This Text and Atlas provides ophthalmic surgeons with the latest advances in phaco surgery. Divided into ten sections, the books guides clinicians through incision, instruments, and eyeball position for surgery, to numerous different surgical procedures including intraocular lens implantation. The text is further enhanced by high quality photographs and illustrations. The book aims to help surgeons record and analyse their own cases and learn from experience.

Astigmatism means the eye is shaped like a rugby ball so light is focused at more than one place in the eye. It is associated with short or long sightedness and can cause blurry vision, headaches and eye strain. Astigmatism is usually corrected with glasses or contact lenses. This book is a complete guide to the surgical management of astigmatism. Based on scientific evidence and practice, the text covers numerous diagnostic and treatment techniques for both regular and irregular astigmatism, including laser surgery and incisional and intraocular lenses. Each procedure is explained in detail describing new diagnostic technologies, patient selection, methods and limitations across applications. Authored by an internationally recognised team of experts, the comprehensive text is further enhanced by more than 350 clinical photographs, diagrams and figures. Key points Complete guide to surgical management of astigmatism Covers techniques for both regular and irregular astigmatism including laser surgery Internationally recognised team of expert authors Highly illustrated with clinical photographs, diagrams and figures

Muller glial cells ensheath all retinal neurons in vertebrate retinae. There are a multitude of functional interactions between neurons and Muller cells, including delivery of the light stimuli to the photoreceptor cells in the inverted vertebrate retina, a 'metabolic symbiosis' with the neurons, and the processing of visual information. Muller cells are also responsible for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the retinal extracellular milieu (ions, water, neuro-transmitter molecules, and pH). In vascularized retinae, Muller cells may also be involved in the control of angiogenesis, and the regulation of retinal blood flow. Virtually every disease of the retina is associated with a reactive Muller cell gliosis which, on the one hand, supports the survival of retinal neurons but, on the other hand, may accelerate the progress of neuronal degeneration:

Muller cells protect neurons via a release of neurotrophic factors. However, gliotic Muller cells display a dysregulation of various neuron-supportive functions. This contributes to a disturbance of retinal glutamate metabolism and ion homeostasis, and causes the development of retinal edema and neuronal cell death. Moreover, there are diseases evoking a primary Muller cell insufficiency, such as hepatic retinopathy and certain forms of glaucoma. Any impairment of supportive functions of Muller cells, primary or secondary, must cause and/or aggravate a dysfunction and loss of neurons, by increasing the susceptibility of neurons to stressful stimuli in the diseased retina.

Muller cells may be used in the future for novel therapeutic strategies to protect neurons against apoptosis (i.e. somatic gene therapy), or to differentiate retinal neurons from Muller/stem cells. Meanwhile, a proper understanding of the gliotic responses of Muller cells in the diseased retina, and of their protective vs. detrimental effects, is essential for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies that use and stimulate the neuron-supportive/-protective - and prevent the destructive - mechanisms of gliosis.

Retinal and choroidal angiogenesis are the leading causes of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. For this reason, ocular angiogenesis is an intensely studied process, and the field is advancing at an astounding pace. It has become increasingly difficult to manage the vast amount of information generated by the growing group of interested investigators, thus a resource is needed that distills and summarizes our progress to date. Additionally, novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ocular angiogenesis are discussed, as are the unique challenges presented by delivery of drugs to the eye. Retinal and Choroidal Angiogenesis emphasizes basic principles rather than specific experimental results, although recently acquired data is frequently cited to illustrate points of broader theoretical significance. The result is a reference work appealing to ophthalmologists interested in clinical applications, as well as to basic scientists interested in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis, both in the context of ocular and non-ocular conditions.

This outstanding volume in the Essentials in Ophthalmology series presents recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of corneal disease. Its intention is not to replace the relevant textbooks, but to serve as a bridge between primary and tertiary literature. The superbly structured volume covers a dizzying array of topics including Herpes simplex keratitis; amniotic membrane transplantation for the treatment of corneal ulceration in infectious keratitis; and Chlamydial infection, all three of which are hugely relevant today. All the topics have direct clinical importance and will not only keep ophthalmologists up to date, but will inform them of how to treat their cornea patients with optimal diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

This superbly structured text is designed for practical ease of use. Quick and easy to read, it bridges the gap between primary literature and daily practice in this specialized field. Neuro-ophthalmology encompasses lesions of both the afferent and efferent pathways, which can result from various etiologies, including tumoral, paraneoplastic, vascular, inflammatory, infectious, or hereditary just to name a few. This volume of Essentials in Ophthalmology is dedicated to the review of new developments in neuro-ophthalmology. It has been written by an array of authors with real expertise in the subject. The text includes all the latest developments, including those in diagnosis, physiology, investigations, and in therapeutic options.

