This basic introduction to number theory is ideal for those with no previous knowledge of the subject. The main topics of divisibility, congruences, and the distribution of prime numbers are covered. Of particular interest is the inclusion of a proof for one of the most famous results in mathematics, the prime number theorem. With many examples and exercises, and only requiring knowledge of a little calculus and algebra, this book will suit individuals with imagination and interest in following a mathematical argument to its conclusion.

We dedicate this volume to Professor Parimala on the occasion of her 60th birthday. It contains a variety of papers related to the themes of her research. Parimala's rst striking result was a counterexample to a quadratic analogue of Serre's conjecture (Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 1976). Her in uence has cont- ued through her tenure at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai (1976-2006),and now her time at Emory University in Atlanta (2005-present). A conference was held from 30 December 2008 to 4 January 2009, at the U- versity of Hyderabad, India, to celebrate Parimala's 60th birthday (see the conf- ence's Web site at http://mathstat.uohyd.ernet.in/conf/quadforms2008). The or- nizing committee consisted of J.-L. Colliot-Thel ' en ' e, Skip Garibaldi, R. Sujatha, and V. Suresh. The present volume is an outcome of this event. We would like to thank all the participants of the conference, the authors who have contributed to this volume, and the referees who carefully examined the s- mitted papers. We would also like to thank Springer-Verlag for readily accepting to publish the volume. In addition, the other three editors of the volume would like to place on record their deep appreciation of Skip Garibaldi's untiring efforts toward the nal publication.

This self-contained text presents quantum mechanics from the point of view of some computational examples with a mixture of mathematical clarity often not found in texts offering only a purely physical point of view. Emphasis is placed on the systematic application of the Nikiforov-- Uvarov theory of generalized hypergeometric differential equations to solve the Schr"dinger equation and to obtain the quantization of energies from a single unified point of view.

It is gratifying that this textbook is still sufficiently popular to warrant a third edition. I have used the opportunity to improve and enlarge the book. When the second edition was prepared, only two pages on algebraic geometry codes were added. These have now been removed and replaced by a relatively long chapter on this subject. Although it is still only an introduction, the chapter requires more mathematical background of the reader than the remainder of this book. One of the very interesting recent developments concerns binary codes defined by using codes over the alphabet 7l.4 There is so much interest in this area that a chapter on the essentials was added. Knowledge of this chapter will allow the reader to study recent literature on 7l. -codes. 4 Furthermore, some material has been added that appeared in my Springer Lec ture Notes 201, but was not included in earlier editions of this book, e. g. Generalized Reed-Solomon Codes and Generalized Reed-Muller Codes. In Chapter 2, a section on "Coding Gain" ( the engineer's justification for using error-correcting codes) was added. For the author, preparing this third edition was a most welcome return to mathematics after seven years of administration. For valuable discussions on the new material, I thank C.P.l.M.Baggen, I. M.Duursma, H.D.L.Hollmann, H. C. A. van Tilborg, and R. M. Wilson. A special word of thanks to R. A. Pellikaan for his assistance with Chapter 10."

This text originated as a lecture delivered November 20, 1984, at Queen's University, in the undergraduate colloquium senes. In another colloquium lecture, my colleague Morris Orzech, who had consulted the latest edition of the Guinness Book of Records, reminded me very gently that the most "innumerate" people of the world are of a certain trible in Mato Grosso, Brazil. They do not even have a word to express the number "two" or the concept of plurality. "Yes, Morris, I'm from Brazil, but my book will contain numbers different from *one.''' He added that the most boring 800-page book is by two Japanese mathematicians (whom I'll not name) and consists of about 16 million decimal digits of the number Te. "I assure you, Morris, that in spite of the beauty of the appar ent randomness of the decimal digits of Te, I'll be sure that my text will include also some words." And then I proceeded putting together the magic combina tion of words and numbers, which became The Book of Prime Number Records. If you have seen it, only extreme curiosity could impel you to have this one in your hands. The New Book of Prime Number Records differs little from its predecessor in the general planning. But it contains new sections and updated records.

