Die Studien greifen den Widerspruch zwischen der bestandigen Prasenz von Schrifttexten im Alltag und deren mangelnder empirischer textlinguistisch-stilistischer Bearbeitung auf. Der Kommunikationsbereich Alltag ist uber seine soziokulturelle und historische Wesenheit charakterisiert, deshalb fokussieren die Beitrage innerhalb eines kommunikationsorientierten Ansatzes synchronische, diachronische, interkulturelle und produktiv-rezeptive Aspekte ausgewahlter Schrifttexte. Aufgrund der Unabgeschlossenheit dieses Kommunikationsbereichs, seiner UEberschneidungen und Vernetzungen mit anderen Kommunikationsbereichen sind keine prototypischen Schrifttextsorten des Alltags inferierbar. Es wird gezeigt, dass es bezuglich einzelner Textsorten Zuordnungen von Formulierungsweisen gibt, dass jedoch das Ausloten von Polaritaten, wie Privatheit - Offizialitat, Usualitat - Kreativitat, Normbefolgung - Saloppheit, eine gangige kommunikative Praxis darstellt. Die Besonderheit des Bandes besteht darin, dass ein Ausschnitt schriftlicher Alltagskommunikation sowie deren sozio-kulturell-historische Determination starker in den Fokus empirisch-linguistischen Interesses geruckt werden.

This volume explores the linguistic expression of modality in natural language from a cross-linguistic perspective. Modal expressions provide the basic tools that allow us to dissociate what we say from what is actually going on, allowing us to talk about what might happen or might have happened, as well as what is required, desirable, or permitted. Chapters in the book demonstrate that modality involves many more syntactic categories and levels of syntactic structure than traditionally assumed. The volume distinguishes between three types of modality: 'low modality', which concerns modal interpretations associated with the verbal and nominal cartographies in syntax; 'middle modality', or modal interpretation associated with the syntactic cartography internal to the clause; and 'high modality', relating to the left periphery. It combines cross-linguistic discussions of the more widely studied sources of modality with analyses of novel or unexpected sources, and shows how the meanings associated with the three types of modality are realized across a wide range of languages.

Das Buch eroertert die Verbalisierungsschwierigkeiten von olfaktorischen Wahrnehmungen. Hierfur betrachtet der Autor zunachst die Olfaktorik aus kulturell-philosophischer, neurophysiologischer und anthropolinguistischer Perspektive. Des Weiteren legt er dar, wie man uber Geruche im Deutschen und Polnischen spricht. Er geht auf zweierlei Art und Weise vor. Zunachst erfolgen anhand von Woerterbuchern Analyse und Vergleich des deutschen und polnischen Geruchswortschatzes auf der synchronen und diachronen Ebene. Anschliessend zeigt der Autor mithilfe von sprachlichen Korpora und unter Anwendung der kognitiv-linguistischen Methodologie (Frame-Semantik, konzeptuelle Metapher) auf, wie heute Geruche im Deutschen und Polnischen verbalisiert und konzeptualisiert werden.

Die in diesem Band vereinigten Beitrage nehmen Bezug auf Forschungsgegenstande der Germanistik und angewandten Sprachwissenschaft, insbesondere der Morphologie, Syntax, Phraseologie, der Text- und Diskurslinguistik sowie der Translations- und Literaturwissenschaft. Die Autorinnen und Autoren wurdigen mit ihren Beitragen die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen der polnischen Germanistin und ehemaligen Prasidentin des Verbandes Polnischer Germanisten Zofia Berdychowska, Professorin an der Jagiellonen-Universitat Krakow. Die Publikation erscheint anlasslich ihres 65. Geburtstages im Jahr 2016.

Ziel der Autorin ist die Entwicklung einer morphologisch-semantischen Modellierungsmethode zur Klarung semantischer Probleme in einer mehrsprachigen Terminologie (in der sicherheitsrelevanten Ortungsterminologie der Landverkehrsfachsprache in Deutsch, Englisch, Turkisch). Intralinguale Probleme (Synonymie, Polysemie, Homonymie) klart sie durch einen morphologischen Ansatz und interlinguale Probleme (AEquivalenzprobleme) durch einen semantischen Ansatz (durch Klarung intralingualer Probleme). Folglich entsteht eine konsistente mehrsprachige Terminologie. Aus der Untersuchung resultiert, dass intralinguale Probleme interlinguale Probleme verursachen. Insofern fuhrt ihre Behebung zur Behebung interlingualer Probleme. Ausgenommen von diesem Zusammenhang sind terminologische Lucken.

A biography of two troublesome words. Isn't it ironic? Or is it? Never mind, I'm just being sarcastic (or am I?). Irony and sarcasm are two of the most misused, misapplied, and misunderstood words in our conversational lexicon. In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, psycholinguist Roger Kreuz offers an enlightening and concise overview of the life and times of these two terms, mapping their evolution from Greek philosophy and Roman rhetoric to modern literary criticism to emojis. Kreuz describes eight different ways that irony has been used through the centuries, proceeding from Socratic to dramatic to cosmic irony. He explains that verbal irony-irony as it is traditionally understood-refers to statements that mean something different (frequently the opposite) of what is literally intended, and defines sarcasm as a type of verbal irony. Kreuz outlines the prerequisites for irony and sarcasm (one of which is a shared frame of reference); clarifies what irony is not (coincidence, paradox, satire) and what it can be (among other things, a socially acceptable way to express hostility); recounts ways that people can signal their ironic intentions; and considers the difficulties of online irony. Finally, he wonders if, because irony refers to so many different phenomena, people may gradually stop using the word, with sarcasm taking over its verbal duties.

