Quantum computers will break today's most popular public-key cryptographic systems, including RSA, DSA, and ECDSA. This book introduces the reader to the next generation of cryptographic algorithms, the systems that resist quantum-computer attacks: in particular, post-quantum public-key encryption systems and post-quantum public-key signature systems.

Leading experts have joined forces for the first time to explain the state of the art in quantum computing, hash-based cryptography, code-based cryptography, lattice-based cryptography, and multivariate cryptography. Mathematical foundations and implementation issues are included.

This book is an essential resource for students and researchers who want to contribute to the field of post-quantum cryptography.

From the reviews "This book gives a thorough introduction to several theories that are fundamental to research on modular forms. Most of the material, despite its importance, had previously been unavailable in textbook form. Complete and readable proofs are given... In conclusion, this book is a welcome addition to the literature for the growing number of students and mathematicians in other fields who want to understand the recent developments in the theory of modular forms."
#"Mathematical Reviews"#
"This book will certainly be indispensable to all those wishing to get an up-to-date initiation to the theory of modular forms."
#"Publicationes Mathematicae"#

From the reviews: "This is a textbook in cryptography with emphasis on algebraic methods. It is supported by many exercises (with answers) making it appropriate for a course in mathematics or computer science. ...] Overall, this is an excellent expository text, and will be very useful to both the student and researcher." Mathematical Reviews

The problem of representing an integer as a sum of squares of integers is one of the oldest and most significant in mathematics. It goes back at least 2000 years to Diophantus, and continues more recently with the works of Fermat, Euler, Lagrange, Jacobi, Glaisher, Ramanujan, Hardy, Mordell, Andrews, and others. Jacobi's elliptic function approach dates from his epic Fundamenta Nova of 1829. Here, the author employs his combinatorial/elliptic function methods to derive many infinite families of explicit exact formulas involving either squares or triangular numbers, two of which generalize Jacobi's (1829) 4 and 8 squares identities to 4n2 or 4n(n+1) squares, respectively, without using cusp forms such as those of Glaisher or Ramanujan for 16 and 24 squares. These results depend upon new expansions for powers of various products of classical theta functions. This is the first time that infinite families of non-trivial exact explicit formulas for sums of squares have been found. The author derives his formulas by utilizing combinatorics to combine a variety of methods and observations from the theory of Jacobi elliptic functions, continued fractions, Hankel or Turanian determinants, Lie algebras, Schur functions, and multiple basic hypergeometric series related to the classical groups. His results (in Theorem 5.19) generalize to separate infinite families each of the 21 of Jacobi's explicitly stated degree 2, 4, 6, 8 Lambert series expansions of classical theta functions in sections 40-42 of the Fundamental Nova. The author also uses a special case of his methods to give a derivation proof of the two Kac and Wakimoto (1994) conjectured identities concerning representations of a positive integer by sums of 4n2 or 4n(n+1) triangular numbers, respectively. These conjectures arose in the study of Lie algebras and have also recently been proved by Zagier using modular forms. George Andrews says in a preface of this book, `This impressive work will undoubtedly spur others both in elliptic functions and in modular forms to build on these wonderful discoveries.' Audience: This research monograph on sums of squares is distinguished by its diversity of methods and extensive bibliography. It contains both detailed proofs and numerous explicit examples of the theory. This readable work will appeal to both students and researchers in number theory, combinatorics, special functions, classical analysis, approximation theory, and mathematical physics.

This book reflects the progress made in the forty years since the appearance of Abraham Robinson 's revolutionary book Nonstandard Analysis in the foundations of mathematics and logic, number theory, statistics and probability, in ordinary, partial and stochastic differential equations and in education. The contributions are clear and essentially self-contained.

This edition has been called startlingly up-to-date, and in this corrected second printing you can be sure that it 's even more contemporaneous. It surveys from a unified point of view both the modern state and the trends of continuing development in various branches of number theory. Illuminated by elementary problems, the central ideas of modern theories are laid bare. Some topics covered include non-Abelian generalizations of class field theory, recursive computability and Diophantine equations, zeta- and L-functions. This substantially revised and expanded new edition contains several new sections, such as Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, and relevant techniques coming from a synthesis of various theories.