This English translation of Karatsuba's Basic Analytic Number Theory follows closely the second Russian edition, published in Moscow in 1983. For the English edition, the author has considerably rewritten Chapter I, and has corrected various typographical and other minor errors throughout the the text. August, 1991 Melvyn B. Nathanson Introduction to the English Edition It gives me great pleasure that Springer-Verlag is publishing an English trans lation of my book. In the Soviet Union, the primary purpose of this monograph was to introduce mathematicians to the basic results and methods of analytic number theory, but the book has also been increasingly used as a textbook by graduate students in many different fields of mathematics. I hope that the English edition will be used in the same ways. I express my deep gratitude to Professor Melvyn B. Nathanson for his excellent translation and for much assistance in correcting errors in the original text. A.A. Karatsuba Introduction to the Second Russian Edition Number theory is the study of the properties of the integers. Analytic number theory is that part of number theory in which, besides purely number theoretic arguments, the methods of mathematical analysis play an essential role."

Award-winning monograph of the Ferran Sunyer i Balaguer Prize 2001. Subgroup growth studies the distribution of subgroups of finite index in a group as a function of the index. In the last two decades this topic has developed into one of the most active areas of research in infinite group theory; this book is a systematic and comprehensive account of the substantial theory which has emerged. As well as determining the range of possible 'growth types', for finitely generated groups in general and for groups in particular classes such as linear groups, a main focus of the book is on the tight connection between the subgroup growth of a group and its algebraic structure. A wide range of mathematical disciplines play a significant role in this work: as well as various aspects of infinite group theory, these include finite simple groups and permutation groups, profinite groups, arithmetic groups and Strong Approximation, algebraic and analytic number theory, probability, and p-adic model theory. Relevant aspects of such topics are explained in self-contained 'windows'.

A relaxed and informal presentation conveying the joy of mathematical discovery and insight. Frequent questions lead readers to see mathematics as an accessible world of thought, where understanding can turn opaque formulae into beautiful and meaningful ideas. The text presents eight topics that illustrate the unity of mathematical thought as well as the diversity of mathematical ideas. Drawn from both "pure" and "applied" mathematics, they include: spirals in nature and in mathematics; the modern topic of fractals and the ancient topic of Fibonacci numbers; Pascals Triangle and paper folding; modular arithmetic and the arithmetic of the infinite. The final chapter presents some ideas about how mathematics should be done, and hence, how it should be taught. Presenting many recent discoveries that lead to interesting open questions, the book can serve as the main text in courses dealing with contemporary mathematical topics or as enrichment for other courses. It can also be read with pleasure by anyone interested in the intellectually intriguing aspects of mathematics.

A pro-p group is the inverse limit of some system of finite p-groups, that is, of groups of prime-power order where the prime - conventionally denoted p - is fixed. Thus from one point of view, to study a pro-p group is the same as studying an infinite family of finite groups; but a pro-p group is also a compact topological group, and the compactness works its usual magic to bring 'infinite' problems down to manageable proportions. The p-adic integers appeared about a century ago, but the systematic study of pro-p groups in general is a fairly recent development. Although much has been dis covered, many avenues remain to be explored; the purpose of this book is to present a coherent account of the considerable achievements of the last several years, and to point the way forward. Thus our aim is both to stimulate research and to provide the comprehensive background on which that research must be based. The chapters cover a wide range. In order to ensure the most authoritative account, we have arranged for each chapter to be written by a leading contributor (or contributors) to the topic in question. Pro-p groups appear in several different, though sometimes overlapping, contexts."

The articles in this volume are an outgrowth of an International Confer- ence in Intersection Theory that took place in Bologna, Italy (December 1997). In a somewhat unorthodox format aimed at both the mathematical community as well as summer school students, talks were research-oriented as well as partly expository. There were four series of expository talks by the following people: M. Brion, University of Grenoble, on Equivariant Chow groups and applications; H. Flenner, University of Bochum, on Joins and intersections; E. M. Friedlander, Northwestern University, on Intersection products for spaces of algebraic cycles; R. Laterveer, University of Strasbourg, on Bigraded Chow (co)homology. Four introductory papers cover the following topics and bring the reader to the forefront of research: 1) the excess intersection algorithm of Stuckrad and Vogel, combined with the deformation to the normal cone, together with many of its geo- metric applications; 2) new and very important homotopy theory techniques that are now used in intersection theory; 3) the Bloch-Beilinson filtration and the theory of motives; 4) algebraic stacks, the modern language of moduli theory. Other research articles concern such active fields as stable maps and Gromov-Witten invariants, deformation theory of complex varieties, and others. Organizers of the conference were Rudiger Achilles, Mirella Manaresi, and Angelo Vistoli, all from the University of Bologna; the scientific com- mittee consisted of Geir Ellingsrud, University of Oslo, William Fulton, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and Angelo Vistoli. The conference was financed by the European Union (contract no.

