The Riemann zeta function is one of the most studied objects in mathematics, and is of fundamental importance. In this book, based on his own research, Professor Motohashi shows that the function is closely bound with automorphic forms and that many results from there can be woven with techniques and ideas from analytic number theory to yield new insights into, and views of, the zeta function itself. The story starts with an elementary but unabridged treatment of the spectral resolution of the non-Euclidean Laplacian and the trace formulas. This is achieved by the use of standard tools from analysis rather than any heavy machinery, forging a substantial aid for beginners in spectral theory as well. These ideas are then utilized to unveil an image of the zeta-function, first perceived by the author, revealing it to be the main gem of a necklace composed of all automorphic L-functions. In this book, readers will find a detailed account of one of the most fascinating stories in the development of number theory, namely the fusion of two main fields in mathematics that were previously studied separately.

A series of three symposia took place on the topic of trace formulas, each with an accompanying proceedings volume. The present volume is the third and final in this series and focuses on relative trace formulas in relation to special values of L-functions, integral representations, arithmetic cycles, theta correspondence and branching laws. The first volume focused on Arthur's trace formula, and the second volume focused on methods from algebraic geometry and representation theory. The three proceedings volumes have provided a snapshot of some of the current research, in the hope of stimulating further research on these topics. The collegial format of the symposia allowed a homogeneous set of experts to isolate key difficulties going forward and to collectively assess the feasibility of diverse approaches.

The book first explains the main properties of analytic functions in order to use them in the study of various problems in p-adic value distribution. Certain properties of p-adic transcendental numbers are examined such as order and type of transcendence, with problems on p-adic exponentials. Lazard's problem for analytic functions inside a disk is explained. P-adic meromorphics are studied. Sets of range uniqueness in a p-adic field are examined. The ultrametric Corona problem is studied. Injective analytic elements are characterized. The p-adic Nevanlinna theory is described and many applications are given: p-adic Hayman conjecture, Picard's values for derivatives, small functions, branched values, growth of entire functions, problems of uniqueness, URSCM and URSIM, functions of uniqueness, sharing value problems, Nevanlinna theory in characteristic p>0, p-adic Yosida's equation.

The challenge of dividing an asset fairly, from cakes to more important properties, is of great practical importance in many situations. Since the famous Polish school of mathematicians (Steinhaus, Banach, and Knaster) introduced and described algorithms for the fair division problem in the 1940s, the concept has been widely popularized.

This book gathers into one readable and inclusive source a comprehensive discussion of the state of the art in cake-cutting problems for both the novice and the professional. It offers a complete treatment of all cake-cutting algorithms under all the considered definitions of "fair" and presents them in a coherent, reader-friendly manner. Robertson and Webb have brought this elegant problem to life for both the bright high school student and the professional researcher.

This book, together with the companion volume, Fermat's Last Theorem: The Proof, presents in full detail the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem given by Wiles and Taylor. With these two books, the reader will be able to see the whole picture of the proof to appreciate one of the deepest achievements in the history of mathematics. Crucial arguments, including the so-called $3$-$5$ trick, $R=T$ theorem, etc., are explained in depth. The proof relies on basic background materials in number theory and arithmetic geometry, such as elliptic curves, modular forms, Galois representations, deformation rings, modular curves over the integer rings, Galois cohomology, etc. The first four topics are crucial for the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem; they are also very important as tools in studying various other problems in modern algebraic number theory. The remaining topics will be treated in the second book to be published in the same series in 2014. In order to facilitate understanding the intricate proof, an outline of the whole argument is described in the first preliminary chapter, and more details are summarised in later chapters.

The research of Jonathan Borwein has had a profound impact on optimization, functional analysis, operations research, mathematical programming, number theory, and experimental mathematics. Having authored more than a dozen books and more than 300 publications, Jonathan Borwein is one of the most productive Canadian mathematicians ever. His research spans pure, applied, and computational mathematics as well as high performance computing, and continues to have an enormous impact: MathSciNet lists more than 2500 citations by more than 1250 authors, and Borwein is one of the 250 most cited mathematicians of the period 1980-1999. He has served the Canadian Mathematics Community through his presidency (2000-02) as well as his 15 years of editing the CMS book series. Jonathan Borwein's vision and initiative have been crucial in initiating and developing several institutions that provide support for researchers with a wide range of scientific interests. A few notable examples include the Centre for Experimental and Constructive Mathematics and the IRMACS Centre at Simon Fraser University, the Dalhousie Distributed Research Institute at Dalhousie University, the Western Canada Research Grid, and the Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications, University of Newcastle. The workshops that were held over the years in Dr. Borwein's honor attracted high-caliber scientists from a wide range of mathematical fields. This present volume is an outgrowth of the workshop on 'Computational and Analytical Mathematics' held in May 2011 in celebration of Dr. Borwein's 60th Birthday. The collection contains various state-of-the-art research manuscripts and surveys presenting contributions that have risen from the conference, and is an excellent opportunity to survey state-of-the-art research and discuss promising research directions and approaches.