Retinoscopy is an eye exam that determines the refractive error of the eye (long sighted, short sighted, astigmatism). A refraction test indicates the strength of the prescription needed for glasses or contact lenses. The new edition of this book provides a concise overview of clinical refraction. Presented in an easy to read format, it is divided into two main sections. The first part explains basic clinical procedures for routine refraction, beginning with an introduction to instruments and the procedure, followed by aspects of the test for different disorders including myopia (short sightedness), astigmatism, keratoconus and refraction in children. Section two provides in depth discussion on retinoscopy and correct use of the retinoscope. The second edition has been fully revised and updated to explain the latest advances in the field, and is further enhanced by clinical images and figures. Key points Practical guide to clinical refraction and retinoscopy Fully revised and updated second edition Explains basic procedures and instruments for refraction test and refraction in different ophthalmic disorders Previous edition (9789351520634) published in 2014

This monograph focuses on the use of analysis and processing methods for images from the Corvis (R) ST tonometer. The presented analysis is associated with the quantitative, repeatable and fully automatic evaluation of the response of the eye, eyeball and cornea to an air-puff. All the described algorithms were practically implemented in MATLAB (R). The monograph also describes and provides the full source code designed to perform the discussed calculations. As a result, this monograph is intended for scientists, graduate students and students of computer science and bioengineering as well as doctors wishing to expand their knowledge of modern diagnostic methods assisted by various image analysis and processing methods.

The first section covers the general assessment and investigation of the squinting patient, before considering whether surgery is the best form of treatment. The second section addresses common squint disorders, describing the conditions and highlighting the surgical options to be considered. The final section provides a step-by-step account of the surgical procedures, indicating when they should be used, and illustrating specific techniques. This is an essential manual for trainees in clinical practice and those preparing for examinations who need to know how to competently manage this commonly encountered disorder. Optometrists will also find it of great value when managing these patients both pre- and post-operatively. Using a problem-oriented approach, diagnosis and assessment of conditions are introduced before addressing treatment options Specific disorders are covered in detail, indicating when to use surgical treatment and which techniques to use The surgical procedures are covered in a step-by-step format with clear line diagrams highlighting the required techniques. A separate chapter covers general and specific surgical complications

In order to become a Consultant Ophthalmologist it is necessary to learn the skill of refraction and retinoscopy which requires a great deal of skill and practice. This full-colour, comprehensive revision guide has been specifically tailored for candidates of the mandatory Refraction Certificate Examination assessed by the Royal College of Ophthalmologists.

This is a practical manual for diagnostic testing, focusing on the historical and contemporary research on functional disorders in general, and functional visual disorders in particular. Functional Ophthalmic Disorders: Ocular Malingering and Visual Hysteria is a how-to manual that is written for the practicing ophthalmologist and optometrist, complete with color photos that allow the reader to see pictures of select diseases. In addition to the photos, videos are provided online to illustrate the various tests and possible results conducted on a mock patient to assist in the differential diagnosis. Written and edited by leaders in the field, some of the topics covered include history of functional disorders, ophthalmologic examination in malingering and techniques and tests for functional and simulated defects.

This second volume of the highly practical and informative work continues the fine tradition of this exceptional series. It details the latest concepts and management techniques in oculofacial plastic surgery. It contains in-depth reviews of orbital disorders such as capillary hemangiomas and venolymphatic malformations, offering new strategies in diagnosis and management. Coverage also includes recent developments in the diagnosis and management of lacrimal disorders, including salivary gland transposition for severe dry eye and lacrimal stenosis. It will prove to be a valuable resource for both the comprehensive ophthalmologist as well as subspecialists with a particular interest in disorders of the orbit, eyelids, lacrimal system, and other facial structures.

This edition has some differences from the first edition, such as the under grade chapters have been omitted. The total number of the OSPE has been increased. And many new ideas have been applied. In the first edition, there were 276 OSPE questions and answers, but now total questions and answers are 390 and we have added a new chapter (VIDEO station). There are 28 video clips online at emedicine360.com and answers are in the book.

Written by experts on the forefront of investigations of brain function, vision, and perception, the material presented is of an unparalleled scientific quality, and shows that analyses of enormous breadth and sophistication are required to probe the structure and function of brain regions. The articles are highly persuasive in showing what can be achieved by carrying out careful and imaginative experiments. The Cat Primary Visual Cortex should emerge as essential reading for all those interested in cerebral cortical processing of visual signals or researching or working in any field of vision.
Key Features
* Comprehensive account of cat primary visual cortex
* Generous use of illustrations including color
* Covers research from structure to connections to functions
* Chapters by leaders in the field
* Topics presneted on multiple, compatible levels

This new edition provides ophthalmologists and trainees with the latest information and advances in their field. Presented in question and answer format, the book begins with discussion on optics and refraction, followed by genetics and embryology. The next chapters cover the diagnosis and management of disorders in different parts of the eye. The third edition has been fully revised and updated, and new topics added. Authored by a recognised team of experts led by Prof Myron Yanoff from Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, the text is further enhanced by clinical photographs and illustrations. Key points Comprehensive review of latest advances in diagnosis and management of ophthalmic disorders and diseases Presented in question and answer format, fully revised third edition with new topics added Internationally recognised author and editor team Previous edition (9789350255766) published in 2012