The present manuscript is an improved edition of a text that first appeared under the same title in Bonner Mathematische Schriften, no.26, and originated from a series of lectures given by the author in 1965/66 in Wolfgang Krull's seminar in Bonn. Its main goal is to provide the reader, acquainted with the basics of algebraic number theory, a quick and immediate access to class field theory. This script consists of three parts, the first of which discusses the cohomology of finite groups. The second part discusses local class field theory, and the third part concerns the class field theory of finite algebraic number fields.

This book is divided into two parts. The first part is preliminary and consists of algebraic number theory and the theory of semisimple algebras. There are two principal topics: classification of quadratic forms and quadratic Diophantine equations. The second topic is a new framework which contains the investigation of Gauss on the sums of three squares as a special case. To make the book concise, the author proves some basic theorems in number theory only in some special cases. However, the book is self-contained when the base field is the rational number field, and the main theorems are stated with an arbitrary number field as the base field. So the reader familiar with class field theory will be able to learn the arithmetic theory of quadratic forms with no further references.

The aim of this book is to illustrate by significant special examples three aspects of the theory of Diophantine approximations: the formal relationships that exist between counting processes and the functions entering the theory; the determination of these functions for numbers given as classical numbers; and certain asymptotic estimates holding almost everywhere.
Each chapter works out a special case of a much broader general theory, as yet unknown. Indications for this are given throughout the book, together with reference to current publications. The book may be used in a course in number theory, whose students will thus be put in contact with interesting but accessible problems on the ground floor of mathematics.

This book has grown out of a course of lectures on elliptic functions, given in German, at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, during the summer semester of 1982. Its aim is to give some idea of the theory of elliptic functions, and of its close connexion with theta-functions and modular functions, and to show how it provides an analytic approach to the solution of some classical problems in the theory of numbers. It comprises eleven chapters. The first seven are function-theoretic, and the next four concern arithmetical applications. There are Notes at the end of every chapter, which contain references to the literature, comments on the text, and on the ramifications, old and new, of the problems dealt with, some of them extending into cognate fields. The treatment is self-contained, and makes no special demand on the reader's knowledge beyond the elements of complex analysis in one variable, and of group theory.

Sphere Packings is one of the most attractive and challenging subjects in mathematics. Almost 4 centuries ago, Kepler studied the densities of sphere packings and made his famous conjecture. In the course of centuries, many exciting results have been obtained, ingenious methods created, related challenging problems proposed, and many surprising connections with othe subjects found. Thus, though some of its original problems are still open, sphere packings has been developed into an important discipline. This book tries to give a full account of this fascinating subject, especially its local aspects, discrete aspects and its proof methods.

Torsors, also known as principal bundles or principal homogeneous spaces, are ubiquitous in mathematics. The purpose of this book is to present expository lecture notes and cutting-edge research papers on the theory and applications of torsors and etale homotopy, all written from different perspectives by leading experts. Part one of the book contains lecture notes on recent uses of torsors in geometric invariant theory and representation theory, plus an introduction to the etale homotopy theory of Artin and Mazur. Part two of the book features a milestone paper on the etale homotopy approach to the arithmetic of rational points. Furthermore, the reader will find a collection of research articles on algebraic groups and homogeneous spaces, rational and K3 surfaces, geometric invariant theory, rational points, descent and the Brauer-Manin obstruction. Together, these give a state-of-the-art view of a broad area at the crossroads of number theory and algebraic geometry.

This volume contains the original lecture notes presented by A. Weil in which the concept of adeles was first introduced, in conjunction with various aspects of C.L. Siegel's work on quadratic forms. Serving as an introduction to the subject, these notes may also provide stimulation for further research.

The plan of this book had its inception in a course of lectures on arithmetical functions given by me in the summer of 1964 at the Forschungsinstitut fUr Mathematik of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, at the invitation of Professor Beno Eckmann. My Introduction to Analytic Number Theory has appeared in the meanwhile, and this book may be looked upon as a sequel. It presupposes only a modicum of acquaintance with analysis and number theory. The arithmetical functions considered here are those associated with the distribution of prime numbers, as well as the partition function and the divisor function. Some of the problems posed by their asymptotic behaviour form the theme. They afford a glimpse of the variety of analytical methods used in the theory, and of the variety of problems that await solution. I owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Carl Ludwig Siegel, who has read the book in manuscript and given me the benefit of his criticism. I have improved the text in several places in response to his comments. I must thank Professor Raghavan Narasimhan for many stimulating discussions, and Mr. Henri Joris for the valuable assistance he has given me in checking the manuscript and correcting the proofs. K. Chandrasekharan July 1970 Contents Chapter I The prime number theorem and Selberg's method 1. Selberg's fonnula . . . . . . 1 2. A variant of Selberg's formula 6 12 3. Wirsing's inequality . . . . . 17 4. The prime number theorem. ."

