The incidence of myopia continues its rapid rise worldwide, and although the mechanism has not been fully clarified, there has been a significant increase in knowledge of the condition in recent years. Important questions about myopia are being posed by researchers across a broad spectrum of disciplinesfrom psychology to molecular biology, from corneal surgery to retinal physiology, and from genetics to experimental optics. The Seventh International Conference on Myopia, held in Taipei in November 1998, provided a forum for researchers and practitioners to make presentations and participate in discussions of their latest findings. Many doctors from Asian countries, where the incidence of myopia is particularly high, reported the results of their work. Myopia Updates II presents the latest information on epidemiology, risk factors, complications, experimentation, and treatment, and is a valuable resource for all who are interested in myopia and ocular growth.

This series presents original leading edge results in the field of eye research. The focus in this compilation is on the role of prisms in the management of horizontal deviations; advances in the pathogenesis of pterygium; MRSA and eye infections; the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy; retinal control of the refractive state of the eye; proliferative vitreoretinopathy; the neuropathology of cultured retinas; non-invasive imaging of retinal gliosis and lens plasticity and intralenticular translocation of crystallins.

The volume reports lectures and discussions presented at the International Congress on Glaucoma, held in Rome on 2-4 February, 1996. The Congress has been designed to clarify and possibly to define the fundamental steps for managing glaucoma patients. "Decision making in therapy" does not mean that the conference sessions have been devoted to therapeutic problems only, even if semeiologic and diagnostic problems are pertinent when aimed at successful therapy. Actually, it is necessary to distinguish the onset of glaucoma from ocular hypertension, to decide if and how to start treatment and the methods to assess its effectiveness, to understand if the failure of medical therapy justifies surgery and, above all, if intraocular pressure is, in any case, the most important risk factor to treat. Particular relevance has been given to normal-pressure glaucoma, whose physiopatho logical and clinical characteristics are still highly controversial. Two round tables were devoted to the recent advances in the treatment of glaucoma, which aims at lowering intraocular pressure, directly improving the eye trophism and regenerating the areas damaged by the disease. All ophthalmologists, particularly the younger ones, have had the opportunity to capi talize on the experience and knowledge of distinguished experts from different parts of the world. This has been an invaluable and perhaps unique opportunity for all of us to express our doubts and to enhance our scientific background."

This presentation describes the unique anatomy and physiology of the vascular beds that serve the eye. The needs for an unobstructed light path from the cornea to the retina and a relatively fixed corneal curvature and distance between refractive structures pose significant challenges for the vasculature to provide nutrients and remove metabolic waste. To meet these needs, the ocular vascular beds are confined to the periphery of the posterior two thirds of the eye and a surrogate circulation provides a continuous flow of aqueous humor to nourish the avascular cornea, lens and vitreous compartment. The production of aqueous humor (and its ease of egress from the eye) also generates the intraocular pressure (IOP), which maintains the shape of the eye. However, the IOP also exerts a compressing force on the ocular blood vessels that is higher than elsewhere in the body. This is particularly true for the intraocular veins, which must have a pressure higher than IOP to remain patent, and so the IOP is the effective venous pressure for the intraocular vascular beds. Consequently, the ocular circulation operates at a lower perfusion pressure gradient than elsewhere in the body and is more at risk for ischemic damage when faced with low arterial pressure, particularly if IOP is elevated. This risk and the specialized tissues of the eye give rise to the fascinating physiology of the ocular circulations. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy / Blood flow measuring techniques / Ocular perfusion pressure, IOP and the ocular Starling resistor effect / Ocular blood flow effects on IOP / Local control of ocular blood flow / Neural control of ocular blood flow / Summary

Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is a relatively new refractive procedure designed to treat a multitude of refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. The procedure involves using a femtosecond laser to create a corneal lenticule which is extracted whole through a small incision without the use of a traditional excrimer laser. It is a painless procedure and is reported to achieve excellent post-operative outcomes (American Academy of Ophthalmology). This book is a complete guide to the new technique of SMILE surgery providing refractive surgeons with an overview of surgical procedure, refractive and physiological outcomes, complications and their management, and future applications. Beginning with an introduction to the history and development of femtosecond lasers, the next chapters discuss patient selection and the principles of the technique. The following sections cover outcomes, complications, and offer a comparison between SMILE and Femtosecond LASIK. The book features an interactive DVD ROM offering step by step guidance on surgical technique, and is highly illustrated with self-explanatory diagrams, clinical photographs and ASOCT images. Key points Complete guide to SMILE techniques for refractive surgeons Step by step guide to surgical procedure, outcomes, complications and future applications Includes interactive DVD ROM demonstrating surgical techniques Highly illustrated with diagrams, photographs and ASOCT images

This volume includes case histories (Adolf Hitler and John Milton), biographies (William Thomson, Joseph Woodward, E.J. Curran, Pope John XXI, George McClellan and A.E. Krill), an oral history and the history of the National Eye Institute.

