Intracranial injury, caused by a transorbital penetrating object, is a neglected topic in neurosurgery. With few exceptions, only occasional publications, often containing merely case histories, are present in the literature. Through a perusal of the world literature - for the first time - the author has collected and combined all available and relevant information, trying to give a thorough description of this rare, but extremely dangerous injury. This book is a major and definitive contribution to neurosurgery, but is also of importance to ophthalmology, neurology, traumatology, neuro-radiology and pediatrics.

From the perspective of the investigator, Graves' disease is a fascinating disorder with unique features and opportunities for study. The discovery in 1956 that Graves' disease was caused by a humoral factor, later shown to be an antibody to the TSH receptor, was a triumph for modern investigative medicine. Rapid progress is now being made in (i) understanding the molecular interaction between autoantibodies and the TSH receptor, (ii) identifying the genes that contribute to the predisposition to disease, (iii) developing an animal model of Graves' disease, and (iv) identifying the long-sought orbital antigen in ophthalmopathy. From the clinical standpoint, although Graves' disease is eminently treatable, there is no definitive cure. None of the therapeutic options are ideal. It is hoped that rapid progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease will lead to the ultimate goal of some form of immunotherapy that will make antithyroid drugs, radioiodine and thyroidectomy obsolete. The chapters in Graves' Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment represent the viewpoints of many prominent clinicians and investigators working in the field. The editors are grateful for their contributions which cover an unusually comprehensive compendium of subjects relating to the disease.

Today, ophthalmic pathology deals more and more with pathogenesis using highly sophisticated techniques. In recent decades, it has ex panded to such an extent that it now fills several volumes of a modern comprehensive atlas or textbook. Black and white prints of the macroscopic appearance of dissected eyes are standard in modern textbooks. Color photographs, although providing more visual infor mation and a better insight into the sometimes complex disease pro cesses of the eye, are however costly. Nevertheless, many ophthalmo logic colleagues expressed their desire to have me prepare such an atlas. It is not intended to replace one of the textbooks in this field but rather to supplement existing texts and to stimulate clinical and diagnostic thinking. Hence it should be used in conjunction with textbooks on anatomy and ocular pathology. The reader will find references on the different subjects in the excellent modern textbooks listed below. Diagnosis and treatment in ophthalmology is to a great extent based on morphologic examination. Clinical ophthalmologists have available such excellent tools as the slit-lamp, the gonioscope, and the ophthalmoscope to study and document ocular disease in vivo under high magnification. Both external eye structures and transpar ent ocular structures can be observed better in vivo than in the pathol ogy laboratory. Therefore the pathology of these is only presented in conditions in which direct visualization is normally difficult."

Glaucoma Update VI comprises the latest progress in scientific glaucomatology. Forty-one articles of highly reputed experts in the field cover the genetics and other risk factors of the disease and provide new insights into the pathophysiology of blood flow, visual function and optic neuropathy in glaucoma. Special emphasis is placed on innovative treatment options, both medical and surgical.

It will be difficult to find an ophthalmic surgeon who will gladly do his work entirely without viscoelastics. Within just a few years this group of substances has enlarged the field of ophthalmic surgery enormously. Many procedures have be come safer and simpler and other techniques could only be developed because of the availability of visco elastics. Especially cataract surgery and implantation of intraocular lenses have benefitted. Implantation of an intraocular lens can be per formed much more reliably into the capsular bag without endangering the posterior capsule. Implantation of foldable lenses would be almost impossible without visco elastics. However, other surgical maneuvers also necessitate visco elastics, especially when the anterior chamber must be maintained, the corneal endothelium must be protected and delicate tissues must be manipulated. A cor neal transplant can be sutured safely into the recipient corneal ring using visco elastics. Even in glaucoma surgery, visco elastics gain importance as they are being used in trabeculectomy or in deep sclerectomy with additional viscocana lostomy. But which substance is best for which purpose? Just as much as a basic phar macological knowledge is necessary for a rational use of drugs, in-depth know ledge of physicochemical properties and objective investigations are prerequi sites for a logical selection of visco elastics from an ever increasing number of available substances. H.

This is at once a review and a summary of the tremendous advances that have been made in recent years on the effect of attention on visual perception. This broad-ranging volume will appeal to vision scientists as well as to those involved in using visual processes in computer animations, display design or the sensory systems of machines. Physiologists and neuroscientists interested in any aspect of sensory or motor processes will also find it very useful.