Number theory is an important research field of mathematics. In mathematical competitions, problems of elementary number theory occur frequently. These problems use little knowledge and have many variations. They are flexible and diverse. In this book, the author introduces some basic concepts and methods in elementary number theory via problems in mathematical competitions. Readers are encouraged to try to solve the problems by themselves before they read the given solutions of examples. Only in this way can they truly appreciate the tricks of problem-solving.

This book presents a printed testimony for the fact that George Andrews, one of the world's leading experts in partitions and q-series for the last several decades, has passed the milestone age of 80. To honor George Andrews on this occasion, the conference "Combinatory Analysis 2018" was organized at the Pennsylvania State University from June 21 to 24, 2018. This volume comprises the original articles from the Special Issue "Combinatory Analysis 2018 - In Honor of George Andrews' 80th Birthday" resulting from the conference and published in Annals of Combinatorics. In addition to the 37 articles of the Andrews 80 Special Issue, the book includes two new papers. These research contributions explore new grounds and present new achievements, research trends, and problems in the area. The volume is complemented by three special personal contributions: "The Worlds of George Andrews, a daughter's take" by Amy Alznauer, "My association and collaboration with George Andrews" by Krishna Alladi, and "Ramanujan, his Lost Notebook, its importance" by Bruce Berndt. Another aspect which gives this Andrews volume a truly unique character is the "Photos" collection. In addition to pictures taken at "Combinatory Analysis 2018", the editors selected a variety of photos, many of them not available elsewhere: "Andrews in Austria", "Andrews in China", "Andrews in Florida", "Andrews in Illinois", and "Andrews in India". This volume will be of interest to researchers, PhD students, and interested practitioners working in the area of Combinatory Analysis, q-Series, and related fields.

Students and researchers from all fields of mathematics are invited to read and treasure this special Proceedings. A conference was held 25 -29 September 2017 at Noah's On the Beach, Newcastle, Australia, to commemorate the life and work of Jonathan M. Borwein, a mathematician extraordinaire whose untimely passing in August 2016 was a sorry loss to mathematics and to so many members of its community, a loss that continues to be keenly felt. A polymath, Jonathan Borwein ranks among the most wide ranging and influential mathematicians of the last 50 years, making significant contributions to an exceptional diversity of areas and substantially expanding the use of the computer as a tool of the research mathematician. The contributions in this commemorative volume probe Dr. Borwein's ongoing legacy in areas where he did some of his most outstanding work: Applied Analysis, Optimization and Convex Functions; Mathematics Education; Financial Mathematics; plus Number Theory, Special Functions and Pi, all tinged by the double prisms of Experimental Mathematics and Visualization, methodologies he championed.

The need of optimal partition arises from many real-world problems involving the distribution of limited resources to many users. The "clustering" problem, which has recently received a lot of attention, is a special case of optimal partitioning. This book is the first attempt to collect all theoretical developments of optimal partitions, many of them derived by the authors, in an accessible place for easy reference. Much more than simply collecting the results, the book provides a general framework to unify these results and present them in an organized fashion.Many well-known practical problems of optimal partitions are dealt with. The authors show how they can be solved using the theory - or why they cannot be. These problems include: allocation of components to maximize system reliability; experiment design to identify defectives; design of circuit card library and of blood analyzer lines; abstraction of finite state machines and assignment of cache items to pages; the division of property and partition bargaining as well as touching on those well-known research areas such as scheduling, inventory, nearest neighbor assignment, the traveling salesman problem, vehicle routing, and graph partitions. The authors elucidate why the last three problems cannot be solved in the context of the theory.

This book presents a graduate student-level introduction to the classical theory of modular forms and computations involving modular forms, including modular functions and the theory of Hecke operators. It also includes applications of modular forms to such diverse subjects as the theory of quadratic forms, the proof of Fermat's last theorem and the approximation of pi. It provides a balanced overview of both the theoretical and computational sides of the subject, allowing a variety of courses to be taught from it.

