The diverse roles in physiological function now attributed to nitric oxide include those it performs in the eye. In recent years this simple molecule has become the subject of increased attention among researchers and practitioners concerned with the eye. While most books in the field have concentrated on the pharmacology of NO in the central and peripheral nervous system or the cardiovascular system, the contents of this volume encompass all aspects of the eye and NO. With authors who are leading scientists worldwide, the major sections include reports of the latest research in the mechanism of ocular hypertension and glaucoma (aqueous dynamics), ocular autonomic neurotransmission (ocular bloodflow), and the pathophysiology of uveitis; the final section contains three chapters on the role of NO specific to the retina. This book is a valuable resource for researchers as well as for ophthalmologists and other practitioners interested in the role of NO in the eye.

This comprehensive text explains the diagnostic and optometric management procedures involved in the care of patients with binocular vision anomalies. It is a clinically oriented text that can be used by the student as well as the clinician. It provides thorough descriptions of the many binocular vision anomalies, describes the necessary testing procedures to correctly diagnose each disorder, and suggests the most appropriate management. Featuring many illustrations, photos and case studies, particularly on strabismus and incomitant deviations, it presents an orderly practical approach to diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment decision making. * Every topic area in binocular vision anomalies is included, from heterophoria and accommodative disorders to severe strabismic disorders. * Discusses not only the most common forms of treatment for a particular anomaly, but also discusses less known but deserving treatment alternatives, providing the reader with an understanding of the full range of treatment possibilities. * In each chapter, an anomaly is identified, then classified according to its significant symptoms and clinical findings. Once a diagnosis is certain, the appropriate forms of treatment are discussed. * Editors Rutstein and Daum are well known and respected in their field. They are scientists who have lectured extensively, have written many articles and have a wealth of clinical experience. * Organized to take the reader from the base to the tip of the "pyramid" of binocular vision. Sensory anomalies are discussed first, integrative anomalies next, and motor anomalies last. * An invaluable reference for both optometrists and ophthalmologists. * Features many references and case studies. * Contains approximately 309 illustrations and photographs, providing the reader with a clear, visual guide to the disorders and their management. * Features clinical pearls succinct bits of "clinical wisdom" that are boxed within the text for easy reference. * Outlines appear at the beginning of each chapter, giving the reader a quick overview of chapter content. * Glossary appears at the end of the book, defining key words that appear in the text.

Part of the new series Gems of Ophthalmology, this book provides the latest information in the diagnosis and management of diseases of the cornea and sclera. Beginning with an overview of corneal topography, the following chapters compare LASIK and SMILE procedures for refractive surgery, and their potential complications. The remaining sections discuss numerous disorders, covering both common conditions and more complex, less common infections such as fungal keratitis and acanthamoeba keratitis. Corneal dystrophies and their latest classification and management are explained in depth, as is DALK (Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty). A chapter on corneal changes in contact lens wearers, is also included. This comprehensive text is further enhanced by clinical and surgical photographs. Other topics in the series include: Diseases of the Uvea, Glaucoma, and Retina. Key points Comprehensive guide to diagnosis and management of diseases of the cornea and sclera Part of the new Gems of Ophthalmology series Covers many common and more complex disorders and infections Other topics in the series include: Diseases of the Uvea, Glaucoma, and Retina

This book reviews the current state of ocular drug therapy and future therapeutic opportunities for a wide variety of conditions, including Age-related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema, Glaucoma, and Inherited Retinal Diseases. Retinal diseases are major contributors to moderate or severe vision impairment in adults aged 50 years and older. The respective patient populations for many of these indications is expected to significantly increase as the world population continues to grow older. An improved understanding of the etiological underpinnings of ocular degenerative diseases over the past decade has significantly bolstered ophthalmic drug discovery. In this volume, contributions from leading experts explore the unique challenges faced for ocular drug discovery and delivery providing the reader with detailed information on ocular pharmacokinetics, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models for retinal disease pathology and emerging gene therapy treatments. The book is intended for all researchers and clinicians who wish to increase their knowledge on the latest findings in ocular drug therapy.