This is the first comprehensive text on the history of color theories since Halbertsma's book of 1947. Color is discussed in close connection with the evolution of ideas of light and vision. The book has chapters on the ancient Greek ideas of vision and color; on the contributions of Arabic science; on the Scientific Revolution from Kepler to Newton; on the early history of the three-color hypothesis; on the trichromatic theory and defective color vision; and on Goethe's, Schopenhauer's and Hering's theories. New understanding of the structure and functions of the retina and the brain finally results in the modern science of color vision. A History of Color has been written for ophthalmologists, optometrists and others who are interested in visual science and its history. The book requires no specialized knowledge.

The basic measurements in ophthalmology included here are described fitting different clinical situations. Simple diagrams which can be easily remembered and reproduced are included. This book can be used as a reference book for all ophthalmologists in their learning and teaching purposes and also in clinical practice.

Erster Atlas zur Vorderabschnitts-OCT mit uber 500 Teilabbildungen Als schmerzfreies bildgebendes Verfahren hat die optische Koharenztomographie (OCT) ihren festen Platz in der Fruherkennung, Diagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle von Augenerkrankungen. OCT-Befunde koennen mit ihren hochaufgeloesten Bildern wichtige Informationen bei der Diagnose von Erkrankungen der Hornhaut, Iris, Linse und der vorderen Augenkammer geben. Der Atlas tragt als einzigartige Sammlung zur Optischen Koharenztomographie (OCT) fur den vorderen Augenabschnitt zahlreiche Abbildungen seltener und haufiger Diagnosen zusammen. Die Expertise des Autorenteams fliesst in die Interpretation der zahlreichen OCT-Befunde ein und erstellt somit ein wertvolles Nachschlagewerk fur jede Augenarztin und jeden Augenarzt.

In this second English-language edition, existing chapters have been completely revised and new chapters added. The number of illustrations has been expanded and new terminolo- gy included. The novel how-to approach emphasizes basic principles that will help experienced as well as beginning eye surgeons master the unexpected.

Pediatric Neuroophthalmology details the diagnostic criteria, current concepts of pathogenesis, neuroradiological correlates, and clinical management of a large group of neuroophthalmic disorders that present in childhood. Surprisingly distinct from neuroophthalmic disorders afflicting adults, this set of diseases falls between the cracks of most ophthalmology training, and thus, warrants a practical, clinical guide for the practitioner in ophthalmology - the neuroophthalmologist, pediatric ophthalmologist, general ophthalmologist - as well as neurologists and for residents. The authors, leading pediatric ophthalmologists, have taken this difficult subject matter and developed an accessible, user-friendly manual with a detailed approach to the recognition, differential diagnosis, and management of pediatric neuroophthalmologic disorders.

There is perhaps no area of neuro-ophthalmology that is advancing more rapidly with respect to an understanding of its anatomy and physiology than the ocular motor system. For this reason, it is difficult not only to keep up with the latest information concerning the basic mechanisms involved in the control of eye movements but also to remain up to date regarding the pathophysiology of specific disorders of eye movement. The material in this book is derived from a two-day course on eye movements held in The Netherlands in 1986. The course was designed as an introduction to the normal ocular motor system and to disorders of eye movements and was aimed toward orthoptists, ophthalmolo gists, optometrists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. The chapters in this book were compiled by a trio of experts in the field of eye movements and contain discussions of anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system, techniques of examination of patients with diplopia, and pathophysiology of specific disorders of ocular motility. Many of the authors of these chapters are among the most active investigators of eye movements in the world today, and their comments thus reflect the latest information in the field. This text is both basic and com prehensive and thus has something for everyone, from the student just beginning a study of the ocular motor system to the seasoned 'veteran' who wishes to know the latest information regarding central ocular motor control mechanisms. Neil R."

During a closed international glaucoma symposium in Friedrichsruhe, Germany, the most current scientific results on the pathogenesis and risk factors of glaucoma were discussed. The progress which has been made in glaucoma detection and treatment of new insights into the pathomechanisms of the glaucomas are summarized in this symposium volume in 25 contributions. This book, which includes topics such as compliance, medical therapy, wound healing, genetic risk factors, disk damage in relation to visual field loss, disk hemorrhages, intraocular pressure, low blood pressure, retinal ischemia, and treatment of causal factors in glaucoma, will appeal to ophthalmologists and particularly to glaucoma specialists.