Corneal transplantation is a widely practised surgical procedure. Lamellar techniques are favoured replacing penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Endothelial keratoplasty (EK) has been adapted as an alternative in the treatment of corneal endothelial disorders whereby Descemet's membrane and the endothelium are replaced. Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty (PDEK) is the latest surgical technique for corneal transplantation. This book is a step by step guide to PDEK for practising ophthalmologists. Divided into five sections, the text begins with the basics explaining corneal anatomy, pre-operative assessment, general techniques in keratoplasty, and the principles of PDEK. The following chapters discuss surgical techniques, special situations, and complications and results. The text covers numerous clinical scenarios and concludes with a section on miscellaneous topics such as OCT guided PDEK, eye bank preparation, and cosmetic iris implant complications. The text is further enhanced by surgical photographs and includes an interactive DVD ROM demonstrating PDEK techniques. Key points Step by step guide to Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty (PDEK) Explains surgical techniques for numerous clinical scenarios Includes miscellaneous topics such as OCT guided PDEK and cosmetic iris implant complications Accompanying DVD ROM demonstrates PDEK techniques

As the first comprehensive reference for the eye, its support structures, diseases, and treatments, "Encyclopedia of the Eye" is an important resource for all visual scientists, ophthalmologists, andoptometrists, as well as researchers in immunology, infectious disease, cell biology, neurobiology and related disciplines. This four-volume reference is unique in its coverage of information on all tissues important for vision, including the retina, cornea and lens. It also covers the physiological and pathophysiologic processes that affect all eye tissues.

This Encyclopedia is invaluable for graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who are seeking an introduction to an area of eye research. Each chapter explains the basic concepts and provides references to relevant chapters within the Encyclopedia and more detailed articles across the wider research literature. The Encyclopedia is also particularly useful for visual scientists and practitioners who are researching a new area, seeking deeper understanding of important research articles in fields adjacent to their own, or reviewing a grant outside their immediate area of expertise.
Written by experts at a level that permits students to grasp key elements of a specific subject Provides an entryway into the major features of current eye research No other source puts this much information, so well-indexed and with so many helpful full color figures and graphics, in the hands of the ophthalmic scientist"

This volume contains articles on the history of ophthalmology.

This book is the latest volume in the Recent Advances in Ophthalmology series providing ophthalmic trainees and ophthalmologists with the latest surgical and technological developments in the field. Divided into nineteen chapters, each section is dedicated to a specific topic, explaining symptoms, investigation techniques, imaging, differential diagnosis and treatment methods. The pros and cons of various surgical procedures are covered in depth. This new volume features discussion on types of refractive surgery, the latest endovascular interventions, infection control, new avenues for the treatment and progression of glaucoma and much more. The text includes two editorials covering imaging in glaucoma and intravascular interventions, and is highly illustrated with surgical images and tables. Key points Latest volume in Recent Advances in Ophthalmology series Covers latest surgical and technological developments in the field Features two editorials on imaging in glaucoma and intravascular interventions Previous volume (9789351527909) published in 2015

The consequences of aging populations combined with the strain to the human eye caused by computers and widespread poor nutritional practices has resulted in an upsurge of research dealing with vision. This new book presents leading-edge research in this field focusing on glaucoma, corneal transplantation and bacterial eye infections.

Divided into five sections, this book considers the history of ideas in ophthalmology and visual sciences; biographies of researchers in ophthalmology; the history of academic institutions involved in ophthalmology; ophthalmology in antiquity; and oral history in ophthalmology.

