To create a forum for scientists and clinicians interested in degenerative retinal diseases, we began in 1984 to organize a biennial symposium on Retinal Degeneration as a satellite meeting of the International Congress of Eye Research. The timing and varying location of these meetings provides an important assembly for investigators from throughout the world to convene for presentation of their new findings on the causes and potential therapies for degenerative retinal disorders. The VIII International Symposium on Retinal Degeneration was held from July 28-25, 1998, at the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in Schluchsee, a small town in the Black Forest of southwestern Germany. Most of the participants in this meeting contributed to this volume, and we are appreciative of the efforts of each author in making this publication possible. The research presented at the meeting, and described in this proceedings volume, reflects a strong emphasis on the molecular genetic approach to understa- ing these disorders. Several of the papers provide important new insights into the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration and cell death. A number of the studies are targeted at retarding or reversing the degeneration process. Included for the first time are presentations from all the principal laboratories involved in the field of visual prostheses-implant (chip) technology-in which investigations are targeted at restoring vision in eyes that have lost photoreceptor cells. A variety of diagnostic, clinical, histopathological, and physiological assessments of retinal degeneration in patients are also included.

Erster Atlas zur Vorderabschnitts-OCT mit uber 500 Teilabbildungen Als schmerzfreies bildgebendes Verfahren hat die optische Koharenztomographie (OCT) ihren festen Platz in der Fruherkennung, Diagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle von Augenerkrankungen. OCT-Befunde koennen mit ihren hochaufgeloesten Bildern wichtige Informationen bei der Diagnose von Erkrankungen der Hornhaut, Iris, Linse und der vorderen Augenkammer geben. Der Atlas tragt als einzigartige Sammlung zur Optischen Koharenztomographie (OCT) fur den vorderen Augenabschnitt zahlreiche Abbildungen seltener und haufiger Diagnosen zusammen. Die Expertise des Autorenteams fliesst in die Interpretation der zahlreichen OCT-Befunde ein und erstellt somit ein wertvolles Nachschlagewerk fur jede Augenarztin und jeden Augenarzt.

The Role of Membrane Receptor Lateral Movement in Signal Transduction.

Patients aftlicted with thyroid eye disease or Graves' ophthamopathy (GO) may experience not only pain and visual loss, but also disfigurement. Full understanding of pathogenesis has been elusive, and treatment modalities are imperfect. As with other conditions, more effective intervention will follow only after a better understanding of pathogenesis is reached. The goal of this volume is to give an overview by leaders in the field of the present state of the art both in pathogenesis and clinical aspects of GO. Much attention has been directed towards determining which cells within the orbit are targets of the autoimmune process, and how these and other cells might participate in the local inflammatory process. It is now generally agreed that orbital fibroblasts, preadipocyte fibroblasts, and adipocytes are the targeted and activated cells in GO and that full-length TSH receptor (TSHr) is expressed in these cells. Further, there is growing consensus that this receptor is up-regulated in the orbit in GO, residing primarily in newly differentiated adipocytes. However, it is also evident, given a sufficiently sensitive assay, that TSHr is detectable in fibroblasts and adipocytes from the normal orbit and other anatomic sites, as well. It will be important to determine whether the observed increase in orbital TSHr expression itself initiates the orbital autoimmune process. Also to be decided is whether orbital lymphocytes from GO patients specifically recognize this receptor, and what factor or factors unique to Graves' dIsease might stimulate TSHr expression in orbital cells.

On behalf of the editorial board and the organizing committee of the 4th congress of the International Society of Ocular Toxicology (I SOT), held in AnnecyNeyrier du Lac, France, October 9 -13, 1994, we are pleased to present to the ocular toxicology community this indexed volume of our congress proceedings. The 4th congress was designed primarily to facilitate and update the knowledge in ocular electrophysiology and ocular pharmacokinetics, in both the clinical and preclinical aspects. The outcome of this 4th congress, established in this volume, is a useful contribution to the meth odology in both fields and will hopefully assist in the evaluation and interpretation of ocular findings recorded in animal studies on drugs and other chemicals, in order to protect human health. Undoubtedly, work on the mechanisms of ocular toxicology in the process of pharmaceutical development must continue and these proceedings, embodying the presented papers, will add to the data base. The editors, the congress organizing committee and the members of the International Society of Ocular Toxicology thank the speakers who gave their time, knowledge, and expertise to assist us in this project. The following manuscripts contain the main substance of each of the platform presentations and, in some cases, much more. Moreover, our thanks go to all the participants coming from a range of background- regulatory, academic and industrial -for their attention and excellent contributions during the discussion."