The book introduces new techniques that imply rigorous lower bounds on the com plexity of some number-theoretic and cryptographic problems. It also establishes certain attractive pseudorandom properties of various cryptographic primitives. These methods and techniques are based on bounds of character sums and num bers of solutions of some polynomial equations over finite fields and residue rings. Other number theoretic techniques such as sieve methods and lattice reduction algorithms are used as well. The book also contains a number of open problems and proposals for further research. The emphasis is on obtaining unconditional rigorously proved statements. The bright side of this approach is that the results do not depend on any assumptions or conjectures. On the downside, the results are much weaker than those which are widely believed to be true. We obtain several lower bounds, exponential in terms of logp, on the degrees and orders of o polynomials; o algebraic functions; o Boolean functions; o linear recurrence sequences; coinciding with values of the discrete logarithm modulo a prime p at sufficiently many points (the number of points can be as small as pI/2+O: ). These functions are considered over the residue ring modulo p and over the residue ring modulo an arbitrary divisor d of p - 1. The case of d = 2 is of special interest since it corresponds to the representation of the rightmost bit of the discrete logarithm and defines whether the argument is a quadratic residue."

Elliptic cohomology is an extremely beautiful theory with both geometric and arithmetic aspects. The former is explained by the fact that the theory is a quotient of oriented cobordism localised away from 2, the latter by the fact that the coefficients coincide with a ring of modular forms. The aim of the book is to construct this cohomology theory, and evaluate it on classifying spaces BG of finite groups G. This class of spaces is important, since (using ideas borrowed from 'Monstrous Moonshine') it is possible to give a bundle-theoretic definition of EU-(BG). Concluding chapters also discuss variants, generalisations and potential applications.

The aim of this book is to serve both as an introduction to profinite groups and as a reference for specialists in some areas of the theory. The book is reasonably self-contained. Profinite groups are Galois groups. As such they are of interest in algebraic number theory. Much of recent research on abstract infinite groups is related to profinite groups because residually finite groups are naturally embedded in a profinite group. In addition to basic facts about general profinite groups, the book emphasizes free constructions (particularly free profinite groups and the structure of their subgroups). Homology and cohomology is described with a minimum of prerequisites.

This second edition contains three new appendices dealing with a new characterization of free profinite groups, presentations of pro-p groups and a new conceptually simpler approach to the proof of some classical subgroup theorems. Throughout the text there are additions in the form of new results, improved proofs, typographical corrections, and an enlarged bibliography. The list of open questions has been updated; comments and references have been added about those previously open problems that have been solved after the first edition appeared.

In 1995, Andrew Wiles completed a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Although this was certainly a great mathematical feat, one shouldn't dismiss earlier attempts made by mathematicians and clever amateurs to solve the problem. In this book, aimed at amateurs curious about the history of the subject, the author restricts his attention exclusively to elementary methods that have produced rich results.

Neal Koblitz was a student of Nicholas M. Katz, under whom he received his Ph.D. in mathematics at Princeton in 1974. He spent the year 1974 -75 and the spring semester 1978 in Moscow, where he did research in p -adic analysis and also translated Yu. I. Manin's "Course in Mathematical Logic" (GTM 53). He taught at Harvard from 1975 to 1979, and since 1979 has been at the University of Washington in Seattle. He has published papers in number theory, algebraic geometry, and p-adic analysis, and he is the author of "p-adic Analysis: A Short Course on Recent Work" (Cambridge University Press and GTM 97: "Introduction to Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms (Springer-Verlag).

Lectures: A. Auslander, R. Tolimeri: Nilpotent groups and abelian varieties.- M Cowling: Unitary and uniformly bounded representations of some simple Lie groups.- M. Duflo: Construction de representations unitaires d un groupe de Lie.- R. Howe: On a notion of rank for unitary representations of the classical groups.- V.S. Varadarajan: Eigenfunction expansions of semisimple Lie groups.- R. Zimmer: Ergodic theory, group representations and rigidity.- Seminars: A. Koranyi: Some applications of Gelfand pairs in classical analysis.