lectures and books, are the culmination of the efforts of great minds over the years. The text also includes short life sketches of some of the contributing mathematicians. The book provides the logical foundation of Analysis and gives a basis to Abstract Algebra. It complements those books on real analysis which begin with axiomatic definitions of real numbers.The book can be used in various ways: as a textbook for a one semester course on the foundations of analysis for post-calculus students; for a seminar course; or self-study by school and college teachers.

The second volume of this work contains Parts 2 and 3 of the "Handbook of Coding Theory". Part 2, "Connections", is devoted to connections between coding theory and other branches of mathematics and computer science. Part 3, "Applications", deals with a variety of applications for coding.

"Oulines an array of recent work on the analytic theory and potential applications of continued fractions, linear functionals, orthogonal functions, moment theory, and integral transforms. Describes links between continued fractions. Pade approximation, special functions, and Gaussian quadrature."

Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are generalizations of the Riemann zeta function. Like the Riemann zeta function, they are Dirichlet series with analytic continuation and functional equations, having applications to analytic number theory. By contrast, these Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series may be functions of several complex variables and their groups of functional equations may be arbitrary finite Weyl groups. Furthermore, their coefficients are multiplicative up to roots of unity, generalizing the notion of Euler products. This book proves foundational results about these series and develops their combinatorics.

These interesting functions may be described as Whittaker coefficients of Eisenstein series on metaplectic groups, but this characterization doesn't readily lead to an explicit description of the coefficients. The coefficients may be expressed as sums over Kashiwara crystals, which are combinatorial analogs of characters of irreducible representations of Lie groups. For Cartan Type A, there are two distinguished descriptions, and if these are known to be equal, the analytic properties of the Dirichlet series follow. Proving the equality of the two combinatorial definitions of the Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series requires the comparison of two sums of products of Gauss sums over lattice points in polytopes. Through a series of surprising combinatorial reductions, this is accomplished.

The book includes expository material about crystals, deformations of the Weyl character formula, and the Yang-Baxter equation.

Digital Signal Processing Algorithms describes computational number theory and its applications to deriving fast algorithms for digital signal processing. It demonstrates the importance of computational number theory in the design of digital signal processing algorithms and clearly describes the nature and structure of the algorithms themselves. The book has two primary focuses: first, it establishes the properties of discrete-time sequence indices and their corresponding fast algorithms; and second, it investigates the properties of the discrete-time sequences and the corresponding fast algorithms for processing these sequences.
Digital Signal Processing Algorithms examines three of the most common computational tasks that occur in digital signal processing; namely, cyclic convolution, acyclic convolution, and discrete Fourier transformation. The application of number theory to deriving fast and efficient algorithms for these three and related computationally intensive tasks is clearly discussed and illustrated with examples.
Its comprehensive coverage of digital signal processing, computer arithmetic, and coding theory makes Digital Signal Processing Algorithms an excellent reference for practicing engineers. The authors' intent to demystify the abstract nature of number theory and the related algebra is evident throughout the text, providing clear and precise coverage of the quickly evolving field of digital signal processing.

This is an examination of number theory as it emerged in the 17th through to the 19th century, leading to an understanding of today's research problems on the basis of their historical evolution. The book introduces the reader to the mathematicians Fermat, Euler, Lagrange, Legendre and Gauss. It goes on to tackle advanced themes in this field, often dubbed the queen of mathematics.

This text aims to bridge the gap between non-mathematical popular treatments and the distinctly mathematical publications that non- mathematicians find so difficult to penetrate. The author provides understandable derivations or explanations of many key concepts, such as Kolmogrov-Sinai entropy, dimensions, Fourier analysis, and Lyapunov exponents. Only basic algebra, trigonometry, geometry and statistics are assumed as background. The author focuses on the most important topics, very much with the general scientist in mind.