Sports vision is a relatively new but fast expanding area of multi-disciplinary eye care involving not only optometrists but also dispensing opticians, ophthalmologists, athletes, sports organisations and coaches. This book deals with optimising safe and efficient vision in sport. Sports vision will be essential reading for everyone involved in sport wishing to optimise vision particularly optometrists but also ophthalmologists, athletes and trainers. 'For practitioners wishing to develop an active interest in the subject this book acts as a valuable guide to how they need to develop both their optometric and dispensing skills.' - Journal of British Contact Lens Assoc., January 1996 '..excellent.' - The Optician, March 1996 * NEW IN PAPERBACK * * * Visual training, injuries and prevention, setting up a practice, legal considerations and many other aspects of sports vision are covered in detail.

Covering ocular pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology, Ocular Pharmacology and Toxicology provides ophthalmologists, toxicologists, and pharmacologists with both an introduction to the proper methods for ocular pharmacology and toxicology as well as providing practical methodologies for conducting ocular studies. Expert authors have contributed detailed chapters on study design, analysis, and routes to regulatory approval for various types and routes of ophthalmic drugs. As a volume in the Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology series, chapters feature the kind of in-depth specifics and implementation advice to ensure successful results. Practical and authoritative, Ocular Pharmacology and Toxicology serves as an ideal basis of training in the proper design and conduct of essential studies to accurately determine pharmacokinetics and ocular toxicity from the systemic, topical, periocular, or intraocular administration of drugs or compounds, from the use of ocular medical devices and from ocular surgical procedures.

Patients aftlicted with thyroid eye disease or Graves' ophthamopathy (GO) may experience not only pain and visual loss, but also disfigurement. Full understanding of pathogenesis has been elusive, and treatment modalities are imperfect. As with other conditions, more effective intervention will follow only after a better understanding of pathogenesis is reached. The goal of this volume is to give an overview by leaders in the field of the present state of the art both in pathogenesis and clinical aspects of GO. Much attention has been directed towards determining which cells within the orbit are targets of the autoimmune process, and how these and other cells might participate in the local inflammatory process. It is now generally agreed that orbital fibroblasts, preadipocyte fibroblasts, and adipocytes are the targeted and activated cells in GO and that full-length TSH receptor (TSHr) is expressed in these cells. Further, there is growing consensus that this receptor is up-regulated in the orbit in GO, residing primarily in newly differentiated adipocytes. However, it is also evident, given a sufficiently sensitive assay, that TSHr is detectable in fibroblasts and adipocytes from the normal orbit and other anatomic sites, as well. It will be important to determine whether the observed increase in orbital TSHr expression itself initiates the orbital autoimmune process. Also to be decided is whether orbital lymphocytes from GO patients specifically recognize this receptor, and what factor or factors unique to Graves' dIsease might stimulate TSHr expression in orbital cells.

Since 1984, we have organized satellite symposia on retinal degenerations that are held in conjunction with the biennial International Congress of Eye Research. The timing and location of our Retinal Degeneration Symposia have allowed scientists and clinicians from around the world to convene and present their exciting new findings. The symposia have been arranged to allow ample time for discussions and one-on-one interactions in a relaxed atmosphere, where international friendships and collaborations could be established. The IXth International Symposium on Retinal Degeneration was held on October 9-14, 2000 in Durango, Colorado and was attended by over 100 scientists from six continents. This book contains many of their presentations. Several events of note occurred at this meeting. First, thanks to the generous support of the Foundation Fighting Blindness, we were able to sponsor the travel of 11 young scientists from six countries. Most of them have contributed chapters to this volume. The response to the travel program was so overwhelming that we will make it regular feature of our meeting. This will allow other bright, young investigators to be introduced to the world experts who study retinal degenerations. Second, about 40% of the scientists who attended this meeting were there for the first time. We believe that this indicates a growing interest in retinal degeneration research and ensures that new talent will be attracted to this important area of investigation. The symposium received support from several organizations.