The main theme of this book is the theory of heights as they appear in various guises. This includes a large body of results on Mahlers measure of the height of a polynomial. The authors'approach is very down to earth as they cover the rationals, assuming no prior knowledge of elliptic curves. The chapters include examples and particular computations, with all special calculation included so as to be self-contained. The authors devote space to discussing Mahlers measure and to giving some convincing and original examples to explain this phenomenon. XXXXXXX NEUER TEXT The main theme of this book is the theory of heights as it appears in various guises. To this End.txt.Int.:, it examines the results of Mahlers measure of the height of a polynomial, which have never before appeared in book form. The authors take a down-to-earth approach that includes convincing and original examples. The book uncovers new and interesting connections between number theory and dynamics and will be interesting to researchers in both number theory and nonlinear dynamics."

Compared to other popular math books, there is more algebraic manipulation, and more applications of algebra in number theory and geometry

Presents an exciting variety of topics to motivate beginning students

May be used as an introductory course or as background reading

An elegantly dramatized and illustrated dialog on the square root of two and the whole concept of irrational numbers.

This impressive volume is dedicated to Mel Nathanson, a leading authoritative expert for several decades in the area of combinatorial and additive number theory. For several decades, Mel Nathanson's seminal ideas and results in combinatorial and additive number theory have influenced graduate students and researchers alike. The invited survey articles in this volume reflect the work of distinguished mathematicians in number theory, and represent a wide range of important topics in current research.

This volume begins with a description of Alladi Ramakrishnan's remarkable scientific career and his grand vision that led to the creation of The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (MATSCIENCE), in Madras (now Chennai), India, in 1962. The lists of his research publications, his PhD students, and other relevant facts relating to his eventful career are included. The inclusion of both research and survey articles by leading mathematicians, statisticians, and physicists who got to know Alladi Ramakrishnan over the years and admired his significant contributions to research and to the scientific profession, have been written and dedicated in this volume to Ramakrishnan's memory.

We dedicate this volume to Professor Parimala on the occasion of her 60th birthday. It contains a variety of papers related to the themes of her research. Parimala's rst striking result was a counterexample to a quadratic analogue of Serre's conjecture (Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 1976). Her in uence has cont- ued through her tenure at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai (1976-2006),and now her time at Emory University in Atlanta (2005-present). A conference was held from 30 December 2008 to 4 January 2009, at the U- versity of Hyderabad, India, to celebrate Parimala's 60th birthday (see the conf- ence's Web site at http://mathstat.uohyd.ernet.in/conf/quadforms2008). The or- nizing committee consisted of J.-L. Colliot-Thel ' en ' e, Skip Garibaldi, R. Sujatha, and V. Suresh. The present volume is an outcome of this event. We would like to thank all the participants of the conference, the authors who have contributed to this volume, and the referees who carefully examined the s- mitted papers. We would also like to thank Springer-Verlag for readily accepting to publish the volume. In addition, the other three editors of the volume would like to place on record their deep appreciation of Skip Garibaldi's untiring efforts toward the nal publication.

This book is divided into two parts. The first part is preliminary and consists of algebraic number theory and the theory of semisimple algebras. There are two principal topics: classification of quadratic forms and quadratic Diophantine equations. The second topic is a new framework which contains the investigation of Gauss on the sums of three squares as a special case. To make the book concise, the author proves some basic theorems in number theory only in some special cases. However, the book is self-contained when the base field is the rational number field, and the main theorems are stated with an arbitrary number field as the base field. So the reader familiar with class field theory will be able to learn the arithmetic theory of quadratic forms with no further references.

Bringing the material up to date to reflect modern applications, Algebraic Number Theory, Second Edition has been completely rewritten and reorganized to incorporate a new style, methodology, and presentation. This edition focuses on integral domains, ideals, and unique factorization in the first chapter; field extensions in the second chapter; and class groups in the third chapter. Applications are now collected in chapter four and at the end of chapter five, where primality testing is highlighted as an application of the Kronecker-Weber theorem. In chapter five, the sections on ideal decomposition in number fields have been more evenly distributed. The final chapter continues to cover reciprocity laws. New to the Second Edition * Reorganization of all chapters * More complete and involved treatment of Galois theory * A study of binary quadratic forms and a comparison of the ideal and form class groups * More comprehensive section on Pollard's cubic factoring algorithm * More detailed explanations of proofs, with less reliance on exercises, to provide a sound understanding of challenging material The book includes mini-biographies of notable mathematicians, convenient cross-referencing, a comprehensive index, and numerous exercises. The appendices present an overview of all the concepts used in the main text, an overview of sequences and series, the Greek alphabet with English transliteration, and a table of Latin phrases and their English equivalents. Suitable for a one-semester course, this accessible, self-contained text offers broad, in-depth coverage of numerous applications. Readers are lead at a measured pace through the topics to enable a clear understanding of the pinnacles of algebraic number theory.