Natural numbers are the oldest human invention. This book describes their nature, laws, history and current status. It has seven chapters. The first five chapters contain not only the basics of elementary number theory for the convenience of teaching and continuity of reading, but also many latest research results. The first time in history, the traditional name of the Chinese Remainder Theorem is replaced with the Qin Jiushao Theorem in the book to give him a full credit for his establishment of this famous theorem in number theory. Chapter 6 is about the fascinating congruence modulo an integer power, and Chapter 7 introduces a new problem extracted by the author from the classical problems of number theory, which is out of the combination of additive number theory and multiplicative number theory.One feature of the book is the supplementary material after each section, there by broadening the reader's knowledge and imagination. These contents either discuss the rudiments of some aspects or introduce new problems or conjectures and their extensions, such as perfect number problem, Egyptian fraction problem, Goldbach's conjecture, the twin prime conjecture, the 3x + 1 problem, Hilbert Waring problem, Euler's conjecture, Fermat's Last Theorem, Laudau's problem and etc.This book is written for anyone who loves natural numbers, and it can also be read by mathematics majors, graduate students, and researchers. The book contains many illustrations and tables. Readers can appreciate the author's sensitivity of history, broad range of knowledge, and elegant writing style, while benefiting from the classical works and great achievements of masters in number theory.

This book presents the most up-to-date and sophisticated account of the theory of Euclidean lattices and sequences of Euclidean lattices, in the framework of Arakelov geometry, where Euclidean lattices are considered as vector bundles over arithmetic curves. It contains a complete description of the theta invariants which give rise to a closer parallel with the geometric case. The author then unfolds his theory of infinite Hermitian vector bundles over arithmetic curves and their theta invariants, which provides a conceptual framework to deal with the sequences of lattices occurring in many diophantine constructions. The book contains many interesting original insights and ties to other theories. It is written with extreme care, with a clear and pleasant style, and never sacrifices accessibility to sophistication.

This monograph provides a systematic treatment of the Brauer group of schemes, from the foundational work of Grothendieck to recent applications in arithmetic and algebraic geometry. The importance of the cohomological Brauer group for applications to Diophantine equations and algebraic geometry was discovered soon after this group was introduced by Grothendieck. The Brauer-Manin obstruction plays a crucial role in the study of rational points on varieties over global fields. The birational invariance of the Brauer group was recently used in a novel way to establish the irrationality of many new classes of algebraic varieties. The book covers the vast theory underpinning these and other applications. Intended as an introduction to cohomological methods in algebraic geometry, most of the book is accessible to readers with a knowledge of algebra, algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory at graduate level. Much of the more advanced material is not readily available in book form elsewhere; notably, de Jong's proof of Gabber's theorem, the specialisation method and applications of the Brauer group to rationality questions, an in-depth study of the Brauer-Manin obstruction, and proof of the finiteness theorem for the Brauer group of abelian varieties and K3 surfaces over finitely generated fields. The book surveys recent work but also gives detailed proofs of basic theorems, maintaining a balance between general theory and concrete examples. Over half a century after Grothendieck's foundational seminars on the topic, The Brauer-Grothendieck Group is a treatise that fills a longstanding gap in the literature, providing researchers, including research students, with a valuable reference on a central object of algebraic and arithmetic geometry.

This book gathers together selected contributions presented at the 3rd Moroccan Andalusian Meeting on Algebras and their Applications, held in Chefchaouen, Morocco, April 12-14, 2018, and which reflects the mathematical collaboration between south European and north African countries, mainly France, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia and Senegal. The book is divided in three parts and features contributions from the following fields: algebraic and analytic methods in associative and non-associative structures; homological and categorical methods in algebra; and history of mathematics. Covering topics such as rings and algebras, representation theory, number theory, operator algebras, category theory, group theory and information theory, it opens up new avenues of study for graduate students and young researchers. The findings presented also appeal to anyone interested in the fields of algebra and mathematical analysis.