Giving an easily accessible elementary introduction to the algebraic theory of quadratic forms, this book covers both Witt's theory and Pfister's theory of quadratic forms.
Leading topics include the geometry of bilinear spaces, classification of bilinear spaces up to isometry depending on the ground field, formally real fields, Pfister forms, the Witt ring of an arbitrary field (characteristic two included), prime ideals of the Witt ring, Brauer group of a field, Hasse and Witt invariants of quadratic forms, and equivalence of fields with respect to quadratic forms. Problem sections are included at the end of each chapter. There are two appendices: the first gives a treatment of Hasse and Witt invariants in the language of Steinberg symbols, and the second contains some more advanced problems in 10 groups, including the u-invariant, reduced and stable Witt rings, and Witt equivalence of fields.

Through three editions, Cryptography: Theory and Practice, has been embraced by instructors and students alike. It offers a comprehensive primer for the subject's fundamentals while presenting the most current advances in cryptography. The authors offer comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the methods and protocols that are vital to safeguarding the seemingly infinite and increasing amount of information circulating around the world. Key Features of the Fourth Edition: New chapter on the exciting, emerging new area of post-quantum cryptography (Chapter 9). New high-level, nontechnical overview of the goals and tools of cryptography (Chapter 1). New mathematical appendix that summarizes definitions and main results on number theory and algebra (Appendix A). An expanded treatment of stream ciphers, including common design techniques along with coverage of Trivium. Interesting attacks on cryptosystems, including: padding oracle attack correlation attacks and algebraic attacks on stream ciphers attack on the DUAL-EC random bit generator that makes use of a trapdoor. A treatment of the sponge construction for hash functions and its use in the new SHA-3 hash standard. Methods of key distribution in sensor networks. The basics of visual cryptography, allowing a secure method to split a secret visual message into pieces (shares) that can later be combined to reconstruct the secret. The fundamental techniques cryptocurrencies, as used in Bitcoin and blockchain. The basics of the new methods employed in messaging protocols such as Signal, including deniability and Diffie-Hellman key ratcheting.

Pencils of Cubics and Algebraic Curves in the Real Projective Plane thoroughly examines the combinatorial configurations of n generic points in RP(2). Especially how it is the data describing the mutual position of each point with respect to lines and conics passing through others. The first section in this book answers questions such as, can one count the combinatorial configurations up to the action of the symmetric group? How are they pairwise connected via almost generic configurations? These questions are addressed using rational cubics and pencils of cubics for n = 6 and 7. The book's second section deals with configurations of eight points in the convex position. Both the combinatorial configurations and combinatorial pencils are classified up to the action of the dihedral group D8. Finally, the third section contains plentiful applications and results around Hilbert's sixteenth problem. The author meticulously wrote this book based upon years of research devoted to the topic. The book is particularly useful for researchers and graduate students interested in topology, algebraic geometry and combinatorics. Features: Examines how the shape of pencils depends on the corresponding configurations of points Includes topology of real algebraic curves Contains numerous applications and results around Hilbert's sixteenth problem About the Author: Severine Fiedler-le Touze has published several papers on this topic and has been invited to present at many conferences. She holds a Ph.D. from University Rennes1 and was a post-doc at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California.

This text provides a detailed introduction to number theory, demonstrating how other areas of mathematics enter into the study of the properties of natural numbers. It contains problem sets within each section and at the end of each chapter to reinforce essential concepts, and includes up-to-date information on divisibility problems, polynomial congruence, the sums of squares and trigonometric sums.;Five or more copies may be ordered by college or university bookstores at a special price, available on application.