This volume mainly deals with the dynamics of finitely valued sequences, and more specifically, of sequences generated by substitutions and automata. Those sequences demonstrate fairly simple combinatorical and arithmetical properties and naturally appear in various domains. As the title suggests, the aim of the initial version of this book was the spectral study of the associated dynamical systems: the first chapters consisted in a detailed introduction to the mathematical notions involved, and the description of the spectral invariants followed in the closing chapters.

This approach, combined with new material added to the new edition, results in a nearly self-contained book on the subject. New tools - which have also proven helpful in other contexts - had to be developed for this study. Moreover, its findings can be concretely applied, the method providing an algorithm to exhibit the spectral measures and the spectral multiplicity, as is demonstrated in several examples. Beyond this advanced analysis, many readers will benefit from the introductory chapters on the spectral theory of dynamical systems; others will find complements on the spectral study of bounded sequences; finally, a very basic presentation of substitutions, together with some recent findings and questions, rounds out the book.

Since its publication, C.F. Gauss's Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1801) has acquired an almost mythical reputation, standing as an ideal of exposition in notation, problems and methods; as a model of organisation and theory building; and as a source of mathematical inspiration. Eighteen authors - mathematicians, historians, philosophers - have collaborated in this volume to assess the impact of the Disquisitiones, in the two centuries since its publication.

The relation between mathematics and physics has a long history, in which the role of number theory and of other more abstract parts of mathematics has recently become more prominent.

More than ten years after a first meeting in 1989 between number theorists and physicists at the Centre de Physique des Houches, a second 2-week event focused on the broader interface of number theory, geometry, and physics.

This book is the result of that exciting meeting, and collects, in 2 volumes, extended versions of the lecture courses, followed by shorter texts on special topics, of eminent mathematicians and physicists.

The present volume has three parts: Random matrices, Zeta functions, Dynamical systems.

The companion volume is subtitled: On Conformal Field Theories, Discrete Groups and Renormalization and will be published in 2006 (Springer, 3-540-30307-3).

The relation between mathematics and physics has a long history, in which the role of number theory and of other more abstract parts of mathematics has recently become more prominent.

More than ten years after a first meeting in 1989 between number theorists and physicists at the Centre de Physique des Houches, a second 2-week event focused on the broader interface of number theory, geometry, and physics.

This book is the result of that exciting meeting, and collects, in 2 volumes, extended versions of the lecture courses, followed by shorter texts on special topics, of eminent mathematicians and physicists.

The present volume has three parts: Conformal Field Theories, Discrete Groups, Renomalization.

The companion volume is subtitled: On Random Matrices, Zeta Functions and Dynamical Systems (Springer, 3-540-23189-7).

In today's extensively wired world, cryptology is vital for guarding communication channels, databases, and software from intruders. Increased processing and communications speed, rapidly broadening access and multiplying storage capacity tend to make systems less secure over time, and security becomes a race against the relentless creativity of the unscrupulous. The revised and extended third edition of this classic reference work on cryptology offers a wealth of new technical and biographical details. The book presupposes only elementary mathematical knowledge. Spiced with exciting, amusing, and sometimes personal accounts from the history of cryptology, it will interest general a broad readership.

In the Riemann zeta function ?(s), the non-real zeros or Riemann zeros, denoted ?, play an essential role mainly in number theory, and thereby g- erate considerable interest. However, they are very elusive objects. Thus, no individual zero has an analytically known location; and the Riemann - pothesis, which states that all those zeros should lie on the critical line, i.e., 1 haverealpart, haschallengedmathematicianssince1859(exactly150years 2 ago). For analogous symmetric sets of numbers{v}, such as the roots of a k polynomial, the eigenvalues of a ?nite or in?nite matrix, etc., it is well known that symmetric functions of the{v} tend to have more accessible properties k than the individual elements v . And, we ?nd the largest wealth of explicit k properties to occur in the (generalized) zeta functions of the generic form 's Zeta(s, a)= (v ]a) k k (with the extra option of replacing v here by selected functions f(v )). k k Not surprisingly, then, zeta functions over the Riemann zeros have been considered, some as early as 1917.What is surprising is how small the lite- ture on those zeta functions has remained overall.We were able to spot them in barely a dozen research articles over the whole twentieth century and in none ofthebooks featuring the Riemannzeta function. So the domainexists, but it has remained largely con?dential and sporadically covered, in spite of a recent surge of interest. Could it then be that those zeta functions have few or uninteresting pr- erties?Inactualfact, theirstudyyieldsanabundanceofquiteexplicitresu