This book provides an introduction to state-of-the-art applications of homotopy theory to arithmetic geometry. The contributions to this volume are based on original lectures by leading researchers at the LMS-CMI Research School on 'Homotopy Theory and Arithmetic Geometry - Motivic and Diophantine Aspects' and the Nelder Fellow Lecturer Series, which both took place at Imperial College London in the summer of 2018. The contribution by Brazelton, based on the lectures by Wickelgren, provides an introduction to arithmetic enumerative geometry, the notes of Cisinski present motivic sheaves and new cohomological methods for intersection theory, and Schlank's contribution gives an overview of the use of etale homotopy theory for obstructions to the existence of rational points on algebraic varieties. Finally, the article by Asok and Ostvaer, based in part on the Nelder Fellow lecture series by Ostvaer, gives a survey of the interplay between motivic homotopy theory and affine algebraic geometry, with a focus on contractible algebraic varieties. Now a major trend in arithmetic geometry, this volume offers a detailed guide to the fascinating circle of recent applications of homotopy theory to number theory. It will be invaluable to research students entering the field, as well as postdoctoral and more established researchers.

The theory of elliptic curves is distinguished by its long history and by the diversity of the methods that have been used in its study. This book treats the arithmetic approach in its modern formulation, through the use of basic algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. Following a brief discussion of the necessary algebro-geometric results, the book proceeds with an exposition of the geometry and the formal group of elliptic curves, elliptic curves over finite fields, the complex numbers, local fields, and global fields. Final chapters deal with integral and rational points, including Siegels theorem and explicit computations for the curve Y = X + DX, while three appendices conclude the whole: Elliptic Curves in Characteristics 2 and 3, Group Cohomology, and an overview of more advanced topics.

Since their inception, the Perspectives in Logic and Lecture Notes in Logic series have published seminal works by leading logicians. Many of the original books in the series have been unavailable for years, but they are now in print once again. In this volume, the fifth publication in the Lecture Notes in Logic series, the authors give an insightful introduction to the fascinating subject of the model theory of fields, concentrating on its connections to stability theory. In the first two chapters David Marker gives an overview of the model theory of algebraically closed, real closed and differential fields. In the third chapter Anand Pillay gives a proof that there are 2 non-isomorphic countable differential closed fields. Finally, Margit Messmer gives a survey of the model theory of separably closed fields of characteristic p > 0.

This book provides the first thorough treatment of effective results and methods for Diophantine equations over finitely generated domains. Compiling diverse results and techniques from papers written in recent decades, the text includes an in-depth analysis of classical equations including unit equations, Thue equations, hyper- and superelliptic equations, the Catalan equation, discriminant equations and decomposable form equations. The majority of results are proved in a quantitative form, giving effective bounds on the sizes of the solutions. The necessary techniques from Diophantine approximation and commutative algebra are all explained in detail without requiring any specialized knowledge on the topic, enabling readers from beginning graduate students to experts to prove effective finiteness results for various further classes of Diophantine equations.

Developed from the author s popular graduate-level course, Computational Number Theory presents a complete treatment of number-theoretic algorithms. Avoiding advanced algebra, this self-contained text is designed for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in engineering. It is also suitable for researchers new to the field and practitioners of cryptography in industry.

Requiring no prior experience with number theory or sophisticated algebraic tools, the book covers many computational aspects of number theory and highlights important and interesting engineering applications. It first builds the foundation of computational number theory by covering the arithmetic of integers and polynomials at a very basic level. It then discusses elliptic curves, primality testing, algorithms for integer factorization, computing discrete logarithms, and methods for sparse linear systems. The text also shows how number-theoretic tools are used in cryptography and cryptanalysis. A dedicated chapter on the application of number theory in public-key cryptography incorporates recent developments in pairing-based cryptography.

With an emphasis on implementation issues, the book uses the freely available number-theory calculator GP/PARI to demonstrate complex arithmetic computations. The text includes numerous examples and exercises throughout and omits lengthy proofs, making the material accessible to students and practitioners.

In 1963 a schoolboy browsing in his local library stumbled across the world's greatest mathematical problem: Fermat's Last Theorem, a puzzle that every child can understand but which has baffled mathematicians for over 300 years. Aged just ten, Andrew Wiles dreamed that he would crack it. Wiles's lifelong obsession with a seemingly simple challenge set by a long-dead Frenchman is an emotional tale of sacrifice and extraordinary determination. In the end, Wiles was forced to work in secrecy and isolation for seven years, harnessing all the power of modern maths to achieve his childhood dream. Many before him had tried and failed, including a 18-century philanderer who was killed in a duel. An 18-century Frenchwoman made a major breakthrough in solving the riddle, but she had to attend maths lectures at the Ecole Polytechnique disguised as a man since women were forbidden entry to the school. A remarkable story of human endeavour and intellectual brilliance over three centuries, Fermat's Last Theorem will fascinate both specialist and general readers.