The first thing you will find out about this book is that it is fun to read. It is meant for the browser, as well as for the student and for the specialist wanting to know about the area. The footnotes give an historical background to the text, in addition to providing deeper applications of the concept that is being cited. This allows the browser to look more deeply into the history or to pursue a given sideline. Those who are only marginally interested in the area will be able to read the text, pick up information easily, and be entertained at the same time by the historical and philosophical digressions. It is rich in structure and motivation in its concentration upon quadratic orders.
This is not a book that is primarily about tables, although there are 80 pages of appendices that contain extensive tabular material (class numbers of real and complex quadratic fields up to 104; class group structures; fundamental units of real quadratic fields; and more!). This book is primarily a reference book and graduate student text with more than 200 exercises and a great deal of hints!
The motivation for the text is best given by a quote from the Preface of Quadratics: "There can be no stronger motivation in mathematical inquiry than the search for truth and beauty. It is this author's long-standing conviction that number theory has the best of both of these worlds. In particular, algebraic and computational number theory have reached a stage where the current state of affairs richly deserves a proper elucidation. It is this author's goal to attempt to shine the best possible light on the subject."

Bridging the gap between elementary number theory and the systematic study of advanced topics, A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory is a well-developed and accessible text that requires only a familiarity with basic abstract algebra. Historical development is stressed throughout, along with wide-ranging coverage of significant results with comparatively elementary proofs, some of them new. An extensive bibliography and many challenging exercises are also included. This second edition has been corrected and contains two new chapters which provide a complete proof of the Mordell-Weil theorem for elliptic curves over the rational numbers, and an overview of recent progress on the arithmetic of elliptic curves.

Based on talks from the 2017 and 2018 Combinatorial and Additive Number Theory (CANT) workshops at the City University of New York, these proceedings offer 17 peer-reviewed and edited papers on current topics in number theory. Held every year since 2003, the workshop series surveys state-of-the-art open problems in combinatorial and additive number theory and related parts of mathematics. Topics featured in this volume include sumsets, partitions, convex polytopes and discrete geometry, Ramsey theory, commutative algebra and discrete geometry, and applications of logic and nonstandard analysis to number theory. Each contribution is dedicated to a specific topic that reflects the latest results by experts in the field. This selection of articles will be of relevance to both researchers and graduate students interested in current progress in number theory.

Calculus in Vector Spaces addresses linear algebra from the basics to the spectral theorem and examines a range of topics in multivariable calculus. This second edition introduces, among other topics, the derivative as a linear transformation, presents linear algebra in a concrete context based on complementary ideas in calculus, and explains differential forms on Euclidean space, allowing for Green's theorem, Gauss's theorem, and Stokes's theorem to be understood in a natural setting. Mathematical analysts, algebraists, engineers, physicists, and students taking advanced calculus and linear algebra courses should find this book useful.

This book provides an introduction to four central problems in analytic number theory. These are (1) the problem of estimating the number of integerpoints in planar domains (2) the problem of the distribution of prime numbers in the sequence of all natural numbers and in arithmetic progressions (3) Goldbach's problem on sums of primes, and (4) Waring's problem on sums of k-th powers. To solve these problems, one uses the fundamental methods of analytic number theory: complex integration, I.M.Vinogradov's method of trigonometric sums, and the circle method of G.H.Hardy, J.E.Littlewood, and S.Ramanujan. There are numerous exercises at the end of each chapter. These exercises either refine the theorems proved in the text, or lead to new ideas in number theory. The author also includes a section of hints for the solution of the exercises. The mathematical prerequisites for this volume are undergraduate courses in number theroy, mathematical analysis, and complex variables. The book would be an excellent text for a one or two semester course in analytic number theory for advanced undergraduates or graduate students.

Presents a systematic study of the common zeros of polynomials in several variables which are related to higher dimensional quadrature. The author uses a new approach which is based on the recent development of orthogonal polynomials in several variables and differs significantly from the previous ones based on algebraic ideal theory. Featuring a great deal of new work, new theorems and, in many cases, new proofs, this self-contained work will be of great interest to researchers in numerical analysis, the theory of orthogonal polynomials and related subjects.