This book is a comprehensive guide to ophthalmic anaesthesia detailing different types of anaesthesia, techniques, subsequent effects and possible complications. Divided into six sections the book begins with basic clinical knowledge including anatomy and physiology and the effects of ocular medications. The following sections examine the techniques and uses of regional anaesthesia, concluding with a chapter on emergencies in ocular surgery. The second half of the book covers general anaesthesia covering the physiological and pharmacological effects on the eye, and its use for numerous subspecialty surgical procedures including for examination and diagnosis, for paediatric surgeries, vitreoretinal surgery, glaucoma, emergency eye surgery and more. The final section is dedicated to the causes and management of chronic ophthalmic pain. Each chapter features an abstract and 'nuggets of wisdom' providing useful points on the topic. Nearly 200 clinical images and tables enhance learning. Key Points Comprehensive guide to ophthalmic anaesthesia covering types, techniques, effects and complications Discusses both regional and general anaesthesia for numerous ocular surgeries Includes chapters on emergencies in ocular surgical procedures Each chapter includes an abstract and 'nuggets of wisdom'

There has been growing acceptance of the insight that the methods so far used in the testing of visual functions have been inadequate when it comes to specific problems and should, therefore, be supplemented with more specialised methods for dynamic testing. As long as two decades ago, large-scale mass screening produced evidence to the effect that visual acuity, so far exclusively determined by means of still samples, was not identical with visual acuity in the ocular pursuit of moving targets (dynamic visual acuity). In other words, vision testing can, at present, provide little informa tion on an individual's capability of identification, appreciation, and judge ment of mobile objects. Spatial, three-dimensional perception of moving targets, hereafter re ferred to as dynamic stereoacuity, is the particular subject on which findings are reported in this article. Findings of that kind are of considerable relevance to everyday life, since many of the phenomena that have to be three-dimensionally perceived in private life and in occupational practice, are in movement. So far, dynamic stereoacuity has never been systematical ly studied and is still a blank space on the maps of ophthalmology and physiology. This is equally true for dynamic stereoscopy in binocular vision as well as for perception on the basis of movement parallax, a phenomenon of differentiated contour displacement within a given field of vision which is also available to the monocular individual under conditions of head or body or object movement within the visual space."

This work is part of the Documenta Ophthalmologica series and is divided into three parts: biographies of famous personalities; the history of ideas in ophthalmology and visual sciences; ophthalmology in art and literature.

Cancer of the eye is uncommon. It can affect the outer parts of the eye, such as the eyelid, which are made up of muscles, skin and nerves. If the cancer starts inside the eyeball it's called intraocular cancer. The most common intraocular cancers in adults are melanoma and lymphoma. The most common eye cancer in children is retinoblastoma, which starts in the cells of the retina. Cancer can also spread to the eye from other parts of the body. Treatment for eye cancer varies by the type and by how advanced it is. It may include surgery, radiation therapy, freezing or heat therapy, or laser therapy. This new book presents research from around the world.

When the eyeball is indented in total darkness, within less than 200 mil liseconds an oval or quarter-moon shaped spot of light is perceived in the part of the visual field corresponding to the indented region of the retina. In the seconds following, this phosphene extends across the whole visual field and alters in structure during further eyeball indentation. It is then seen as irregular large bright spots of light, finely structured moving light grains ('light nebula') and stationary bright stars. Regular geometrical patterns appear only when both eyes are indented simultaneously 1]. When the eyeball deformation is released, part of the retina again lights up for another one or two seconds and curved light lines are seen following the course of the larger retinal vessels (Fig. 1). In the following we will review the history of this phenomenon, which played an important role during the first 2200 years of vision theories and in the development of models to explain normal vision. 2. Pre-Socratic philosophers, Plato and Aristotle Alcmaeon of Croton (6-5th century B. C. ), who was a member of the Pythagoraean sect and one of the founders of Greek medicine, was the first to describe mechanical deformation of the eyeball leading to light sensa tions. According to Aristotle's pupil Theophrast of Eresos, Alcmaeon report ed that 'the eye obviously has fire within, for when the eye is struckfireflashes out' 2, p. 88]."