Gonioscopy is an eye examination to look at the front part of the eye (anterior chamber), between the cornea and the iris. It is a painless procedure to see whether the area where fluid drains out of the eye is open or closed. Gonioscopy is important in diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma, an eye disease that damages the optic nerve and may result in blindness. The new edition of this text and atlas is a step by step guide to train ophthalmologists in the principles, indications, and techniques for performing gonioscopy, whilst highlighting various goniopathologies encountered in different congenital and acquired conditions. The text begins with the history, principles and indications of gonioscopy, with the following chapters providing an overview of different techniques. The book features various gonioscopy grading systems including Shaffer's System, Spaeth System, Scheie System, RPC Classification, Becker System, and Shaffer-Kanski System. The second edition features more than 600 goniophotographs illustrating different conditions discussed in the text, as well as self-assessment questions at the end of the book. Key points Step by step guide to gonioscopy covering many different techniques Features more than 600 goniophotographs Includes self-assessment questions Previous edition (9789350904343) published in 2013

An exciting contribution to the field, Visual Dysfunction in Diabetes: The Science of Patient Impairment and Improvement is designed with two overriding objectives: to help readers understand the impact of vision impairment in people living daily with diabetes rather than considering diabetic retinopathy solely as a medical problem, and to explore what we know and don't know about the ways diabetes affect the eye. With the plethora of new information being generated, there are still a series of fundamental questions that must be addressed if effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy are to be found and applied. Developed by a renowned group of authorities, Visual Dysfunction in Diabetes: The Science of Patient Impairment and Improvement offers responses and context for a range of questions, such as: do metabolic factors beyond glucose contribute to vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy? If so, how do these lead to vision impairment? Is diabetic retinopathy a response to systemic metabolic abnormalities or are there unique ocular problems related to insulin resistance? What is the relationship between the neural, vascular, and inflammatory abnormalities in diabetic retinopathy? Do they represent a pathological cascade induced sequentially or simultaneous responses to one or more metabolic perturbations? The authors note that if we do not address these types of questions, it is possible that the long process of developing new therapeutic s will target only one arm of the pathology and leave the retina open to damaging consequences of the others. State-of-the-art, comprehensive, and an invaluable addition the research and clinical literature, Visual Dysfunction in Diabetes: The Science of Patient Impairment and Improvement offers guidance and a significant step toward new scientific approaches that can lessen the devastating vision impairment associated with diabetes.

Fluorescein and Indocyanine green angiography, including the imaging of fundus autofluorescence, has been significantly improved in the last few years. The use of confocal laser technology in particular has been the most significant impro- ment: the technology is digital, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography are seen in real time and can be used simultaneously. The clinical findings have been expanded with the addition of infrared, red-free and autofluorescence - aging. The foundations for the new fluorescence angiography atlas of Professor S. Dithmar, Heidelberg and Professor F. Holz (previously of Heidelberg) are fi- ings that have been gathered at the Heidelberg University Department of O- thalmology with the Heidelberg Angiograph 2 (HRA 2, Heidelberg Engineering. This work documents the authors' successful collaboration with the Heidelberg Engineering firm. This atlas clearly explains the technical fundamentals of fluorescence angi- raphy and the imaging of pathological fluorescence phenomena. A full chapter is devoted to fundus autofluorescence, particularly with regard to pathological fi- ings in the retinal pigment epithelium. Naturally, diseases of the macula are given particular attention, especially to age-related macular degeneration and the use of Anti-VEGF therapy. The wide spectrum of macular disorders has been expanded with attention given to retinal vascular disease, inflammatory, retinal and chor- dal diseases, disorders of the optic nerve, and the typical findings of intraocular tumors, including choroidal melanomas, choroidal metastases and choroidal hemangiomas.