The Wisdom of the Eye is a survey of the major concepts underlying many of the basic sciences related to the human eye and visual brain in one volume, using anecdotes and a minimum of highly technical language to emphasize the important points. This book presents an up-to-date treatment on how the eye and visual system work to help us see, interpret what we see, and communicate what we feel. It also examines how this description of the visual system teaches us more about ourselves.
Key Features
* Written in a user-friendly style, absent of jargon
* Humanizes vision research using anecdotes
* Uses many original illustrations and examples to demonstrate concepts
* Provides a synthesis of many disciplines including ophthalmology, optometry, and basic science
* Presents the visual system consistently in the context of its survival advantages
* Covers a wide variety of topics including infant vision, adult retinal image, animal vision, eye injuries, refractive areas, the eye as a transmitter and receiver of information, optical illusions, color, visual awareness, and more

The specialty of medical retina remains one of the most challenging fields in ophthalmology. Fortunately, in the past few years the standard of knowledge in the area of medical retina has improved substantially. The insight in basic mechanisms of disease has been expanded and novel diagnostic and efficacious therapeutic strategies have been developed bridging the gap between laboratory and clinical science. For example, new developments in ophthalmic imaging have contributed significantly to our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of various retinal diseases. This volume encompasses the application of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy including fundus autofluorescence imaging as well as the mapping of central visual function by microperimetry. It also covers anti-VEGF therapy that has revolutionized the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The next big challenge, the management and treatment targets for dry AMD is also presented as well as the practical relevance for the management of diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusions. Written by world-renowned experts, this authoritative work on medical retina is both comprehensive and practical and will serve the need of all ophthalmologists as well as optometrists and ophthalmic nurses to keep up-to-date with the new developments in the important field of medical retina.

The incidence of myopia is rapidly increasing worldwide, and the condition may well become the most prevalent abnormality found in humans. Although the mechanism of myopia has not been fully clarified, there has been an impressive increase in our understanding in the last few years. Important questions about myopia are being posed by researchers across a broad spectrum of disciplines from psychology to molecular biology, from corneal surgery to retinal physiology, and from genetics to experimental optics. The Sixth International Conference on Myopia, held in Hakone, Japan, in September 1996, provided a forum for researchers and practitioners to gather for presentations and discussions of their latest findings. Many doctors from Asian countries, where the incidence of myopia is particularly high, reported the results of recent epidemiological studies. In bringing together information on pathology, epidemiology, experimentation, and treatment, this volume covers all aspects of myopia research and is an essential source for optometrists and ophthalmologists, as well as pathologists, biologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, and physiologists interested in ocular growth or myopia.

The topics in this volume explore the etiology, cellular mechanisms, epidemiology, genetics, models and potential therapeutic measures for the blinding diseases of retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration.
Special focus is highlighted in the areas of Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Degeneration and Cell Death (extremely important because very little is known how or why photoreceptors die in these diseases, despite an abundance of genetic information), Age-Related Macular Degeneration (with several novel approaches to its analysis), Usher Syndrome (the most severe form of retinitis pigmentosa, which includes an early or congenital loss of hearing along with blindness), and Gene Therapy. In addition, the section on Basic Science Related to Retinal Degeneration is particularly strong with several laboratories reporting on new discoveries in the area of outer segment phagocytosis, a key component of photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial cell interactions in normal and degenerating retinas.

Progress in vitreo-retinal surgery is mercurial. Since this series is dedicated to new developments the reader is presented with a motley list of topics. The advancements described here may represent generally accepted progress in the field: New instruments, Macular hole surgery, Tumor biopsy. New ideas are set out to be tested for their benefit, for example: AMD surgery, Adjunctive pharmacotherapy. Reflections on incessant clinical problems in vitreo-retina surgery require superior scrutinization of established surgical techniques and indications: Posterior slippage, Inferior breaks, Subclinical retinal detachments. The editors will expand this list in future editions with topics like: new support for buckling surgery, enzyme assisted vitrectomy, new tamponades and other yet unknown fields of progress.

The Basic Bookshelf for Eyecare Professionals is a series that provides fundamental and advanced material with a clinical approach to clinicians and students. A special effort was made to include information needed for the certification exams in ophthalmic and optometric assisting, low vision, surgical assisting, opticianry, and contact lens examiners. This concise, easy-to-read manual is an excellent introduction to the fundamental techniques of film based imaging of the eye. With a back-to-basics approach this text will reduce any fear or anxiety that you may have related to learning the craft of ocular photography. Clinical Ocular Photography is organized in a way that allows quick and easy understanding on a specific subject. Each chapter stands alone, allowing the reader to tackle one specific topic at a time. With clear explanations of all clinical uses of photography in ophthalmology, this book is the perfect resource for the beginning or experienced ocular photographer.

This highly-illustrated, concise, but detailed, monograph represents a handy guide through the OCTA technique while examining various retinal diseases, as well as pathology of the optic nerve. It also includes descriptions of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical signs and symptoms, as well as diagnostic and treatment possibilities for every entity described.