In 1984, we organized a two-day symposium on retinal degenerations as part of the biennial meeting of the VI International Society for Eye Research, held in Alicante, Spain. The success of this first meeting led to the second held, two years later in Sendai, Japan, organized as a satellite of the VII ISER. We were fortunate that these meetings began at a time of vigorous research activity in the area of retinal degenerations, thanks to the financial support of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation and the strong encouragement of its scientific director, Dr. Alan Laties. Significant advances were made so that every two years scientists were eager to meet to share their findings. The programs included presentations by both basic and clinical researchers with ample time for informal discussions in a relaxed atmos phere. Many investigators met for the first time at these symposia and a number of fruitful collaborations were established. This book contains the proceedings of the VI International Symposium on Retinal Degenerations held November 6-10, 1994, in Jerusalem. As with the other meetings, some new areas were covered. One session was devoted to apoptosis, an important process involved in cell death in inherited retinal degenerations. Another session was on invertebrate photoreceptors, where numerous mutations have now been identified that lead to altered function or degeneration of the retina. All participants were invited to submit chapters and most complied. We thank them for their contributions."

From the perspective of the investigator, Graves' disease is a fascinating disorder with unique features and opportunities for study. The discovery in 1956 that Graves' disease was caused by a humoral factor, later shown to be an antibody to the TSH receptor, was a triumph for modern investigative medicine. Rapid progress is now being made in (i) understanding the molecular interaction between autoantibodies and the TSH receptor, (ii) identifying the genes that contribute to the predisposition to disease, (iii) developing an animal model of Graves' disease, and (iv) identifying the long-sought orbital antigen in ophthalmopathy. From the clinical standpoint, although Graves' disease is eminently treatable, there is no definitive cure. None of the therapeutic options are ideal. It is hoped that rapid progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease will lead to the ultimate goal of some form of immunotherapy that will make antithyroid drugs, radioiodine and thyroidectomy obsolete. The chapters in Graves' Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment represent the viewpoints of many prominent clinicians and investigators working in the field. The editors are grateful for their contributions which cover an unusually comprehensive compendium of subjects relating to the disease.

Glaucoma Update VI comprises the latest progress in scientific glaucomatology. Forty-one articles of highly reputed experts in the field cover the genetics and other risk factors of the disease and provide new insights into the pathophysiology of blood flow, visual function and optic neuropathy in glaucoma. Special emphasis is placed on innovative treatment options, both medical and surgical.

It will be difficult to find an ophthalmic surgeon who will gladly do his work entirely without viscoelastics. Within just a few years this group of substances has enlarged the field of ophthalmic surgery enormously. Many procedures have be come safer and simpler and other techniques could only be developed because of the availability of visco elastics. Especially cataract surgery and implantation of intraocular lenses have benefitted. Implantation of an intraocular lens can be per formed much more reliably into the capsular bag without endangering the posterior capsule. Implantation of foldable lenses would be almost impossible without visco elastics. However, other surgical maneuvers also necessitate visco elastics, especially when the anterior chamber must be maintained, the corneal endothelium must be protected and delicate tissues must be manipulated. A cor neal transplant can be sutured safely into the recipient corneal ring using visco elastics. Even in glaucoma surgery, visco elastics gain importance as they are being used in trabeculectomy or in deep sclerectomy with additional viscocana lostomy. But which substance is best for which purpose? Just as much as a basic phar macological knowledge is necessary for a rational use of drugs, in-depth know ledge of physicochemical properties and objective investigations are prerequi sites for a logical selection of visco elastics from an ever increasing number of available substances. H.

This is at once a review and a summary of the tremendous advances that have been made in recent years on the effect of attention on visual perception. This broad-ranging volume will appeal to vision scientists as well as to those involved in using visual processes in computer animations, display design or the sensory systems of machines. Physiologists and neuroscientists interested in any aspect of sensory or motor processes will also find it very useful.

Binocular vision, i.e. where both eyes are used together, is a fundamental component of human sight. It also aids hand-eye co-ordination, and the perception of the self within the environment. Clinical anomalies pose a wide range of problems to the sufferer, but normal binocular operation must first be understood before the eye specialist can assess and treat dysfunctions.

This is a major new textbook for students of optometry, orthoptics and ophthalmology, and also of psychology. Chapters span such key topics as binocular summation, fusion, the normal horopter, anatomy of the extra-ocular muscles, oculomotor control, binocular integration and depth perception.

Fully illustrated throughout, the book includes self-assessment exercises at the end of each chapter, and sample experiments in binocular vision functioning.

The basic measurements in ophthalmology included here are described fitting different clinical situations. Simple diagrams which can be easily remembered and reproduced are included. This book can be used as a reference book for all ophthalmologists in their learning and teaching purposes and also in clinical practice.