The world of perception is multisensory. Even a simple task such as judging the position of a light in a dark room depends not only on vision but also on sensory signals about the position of our body in space. Likewise, how we experience food depends on sensory signals originating from the mouth, but also from nose signals, and even vision and hearing. However, traditional books on perception still discuss each of the "senses" separately. This book takes a different stance: it defines perception as intrinsically multisensory from the start and examines multisensory interactions as key process behind how we perceive our own body, control its movements, perceive and recognise objects, respond to edible objects, perceive space, and perceive time. In addition, the book discusses multisensory processing in synaesthesia, multisensory attention, and the role of multisensory processing in learning. As an introduction to multisensory perception, this book is essential reading for students in psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience at the advanced undergraduate to postgraduate levels. As the chapters address topics that are often left out of standard textbooks, this book will also serve as a useful reference for specialist perception scientists and clinicians. Finally, as a monograph understandable to the educated non-specialist this book will also be of interest to professionals who need to take into account multisensory processing in domains such as, for instance, physiotherapy, neurological rehabilitation, human-computer interfaces, marketing, or the design of products and services.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

As the number of older persons experiencing vision loss continues to soar over the upcoming years, all of us may find that a family member or friend we care about has become visually impaired. Aging and Vision Loss contains reassuring, supportive, and helpful information on meeting the needs of the older person and family caregivers as well.

This book contains 300 multiple choice questions (MCQs), in the format of a single best answer (SBA) from four options, for undergraduate medical students preparing for the Duke Elder prize exam run by the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) annually.The content is organised in line with topics drawn from the candidate information pack provided by the RCOphth. Each question is supplemented with a detailed explanation of the right answer as well as explanations for the alternative answers, elucidating common mistakes made by students. These explanations are supplemented with schematic diagrams which greatly aid understanding. There are 8 chapters focusing on topics outlined in the Duke Elder exam, each containing a set of 25 questions and answers. This allows us to cover the most commonly seen topics appearing in the exam.The book will also provide a full mock assessment which will offer a unique opportunity for candidates to apply their knowledge in an exam context. The exam format is such that candidates must complete 90 MCQs in the space of 2 hours. Our mock will provide candidates with a 100 MCQ mock to be completed in the space of 2 hours 15 minutes.

Glaucoma is a group of disorders characterised by an abnormally high intraocular pressure (IOP), which can damage the optic nerve and lead to blindness. Glaucoma occurs in several forms: chronic open-angle (primary), acute angle-closure, congenital (inherited as an autosomal recessive trait), and secondary to other causes. Chronic open-ended glaucoma constitutes about 90 per cent of the instances of glaucoma and is frequently familial in nature. Congenital glaucoma can be triggered by varicella, mumps, parvovirus, HIV and herpes among others. Secondary glaucoma can result from trauma and drugs such as steroids. This new book includes within its scope the prevention, pathogenesis, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. International research efforts are reported.

Fully updated for a third edition, Training in Ophthalmology remains the indispensable guide to address the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) syllabus for trainee ophthalmologists, and is essential for all those studying ophthalmology, optometry, and orthoptics. As a theoretical and practical aid, it guides the reader through postgraduate Ophthalmic Specialist Training. Emphasis is placed on the practical assessment and management of key ophthalmic conditions. Clearly laid out and highly illustrated in full colour throughout, each condition is discussed in two to three pages, beginning with general explanations of pathophysiology and clinical evaluation, followed by differential diagnoses and treatment options. This new edition has been fully revised to increase emphasis on instilling an understanding of the rationale of current practice from first principles, with summary tables of seminal studies and distilled guidelines from the RCOphth and NICE. This text will appeal to foundation doctors, specialist trainees in ophthalmology, candidates preparing for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Ophthalmology examination, and consultants and allied practitioners looking for a comprehensive yet accessible guide to the subject.

Corneal topography is a non-invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the surface of the cornea. Dr Agarwal's Textbook on Corneal Topography is the latest edition of this comprehensive guide to the capabilities of this type of imaging. Divided into six sections, the first is an introduction to corneal topography and orbscan. The following sections cover specific imaging techniques and related issues including orbscan and refractive surgery, pentacam and anterior segment optical coherence tomography, aberropia, aberrations and topography, and refractive procedures and conditions. The final chapter covers corneal topography in cataract surgery. This third edition is thoroughly updated with four brand new chapters. Section Three on pentacam and anterior segment OCT includes new chapters on corneal inflammation and optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography and corneal ectasia, and spectral-domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography in refractive surgery. The final section includes an OCT assessment of glued IOL position. This highly illustrated guide to the latest developments in the field of corneal topography includes nearly 400 full colour images, making Dr Agarwal's Textbook on Corneal Topography an essential resource for ophthalmologists. Key Points Comprehensive guide to the latest technological developments in corneal topography New edition includes four brand new chapters Nearly 400 full colour images and illustrations Previous edition published 2010