Covering important aspects of the theory of unitary representations of nuclear Lie groups, this self-contained reference presents the general theory of energy representations and addresses various extensions of path groups and algebras.;Requiring only a general knowledge of the theory of unitary representations, topological groups and elementary stochastic analysis, Noncommutative Distributions: examines a theory of noncommutative distributions as irreducible unitary representations of groups of mappings from a manifold into a Lie group, with applications to gauge-field theories; describes the energy representation when the target Lie group G is compact; discusses representations of G-valued jet bundles when G is not necessarily compact; and supplies a synthesis of deep results on quasi-simple Lie algebras.;Providing over 200 bibliographic citations, drawings, tables, and equations, Noncommutative Distributions is intended for research mathematicians and theoretical and mathematical physicists studying current algebras, the representation theory of Lie groups, and quantum field theory, and graduate students in these disciplines.

About the book In honor of Edgar Enochs and his venerable contributions to a broad range of topics in Algebra, top researchers from around the world gathered at Auburn University to report on their latest work and exchange ideas on some of today's foremost research topics. This carefully edited volume presents the refereed papers of the participants of these talks along with contributions from other veteran researchers who were unable to attend. These papers reflect many of the current topics in Abelian Groups, Commutative Algebra, Commutative Rings, Group Theory, Homological Algebra, Lie Algebras, and Module Theory. Accessible even to beginning mathematicians, many of these articles suggest problems and programs for future study. This volume is an outstanding addition to the literature and a valuable handbook for beginning as well as seasoned researchers in Algebra. about the editors H. PAT GOETERS completed his undergraduate studies in mathematics and computer science at Southern Connecticut State University and received his Ph.D. in 1984 from the University of Connecticut under the supervision of William J. Wickless. After spending one year in a post-doctoral position in Wesleyan University under the tutelage of James D. Reid, Goeters was invited for a tenure track position in Auburn University by Ulrich F. Albrecht. Soon afterwards, William Ullery and Overtoun Jenda were hired, and so began a lively Algebra group. OVERTOUN M. G. JENDA received his bachelor's degree in Mathematics from Chancellor College, the University of Malawi. He moved to the U.S. 1977 to pursue graduate studies at University of Kentucky, earning his Ph.D. in 1981 under the supervision of Professor Edgar Enochs. He then returned to Chancellor College, where he was a lecturer (assistant professor) for three years. He moved to the University of Botswana for another three-year stint as a lecturer before moving back to the University of Kentucky as a visi

This volume contains information offered at the international conference held in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. It presents the latest developments in the most active areas of abelian groups, particularly in torsion-free abelian groups.;For both researchers and graduate students, it reflects the current status of abelian group theory.;Abelian Groups discusses: finite rank Butler groups; almost completely decomposable groups; Butler groups of infinite rank; equivalence theorems for torsion-free groups; cotorsion groups; endomorphism algebras; and interactions of set theory and abelian groups.;This volume contains contributions from international experts. It is aimed at algebraists and logicians, research mathematicians, and advanced graduate students in these disciplines.

Presenting the proceedings of a recently held conference in Provo, Utah, this reference provides original research articles in several different areas of number theory, highlighting the Markoff spectrum.;Detailing the integration of geometric, algebraic, analytic and arithmetic ideas, Number Theory with an Emphasis on the Markoff Spectrum contains refereed contributions on: general problems of diophantine approximation; quadratic forms and their connections with automorphic forms; the modular group and its subgroups; continued fractions; hyperbolic geometry; and the lower part of the Markoff spectrum.;Written by over 30 authorities in the field, this book should be a useful resource for research mathematicians in harmonic analysis, number theory algebra, geometry and probability and graduate students in these disciplines.

In the modern age of almost universal computer usage, practically every individual in a technologically developed society has routine access to the most up-to-date cryptographic technology that exists, the so-called RSA public-key cryptosystem. A major component of this system is the factorization of large numbers into their primes. Thus an ancient number-theory concept now plays a crucial role in communication among millions of people who may have little or no knowledge of even elementary mathematics. The independent structure of each chapter of the book makes it highly readable for a wide variety of mathematicians, students of applied number theory, and others interested in both study and research in number theory and cryptography.