This series of books is designed to help general practitioners. So are other books. What is unusual in this instance is their collec tive authorship; they are written by specialists working at district general hospitals. The writers derive their own experi ence from a range of cases less highly selected than those on which textbooks are traditionally based. They are also in a good position to pick out topics which they see creating difficulties for the practitioners of their district, whose personal capacities are familiar to them; and to concentrate on contexts where mistakes are most likely to occur. They are all well-accustomed to working in consultation. All the authors write from hospital experience and from the viewpoint of their specialty. There are, therefore, matters important to family practice which should be sought not within this series, but elsewhere. Within the series much practical and useful advice is to be found with which the general practitioner can compare his existing performance and build in new ideas and improved techniques. These books are attractively produced and I recommend them."

This book is designed to be a pictorial guide to ophthalmology and not a comprehensive textbook. It includes chapters on anatomy, physiology and optics to explain the simple elements of the basic sciences that are needed to understand ophthalmology. The section on examination describes the common investigations in an eye department in the hope that reports from ophthalmologists may become more easily understood. The clinical chapters represent 5 years of ophthalmic referrals by local family doctors in a part rural and part suburban area. This selection of eye disease therefore excludes some of the rare conditions, but includes those common problems that can worry not only the busy family doctor, but also the hard pressed medical student. 7 Anatomy and Physiology The sense of vision depends on the integrity of a set of Internal Eye anatomical and physiological factors, a study of which The eye consists of three concentric layers. The outer will simplify the understanding of ocular disease. most fibrous sclera is opaque and accounts for five sixths of the globe. It is continued anteriorly into the External Eye transparent cornea. The middle vascular coat or uveal The eyeball lies in the anterior part of the orbit, which tract is made up of the choroid, ciliary body and iris. is approximately pyramidal in shape. The bony orbital The innermost layer is the light sensitive retina formed margin, which outlines the base of the pyramid, affords embryologically from the forebrain vesicle (Figure 3)."

Today, ophthalmic pathology deals more and more with pathogenesis using highly sophisticated techniques. In recent decades, it has ex panded to such an extent that it now fills several volumes of a modern comprehensive atlas or textbook. Black and white prints of the macroscopic appearance of dissected eyes are standard in modern textbooks. Color photographs, although providing more visual infor mation and a better insight into the sometimes complex disease pro cesses of the eye, are however costly. Nevertheless, many ophthalmo logic colleagues expressed their desire to have me prepare such an atlas. It is not intended to replace one of the textbooks in this field but rather to supplement existing texts and to stimulate clinical and diagnostic thinking. Hence it should be used in conjunction with textbooks on anatomy and ocular pathology. The reader will find references on the different subjects in the excellent modern textbooks listed below. Diagnosis and treatment in ophthalmology is to a great extent based on morphologic examination. Clinical ophthalmologists have available such excellent tools as the slit-lamp, the gonioscope, and the ophthalmoscope to study and document ocular disease in vivo under high magnification. Both external eye structures and transpar ent ocular structures can be observed better in vivo than in the pathol ogy laboratory. Therefore the pathology of these is only presented in conditions in which direct visualization is normally difficult."

This is the first comprehensive text on the history of color theories since Halbertsma's book of 1947. Color is discussed in close connection with the evolution of ideas of light and vision. The book has chapters on the ancient Greek ideas of vision and color; on the contributions of Arabic science; on the Scientific Revolution from Kepler to Newton; on the early history of the three-color hypothesis; on the trichromatic theory and defective color vision; and on Goethe's, Schopenhauer's and Hering's theories. New understanding of the structure and functions of the retina and the brain finally results in the modern science of color vision. A History of Color has been written for ophthalmologists, optometrists and others who are interested in visual science and its history. The book requires no specialized knowledge.

In this second English-language edition, existing chapters have been completely revised and new chapters added. The number of illustrations has been expanded and new terminolo- gy included. The novel how-to approach emphasizes basic principles that will help experienced as well as beginning eye surgeons master the unexpected.

With this book, Dr. Zivojnovic presents to the ophthalmic community the long awaited detailed report of his surgical concepts and operative techniques in the field of vitreoretinal surgery. It is fascinating to read how his concepts for the treatment of complicated retinal detachments evolved from the intra ocular use of silicone oil to a combination of vitreous surgery with silicone oil tamponade. The next step was surgical treatment of the retina itself. It takes an unconventional mind to break major taboos and to state the retinotomies and retinectomies are necessary if scar tissue cannot be surgically removed and that buckling procedures are no longer necessary to treat retinal breaks. This book discusses the use of silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery. Silicone oil tamponade has been proven to be a major step forward in vitreoretinal surgery and the reported results speak for themselves. The reader may have the impression that silicone is thought to be indispensible for almost all cases undergoing this type of surgery but this modality is used to treat severe cases where the chances of success are greatly enhanced by using silicone oil. Dr. Zivojnovic remains the forerunner and great surgeon who readily admits the limitations of his techniques: 'The surgical operative treatment is only partly adequate and, unfortunately, despite the correctly performed operation, often does not lead to the desired result'."