What is the "most uniform" way of distributing n points in the unit square? How big is the "irregularity" necessarily present in any such distribution? This book is an accessible and lively introduction to the area of geometric discrepancy theory, with numerous exercises and illustrations. In separate, more specialized parts, it also provides a comprehensive guide to recent research.

The 8th International Conference on Cryptology and Network Security (CANS 2009) was held at the Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art in Kanazawa, Japan, during December 12-14, 2009. The conference was jointly co-organized by the NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology(AIST), Japan, and the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST). In ad- tion, the event was supported by the Special Interest Group on Computer Se- rity (CSEC), IPSJ, Japan, the Japan Technical Group on Information Security (ISEC), IEICE, the Japan Technical Committee on Information and Com- nication System Security(ICSS), IEICE, and the Society of Information Theory and its Applications (SITA), Japan, and co-sponsored by the National Ins- tute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan, ComWorth Co., LTD, Japan, Hitachi, Ltd., Hokuriku Telecommunication Network Co., Inc., and Internet Initiative Japan Inc. The conference received 109 submissions from 24 countries, out of which 32 were accepted for publication in these proceedings. At least three Program Committee (PC) members reviewed each submitted paper, while submissions co-authored by a PC member were submitted to the more stringent evaluation of ?ve PC members. In addition to the PC members, many external reviewers joinedthereviewprocessintheirparticularareasofexpertise. Wewerefortunate to have this energetic team of experts, and are deeply grateful to all of them for their hard work, which included a very active discussion phase-almost as long as the initial individual reviewing period. The paper submission, review and discussion processes were e?ectively and e?ciently made possible by the Web-based system iChair.

In the last ?fteen years two seemingly unrelated problems, one in computer science and the other in measure theory, were solved by amazingly similar techniques from representation theory and from analytic number theory. One problem is the - plicit construction of expanding graphs (-expanders-). These are highly connected sparse graphs whose existence can be easily demonstrated but whose explicit c- struction turns out to be a dif?cult task. Since expanders serve as basic building blocks for various distributed networks, an explicit construction is highly des- able. The other problem is one posed by Ruziewicz about seventy years ago and studied by Banach Ba]. It asks whether the Lebesgue measure is the only ?nitely additive measure of total measure one, de?ned on the Lebesgue subsets of the n-dimensional sphere and invariant under all rotations. The two problems seem, at ?rst glance, totally unrelated. It is therefore so- what surprising that both problems were solved using similar methods: initially, Kazhdan s property (T) from representation theory of semi-simple Lie groups was applied in both cases to achieve partial results, and later on, both problems were solved using the (proved) Ramanujan conjecture from the theory of automorphic forms. The fact that representation theory and automorphic forms have anything to do with these problems is a surprise and a hint as well that the two questions are strongly related."

Number Theory is more than a comprehensive treatment of the subject. It is an introduction to topics in higher level mathematics, and unique in its scope; topics from analysis, modern algebra, and discrete mathematics are all included.

The book is divided into two parts. Part A covers key concepts of number theory and could serve as a first course on the subject. Part B delves into more advanced topics and an exploration of related mathematics. The prerequisites for this self-contained text are elements from linear algebra. Valuable references for the reader are collected at the end of each chapter. It is suitable as an introduction to higher level mathematics for undergraduates, or for self-study.

This monograph presents recent developments of the theory of algebraic dynamical systems and their applications to computer sciences, cryptography, cognitive sciences, psychology, image analysis, and numerical simulations. The most important mathematical results presented in this book are in the fields of ergodicity, p-adic numbers, and noncommutative groups. For students and researchers working on the theory of dynamical systems, algebra, number theory, measure theory, computer sciences, cryptography, and image analysis.