The 12th Congress of SIDUO took place in Iguazu Falls, Argentina, where participants could enjoy the scenery of the magnificent Falls. The organization was sponsored by the University Department of Oph thalmology, Buenos Aires; the University Department of Ophthalmology, EI Salvador; SAUMB (Socieded Argentina de Ultrasonografia en Medecina y Biologia) and CLEO (Club Latinoamericano de Ecografia OftalmoI6gica). The Honorary President was Professor Horacio Soriano from Buenos Aires. The local organizing committee consisted of the following persons: President Roberto Sampaolesi Vice President Atilio Lombardi Scientific Secretary: Eduardo Mayorga Treasurers Guillermo Iribarren Abelardo Cavatorta We are particularly grateful to Doctor J S Hillmann, Professor K C Ossoinig and Doctor nvf Thijssen, who have helped with their counsel and advice. I would also like to thank our congress secretaries Graciela Massonat and Cristina Taegl for their enormous help in organizing SIDUO XII. To Doctor Javier Cassiraghi and Doctor Walter de Gregory our thanks for their outstanding help in organizing the scientific sessions. Thanks are due to the commercial exhibitors and most of all to our sponsors: Laboratorios Pfoertner Cornealent and Biophysic Medical. Our special thanks to Doctor Tomas Pfoertner for his great administrative expertise and counsel and to Christine Warren from Biophysic for her help in financing these proceedings. The 12th SIDUO thanks for their generous support: Pupilent Plastic Lens Argentina, Grafica SA and Laboratorio Optico Santamarina."

In the past few years, there has been an explosion of eye movement research in cognitive science and neuroscience. This has been due to the availability of 'off the shelf' eye trackers, along with software to allow the easy acquisition and analysis of eye movement data. Accompanying this has been a realisation that eye movement data can be informative about many different aspects of perceptual and cognitive processing. Eye movements have been used to examine the visual and cognitive processes underpinning a much broader range of human activities, including, language production, dialogue, human computer interaction, driving behaviour, sporting performance, and emotional states. Finally, in the past thirty years, there have been real advances in our understanding of the neural processes that underpin eye movement behaviour.
The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements provides the first comprehensive review of the entire field of eye movement research. In over fifty chapters, it reviews the developments that have so far taken place, the areas actively being researched, and looks at how the field is likely to devlop in the coming years. The first section considers historical and background material, before moving onto section 2 on the neural basis of eye movements. The third and fourth sections looks at visual cognition and eye movements and eye movement pathology and development. The final sections consider eye movements and reading and language processing and eye movements.
Bringing together cutting edge research from and international team of leading psychologists, neuroscientists, and vision researchers, this book is the definitive reference work in this field.

Elizabeth Rakcozy and a team of leading clinical and experimental scientists describe in step-by-step detail the key techniques essential to effective molecular biological research in ophthalmology and optometry. These readily reproducible methods are adapted to the special requirements of vision research, with coverage that ranges from the most basic to the most sophisticated technologies. Included are methods for the down-regulation of gene expression, new gene therapy techniques, and for the development of transgenic and knockout animal models for testing novel therapies. Eminently accessible and clinically relevant, Vision Research Protocols provides experimental and biomedical investigators in ophthalmology and optometry with a rich panoply of most powerful tools with which to ask--and answer--all the important questions emerging from the dramatically advancing work in vision research today.

The Fifth Edition of Gass' Atlas of Macular Diseases, by Dr. Anita Agarwal, provides expert diagnostic guidance on macular disorders and quickly brings you up to date on this evolving specialty. Using a case-based approach, it richly depicts a full range of retina and macular diseases, including new infectious, degenerative, and dystrophic conditions. Take advantage of the latest imaging technologies to identify common and rare disorders, and confirm difficult diagnoses with the aid of more than 5,500 high-quality images. Printed in full color for the first time, this edition is accessible online at www.expertconsult.com. "... appropriate for highly ambitious residents, retina fellows and specialists, and general ophthalmologists who are looking for an excellent reference book with a proud lineage and impeccable reputation." Reviewed by ESCRS EuroTimes (European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery), Apr 2015 Rely on the same unique, richly illustrated case-descriptive format-encompassing history, clinical examination, and follow-up-that popularized the original book by the late Dr. Donald Gass, the famed ophthalmologist whose clinical expertise set new standards in macular diagnosis. Get expert diagnostic guidance under the new authorship of Dr. Anita Agarwal, a protege of Dr. Gass who has compiled the ultimate collection of images and hard-to-find case studies from around the world. Visualize the conditions you're likely to see in practice and confirm your diagnoses by comparing your clinical findings to more than 5,500 images and illustrations (over 3,500 in full color). Obtain thorough advice on imaging and recognition of a full range of common and rare macular diseases using the latest approaches including fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), indocyanine green (ICG), and fundus autofluorescence. Search the complete text online, download the illustrations and view a bonus stereoscopic image gallery at www.expertconsult.com. Gass is your definitive guide to identifying the most common and rare conditions, with unique case presentations from around the world!