This book is a practical guide to the everyday use of the revolutionary technique of non-invasive, dyeless OCT angiography imaging. Beginning with an overview of the principles and technology, and terminology, the next chapter discusses practical problems of OCT Angiography that may be encountered by clinicians. The following sections cover the use of the technique for the diagnosis and management of different ocular disorders, with a final chapter providing guidance on writing an OCT Angiography report. Presented in a step by step format, the book is highly illustrated with images obtained from Optovue's Avanti Widefield OCT hardware platform and Angiovue OCT angiography software. The book is authored by a highly experienced, internationally recognised team of experts led by Prof Bruno Lumbroso from Centro Italiano Macula in Rome. Key points Practical guide to the everyday use of OCT Angiography Covers use of the technique for diagnosing and managing many different ocular disorders Most images from Optovue's Avanti Widefield OCT hardware platform and Angiovue OCT angiography software Highly experienced, well-recognised author team led by Prof Bruno Lumbroso

In this exceptionally important new work, a panel of distinguished authors discusses all the latest developments in the study of ocular transporters. Focusing on the molecular characteristics, localization, and substrate specificities in various compartments of the eye, this volume discusses how transporters regulate the clarity of the cornea and lens, the movements of fluids across the ciliary epithelium and nutrients across the retinal pigment epithelium.

Glaucoma remains one of the leading causes of blindness. Laser scanning tomography has gained an indispensable role in the ophthalmologic diagnosis, especially in the long-term follow-up of glaucoma. Confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopy provides key insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of the optic disc in vivo. This unique atlas contains superb images of all clinically relevant diseases diagnosed by current models of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph. It correlates classical diagnostic tools like perimetry and fundus photography with state-of-the-art studies including digital retinal angiography, optical coherence tomography and laser scanning tomography. Special features include the illustrated coverage of:

Diseases of the optic nerve head; different types and stages of glaucoma, non-glaucomatous neuropathy and papilledema; automated classification procedures for the detection of glaucoma; strategies for the interpretation of follow-up results in optic disc monitoring.

Macular diseases: the shortly released Retina Module expands the diagnostic spectrum of laser scanning ophthalmoscopy significantly, adding measuring and monitoring of diabetic and cystoid macular edema.

This atlas is the most comprehensive up-to-date reference of laser scanning ophthalmoscopy available, ideal for residents and general ophthalmologists who want to enhance their diagnostic skills.

From the 98 presentations of the XIIth Symposium on Colour Vision Deficiencies, 61 were selected after peer review and revision by the authors. In addition to these contributions this volume contains a cumulative index to all authors in the IRGCVD proceedings since the first one in 1968, including the present volume. The contents include contributions on basic questions of anatomical and electrophysiological organisation of the neural pathways underlying colour vision; and on ways in which disturbances of these pathways can produce acquired colour vision deficiencies. Further contributions deal with genetics and congenital red--green colour deficiencies and colour vision testing. The resulting publication contains much of interest to basic vision scientists as well as to specialists in colour vision deficiencies.

The purpose of this important new book is to provide basic scientists working in the field of glaucoma with a current understanding of the clinical aspects of glaucoma. The authors comprehensively review the most current knowledge available in the field and provide a basis in which researchers can effectively study the glaucomas. The multidisciplinary book will be of great value as its contents will aid the reader in prevention of blindness from glaucoma.