This textbook provides a rigorous analytical treatment of the theory of Maass wave forms. Readers will find this unified presentation invaluable, as it treats Maass wave forms as the central area of interest. Subjects at the cutting edge of research are explored in depth, such as Maass wave forms of real weight and the cohomology attached to Maass wave forms and transfer operators. Because Maass wave forms are given a deep exploration, this book offers an indispensable resource for those entering the field. Early chapters present a brief introduction to the theory of classical modular forms, with an emphasis on objects and results necessary to fully understand later material. Chapters 4 and 5 contain the book's main focus: L-functions and period functions associated with families of Maass wave forms. Other topics include Maass wave forms of real weight, Maass cusp forms, and weak harmonic Maass wave forms. Engaging exercises appear throughout the book, with solutions available online. On the Theory of Maass Wave Forms is ideal for graduate students and researchers entering the area. Readers in mathematical physics and other related disciplines will find this a useful reference as well. Knowledge of complex analysis, real analysis, and abstract algebra is required.

This open access textbook presents a comprehensive treatment of the arithmetic theory of quaternion algebras and orders, a subject with applications in diverse areas of mathematics. Written to be accessible and approachable to the graduate student reader, this text collects and synthesizes results from across the literature. Numerous pathways offer explorations in many different directions, while the unified treatment makes this book an essential reference for students and researchers alike. Divided into five parts, the book begins with a basic introduction to the noncommutative algebra underlying the theory of quaternion algebras over fields, including the relationship to quadratic forms. An in-depth exploration of the arithmetic of quaternion algebras and orders follows. The third part considers analytic aspects, starting with zeta functions and then passing to an idelic approach, offering a pathway from local to global that includes strong approximation. Applications of unit groups of quaternion orders to hyperbolic geometry and low-dimensional topology follow, relating geometric and topological properties to arithmetic invariants. Arithmetic geometry completes the volume, including quaternionic aspects of modular forms, supersingular elliptic curves, and the moduli of QM abelian surfaces. Quaternion Algebras encompasses a vast wealth of knowledge at the intersection of many fields. Graduate students interested in algebra, geometry, and number theory will appreciate the many avenues and connections to be explored. Instructors will find numerous options for constructing introductory and advanced courses, while researchers will value the all-embracing treatment. Readers are assumed to have some familiarity with algebraic number theory and commutative algebra, as well as the fundamentals of linear algebra, topology, and complex analysis. More advanced topics call upon additional background, as noted, though essential concepts and motivation are recapped throughout.

Growing out of a course designed to teach Gauss's Disquisitiones Arithmeticae to honors-level undergraduates, Flath's Introduction to Number Theory focuses on Gauss's theory of binary quadratic forms. It is suitable for use as a textbook in a course or self-study by advanced undergraduates or graduate students who possess a basic familiarity with abstract algebra. The text treats a variety of topics from elementary number theory including the distribution of primes, sums of squares, continued factions, the Legendre, Jacobi and Kronecker symbols, the class group and genera. But the focus is on quadratic reciprocity (several proofs are given including one that highlights the $p - q$ symmetry) and binary quadratic forms. The reader will come away with a good understanding of what Gauss intended in the Disquisitiones and Dirichlet in his Vorlesungen. The text also includes a lovely appendix by J. P. Serre titled $\Delta = b^2 - 4ac$. The clarity of the author's vision is matched by the clarity of his exposition. This is a book that reveals the discovery of the quadratic core of algebraic number theory. It should be on the desk of every instructor of introductory number theory as a source of inspiration, motivation, examples, and historical insight.

Based on talks from the 2017 and 2018 Combinatorial and Additive Number Theory (CANT) workshops at the City University of New York, these proceedings offer 17 peer-reviewed and edited papers on current topics in number theory. Held every year since 2003, the workshop series surveys state-of-the-art open problems in combinatorial and additive number theory and related parts of mathematics. Topics featured in this volume include sumsets, partitions, convex polytopes and discrete geometry, Ramsey theory, commutative algebra and discrete geometry, and applications of logic and nonstandard analysis to number theory. Each contribution is dedicated to a specific topic that reflects the latest results by experts in the field. This selection of articles will be of relevance to both researchers and graduate students interested in current progress in number theory.