There is perhaps no area of neuro-ophthalmology that is advancing more rapidly with respect to an understanding of its anatomy and physiology than the ocular motor system. For this reason, it is difficult not only to keep up with the latest information concerning the basic mechanisms involved in the control of eye movements but also to remain up to date regarding the pathophysiology of specific disorders of eye movement. The material in this book is derived from a two-day course on eye movements held in The Netherlands in 1986. The course was designed as an introduction to the normal ocular motor system and to disorders of eye movements and was aimed toward orthoptists, ophthalmolo gists, optometrists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. The chapters in this book were compiled by a trio of experts in the field of eye movements and contain discussions of anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system, techniques of examination of patients with diplopia, and pathophysiology of specific disorders of ocular motility. Many of the authors of these chapters are among the most active investigators of eye movements in the world today, and their comments thus reflect the latest information in the field. This text is both basic and com prehensive and thus has something for everyone, from the student just beginning a study of the ocular motor system to the seasoned 'veteran' who wishes to know the latest information regarding central ocular motor control mechanisms. Neil R."

Pediatric Neuroophthalmology details the diagnostic criteria, current concepts of pathogenesis, neuroradiological correlates, and clinical management of a large group of neuroophthalmic disorders that present in childhood. Surprisingly distinct from neuroophthalmic disorders afflicting adults, this set of diseases falls between the cracks of most ophthalmology training, and thus, warrants a practical, clinical guide for the practitioner in ophthalmology - the neuroophthalmologist, pediatric ophthalmologist, general ophthalmologist - as well as neurologists and for residents. The authors, leading pediatric ophthalmologists, have taken this difficult subject matter and developed an accessible, user-friendly manual with a detailed approach to the recognition, differential diagnosis, and management of pediatric neuroophthalmologic disorders.

This atlas is the fruit of a many years' ex- eet atlas est Ie fruit d'une longue experience Dieser Atlas ist das Ergebnis langjlihriger Er- perience in the application of anatomico-clini- de la methode anatomo-clinique appliquee a fahrung mit der auf die ophthalmologische cal methods to ophthalmological oncology. I' oncologie ophtalmologique. Onkologie angewandten anatomisch-klini- schen Methode. In the field of ophthalmology, as in other En Ophtalmologie comme dans les autres dis- medical areas, oncology has progressively in- ciplines medicales, I' allongement progress if Wie auch in anderen Disziplinen gewinnt die creased in importance with the gradual de l'esperance de vie donne davantage Onkologie in der Ophthalmologie mit der lengthening of life expectation. Apart from d'importance a l'oncologie. En effet, mises a steigenden Lebenserwartung immer mehr an rare tumours and certain malformations in part les rares tumeurs de I' enfant et certaines Bedeutung. Von den wenigen Tumoren des children, neoformations in ophthalmology are malformations, les neoformations en Kindes und gewissen MiBbildungen largely confined to ageing patients. Any of the Ophtalmologie sont l'apanage preferentiel du abgesehen sind Neubildungen in der Ophthal- intraocular tissues may be affected: those of sujet age. Elles peuvent toucher tous les tis sus mologie in erster Linie dem lilteren Menschen the iris, the ciliary body, the choroid or the intra-oculaires: iris, corps ciliaire, choroYde, vorbehalten. Sie konnen an slimtlichen in- retina, as well as of the orbit and the eyelid.

Over the past few years there have been considerable advances in our understanding of the normal development of vision and in our ability to detect and meaSl1re visual impairment in early childhood. It was appropriate, therefore, that a workshop, sponsored by the European Communities, should be held on the 'Detection and Measurement of Visual Impairment in Pre-verbal Children.' This workshop, which was held at the Institute of Ophthalmology, London, between 1 and 3 April 1985, brought together visual physiologists and ophthalmologists who exchanged and discussed ideas of mutual interest. After an introductory session when the normal development of vision and the causes of visual impairment were reviewed, there were sessions devoted to the theoretical aspects of electrophysiological and psychophysical tests, the measurement of visual acuity in pre-verbal children, the measurement of other visual functions, and visual screening of pre-verbal children. This volume contains the papers presented at the workshop, and transcripts of the various discl1ssions that took place. It was a measure of the success of the workshop that participants from several different disciplines were able to have fruitful discussions and to suggest areas of common interest where collaborative ventures could usefully be pursued. It is hoped that this venture will be followed by others where a mul ti disciplinary approach will improve both our knowledge of visual handicap in childhood and our management of this important group of sensorily impaired children."