Cataract Surgery: Maximizing Outcomes Through Research provides cataract surgeons with helpful information about cataract operations based on the latest fundamental and clinical research. This book comprehensively covers a wide range of topics from the basic principles of each treatment to today's hot topics such as femtosecond laser application, cataract surgery, and new intraocular lenses (IOLs) with accommodating or light-adjustable function. Detailed cutting-edge discussion is provided in each chapter with the addition of diagrams, photographs, and tables to help readers better understand the subject. Authored by leading international experts, the book covers topics from preoperative evaluations to postoperative care including evaluation of accommodation and pseudo-accommodation, glistening and visual function, the eye's image quality with a premium IOL, IOL power calculations, pupil size and postoperative visual function, posterior capsular opacity, corneal astigmatism, femtosecond laser techniques, and more. Cataract Surgery: Maximizing Outcomes Through Research is the perfect book for cataract surgeons and general ophthalmologists who wish to update their knowledge and make use of it in their everyday medical practice.

Recent Developments in Graves' Ophthalmopathy offers an overview of the pathogenesis, assessment and management of patients with thyroid-associated eye disease. Each chapter is written by an expert and truly represents the current state of the art on the particular topic. This book can therefore almost be considered a textbook on this enigmatic disorder. Recent Developments in Graves' Ophthalmopathy is designed for all those interested in this disease, including basic scientists, clinical endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, radiotherapists, and orbital surgeons. The book gives a comprehensive overview of all aspects of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Subjects covered include the pathology of Graves' eye disease and the controversial views on its autoimmune pathogenesis; assessment of the eye changes using reliable measurements; medical management of Graves' eye disease with an overview of the many treatment options available to the clinician, including orbital radiotherapy and other immunosuppressive treatments; management of the thyroid disease; and finally, the techniques for performing various surgical procedures, which are explained and illustrated.

This book describes experimental animal models that mimic common human ocular diseases: herpetic keratitis, cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa, Graves' disease, and intraocular tumors. In conjunction, these models reflect the diversity and utility of tools used to study human disease. World expert clinicians discuss each model based on their clinical experience and the text is supported by numerous photos and diagrams. In describing the most pertinent animal models of ophthalmic diseases, this book will be of interest to ophthalmologists, vision researchers, fellows, residents and medical students.

Aging research on the human eyes crosses all areas of ophthalmology and also relies upon biological, morphological, physiological, and biochemical tools for its study. This book reviews all aspects of human eye aging. In addition to descriptions of age-related changes in almost all the structures of the human eyes, the authors also include interesting accounts of personal experiments and data. It provides an extensive panorama of what happens during aging in the eye.

The human brain contains more than a billion neurons which interconnect to form networks that process, store, and recall sensory information. These neuronal activities are supported by a group of accessory brain cells coll- tively known as neuroglia. Surprisingly, glial cells are ten times more - merous than neurons, and occupy more than half the brain volume (Hyden, 1961). Although long considered a passive, albeit necessary, component of the nervous system, many interesting and unusual functional properties of glial cells are only now being brought to light. As a result, the status of these cellular elements is approaching parity with nerve cells as a subject for experimental study. The term glia (or glue) seems today to be a misnomer in view of the diverse functions attributed to glial cells. Experimental studies in the last three decades have clearly established that the behavior of glial cells is far from passive, and that they are at least as complex as neurons with regard to their membrane properties. In addition, glial cells are of importance in signal processing, cellular metabolism, nervous system development, and the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The Muller cell of the ver- brate retina provides a splendid example of an accessory cell that exhibits features illustrating every aspect of the complex behavior now associated with glial cells.

This edited book focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), combining epidemiology and clinical diagnosis, with genetics and immunological aspects as well as the role of proteostasis and mitochondria before diving into new therapies including stem cell based approaches. AMD is a leading cause of largely incurable blindness worldwide and projected to double from 2.07 million to 5.44 million individuals by 2050 in the United States. Globally, 288 million individuals are projected to have AMD by 2040. The disease has enormous socioeconomic impact on the affected individuals, their families and the society. This book will bring together the state of the art basic science knowledge with clinically relevant findings and address the challenges for future research in AMD. The intersection of different disciplines will provide potential areas for further investigations to reduce the burden of blindness from AMD. This book offers an appealing and insightful resource for clinicians, scientists, students and fellows.