Drug therapy as an alternative to surgical intervention is becoming increasingly common. In the past five years, new anti-glaucoma agents have become increasingly effective. This edition will include new information on off-label prescribing and cap colors where they are mandated by the FDA (pink/white for steroid drops, grey for topical NSAIDS, etc.). There are now several new pharmaceutical agents being used to treat retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (Macugen, Lucentis, Visudyne), while other drugs formerly prescribed have now been shown to be less effective. Intraocular infections are primarily treated with intravitreal medications. Additionally, the anti-allergy and dry-eye markets continue to grow, with a new formulation of Allergan's Acular 0.5% (ketorolac tromethamine) and Elestat ophthalmic solution, its new antihistamine-mast cell stabilizer.

Aging research on the human eyes crosses all areas of ophthalmology and also relies upon biological, morphological, physiological, and biochemical tools for its study. This book reviews all aspects of human eye aging. In addition to descriptions of age-related changes in almost all the structures of the human eyes, the authors also include interesting accounts of personal experiments and data. It provides an extensive panorama of what happens during aging in the eye.

Sensory Neuroscience: Four Laws of Psychophysics organizes part of psychophysics -- a science of quantitative relationships between human sensations and the stimuli that evoke them. Although psychophysics belongs to sensory neuroscience, and is coupled to neurophysiology, it has also branched out to various specialized disciplines, including the disciplines of vision and hearing, ophthalmology, optometry, otology, and audiology. Due to this diversification and fragmentation, psychophysics has had an ad-hoc, phenomenological orientation. Besides Weber's law of differential sensitivity, and the still-controversial Stevens' power law, it has lacked a systematic grid of scientific laws. Sensory Neuroscience: Four Laws of Psychophysics provides valid unifying principles and systematic applications for this otherwise fragmented precursor of experimental psychology, and defines four multisensory relationships of substantial generality between sensations and the underlying stimulus variables. This book will be particularly useful to auditory researchers, experimental psychologists, and behavioral neuroscientists.

The optic canal, in particular its intracranial end, represents a "locus minoris resistentiae" for optic nerve compression in a variety of pathologic conditions. The intracranial optic nerve shares the limited space within this narrow passage with the carotid and ophthalmic artery, all being surrounded by bone and rigid dura. Any pathological condition going along with an increase of soft tissue volume, such as in optic nerve sheath tumors, parasellar neoplasms, dolichoectasia of the carotid and/ or ophthalmic artery, hematomas, etc. , or reduction of the lumen of the bony optic canal by hyperpneumatization of the sphenoid sinus, hyperostosis or developmental abnormalities must act as a space-occupying lesion causing optic nerve compression either by pressing the nerve against the vessel or the neighboring dura or bone. The spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms of optic nerve compression in this area is rather wide and includes acute as well as slowly progressive visual loss and all kinds of visual field defects in the presence of a normal disk, papilledema, pri- mary optic atrophy or cavernous optic atrophy mimicking var- ious clinical disease entities such as retrobulbar optic neuritis, anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, soft glaucoma and others. Some of the lesions causing optic nerve compression in this area are rather small and need to be visualized or excluded by thin section CT such as pneumosinus dilatans of the sphenoid bone, dolichoectasia of the internal carotid artery, small men- ingiomas around the optic foramen and others.

The Handbook of Nutrition in Ophthalmology is the first general text on nutrition and eye health created for physicians, nutritionists, and researchers. The author provides important links between the epidemic of obesity and implications it has for eye disease and blindness. The volume also includes chapters addressing nutritional aspects of preventing eye disease in diabetes mellitus and other optical neuropathies, making this a unique book.

In this research monograph, the noted scholar Dr. Gordon K. Klintworth brings together all the available information on the pathogenesis of corneal neovascularization. This book should be a valuable contribution to the medical literature of ophthalmology and clinical pathology. Despite its relatively simple structure the cornea possesses many unique properties. These attributes include its crystal clarity and avascularity in the health state. This normally transparent structure has been the focal point for Dr. Klintworth's research endeavors for more than two decades. This monograph summarizes current knowledge about angiogenesis within this tissue as well as information about the related issue of the cornea's normal avascularity. The text provides a comprehensive overview of the topic based on studies by a large number of investigators who were either concerned with corneal neovascularization in particular or angiogenesis in general.

Being served with a lawsuit wouldn't just ruin your day. It could ruin a clinician's professional and personal life. Written for physicians by physicians, this important book concisely and pragmatically answers many of the questions surrounding medical malpractice. With an emphasis on clinical matters and a minimum of "legalese", this book shows ophthalmologists how to avoid law suits in the first place. It also examines what happens should litigation occur and provides insights into both defendant and plaintiff perspectives. Covering the legal issues for all of ophthalmology, here at last is a book that provides the busy clinician with the tools necessary to reduce the risk of lawsuits.