Multimodalitat ist ein typisches Merkmal der Kommunikation im Social Web. Der Fokus dieses Bandes liegt auf der Kommunikation in Foto-Communitys, insbesondere auf den beiden kommunikativen Praktiken des Social Taggings und des Verfassens von Notizen innerhalb von Bildern. Bei den Tags stehen semantische Text-Bild-Relationen im Vordergrund: Tags dienen der Wissensreprasentation, eine adaquate Versprachlichung der Bilder ist folglich unabdingbar. Notizen-Bild-Relationen sind aus pragmatischer Perspektive von Interesse: Die Informationen eines Kommunikats werden komplementar auf Text und Bild verteilt, was sich in verschiedenen sprachlichen Phanomenen niederschlagt. Ein diachroner Vergleich mit der Postkartenkommunikation sowie ein Exkurs zur Kommunikation mit Emojis runden das Buch ab.

Thema des Buches ist eine korpus- und framebasierte Beschreibung der semantischen und syntaktischen Struktur der prapositionalen Komplemente bei Adjektiven unter Berucksichtigung der Ergebnisse der aktuellen Valenzforschung. Eine weitere Komponente ist die Bestimmung von Kriterien und Testverfahren zur Unterscheidung zwischen obligatorischen und fakultativen prapositionalen Komplementen und Supplementen. Das vom Autor verwendete Untersuchungsmodell enthalt die Angaben zu Argumentstruktur, semantischer und syntaktischer Valenz des entsprechenden Adjektivs, zur Obligatheit bzw. Fakultativitat des prapositionalen Komplements und zum Frame, zu welchem dieses Adjektiv gehoert.

Dieses Woerterbuch enthalt 2000 oesterreichische Rechtstermini, die sich in Form und/oder Inhalt von Termini des deutschen Rechtssystems unterscheiden. Ausserdem liefert es englische und franzoesische UEbersetzungsvorschlage, da diese beiden Sprachen neben Deutsch die wichtigsten Arbeitssprachen der EU sind. Insgesamt umfasst das Woerterbuch 7960 oesterreichische, deutsche, englische und franzoesische Rechtsbegriffe. Die Erstellung des Woerterbuchs fand im Kontext der Terminologiearbeit der EU statt, wo das OEsterreichische Deutsch nach dem Beitritt OEsterreichs im Jahre 1995 nicht ausreichend reprasentiert war. Das Buch ist auch als Modell fur die Beschreibung derartiger Unterschiede zwischen Rechtssystemen anderer Mitgliedslander der EU anzusehen, die sich eine gemeinsame Sprache teilen. Denn 8 der 24 EU-Amtssprachen sind plurizentrische Sprachen.

Das Buch erganzt die Monographie der Autorin uber das Phanomen der Hybridbildungen im Gegenwartsdeutschen, in der sie sich dem systematisch-linguistischen Aspekt dieses Phanomens widmete. Hier nun werden die linguistischen Untersuchungen zu sprachlichen Phanomenen aus sozialer Perspektive betrachtet, denn Sprache funktioniert nicht von den Menschen isoliert. Sie wird von ihnen entwickelt und an die bestehenden Verhaltnisse angepasst. Die zu diesem Zweck durchgefuhrte Befragung veranschaulicht, dass die meisten zur Untersuchung ausgewahlten deutschen Muttersprachler nicht zu der Gruppe der leidenschaftlichen Sprachpuristen gehoeren. Vielmehr verstehen sie die Entwicklung der Sprache, die wesentlich vom fremdsprachigen Einfluss angetrieben wird, als einen unaufhaltsamen und kommunikationsfoerdernden Prozess. Die mit Hilfe des anonymen Fragebogens befragten Personen stehen in uberwiegender Zahl den fremden Einflussen auf die deutsche Sprache offen gegenuber, sofern diese das Verstandnis der AEusserung nicht beeintrachtigen.

La ricerca sistematizza le modalita di presentazione del sapere specialistico in linguistica. Si esplorano le forme del saggio e dell'articolo nelle riviste linguistiche moderne. La metodologia applicata combina la retorica con l'analisi dei generi del discorso. Le categorie retoriche dei genera dicendi, nonche quelle dell'inventio, della dispositio e dell'elocutio permettono di individuare regolarita, funzionali a diversi tipi di ricerche linguistiche. L'esemplificazione illustra come i linguisti elaborano il sapere disciplinare, costruendo descrizioni, analisi, interpretazioni, spiegazioni e predizioni. Il modello proposto offre criteri sistematici di segmentazione dei testi in parti funzionali. Permette inoltre di individuare le forme ibride dei generi del discorso.

When theorizing about language, we tend to assume that speakers are cooperative, honest, helpful, and so on. This, of course, isn't remotely true of a lot of real-world language use. Bad Language is the first textbook to explore non-idealized language use, the linguistic behaviour of those who exploit language for malign purposes. Two eminent philosophers of language present a lively and accessible introduction to a wide range of topics including lies and bullshit, slurs and insults, coercion and silencing: Cappelen and Dever offer theoretical frameworks for thinking about these all too common linguistic behaviours. As the text does not assume prior training in philosophy or linguistics, it is ideal for use as part of a philosophy of language course for philosophy students or for linguistics students. Bad Language belongs to the series Contemporary Introductions to Philosophy of Language, in which each book introduces an important area of the philosophy of language, suitable for students at any level.

This volume presents a crosslinguistic survey of the current theoretical debates around copular constructions from a generative perspective. Following an introduction to the main questions surrounding the analysis and categorization of copulas, the chapters address a range of key topics including the existence of more than one copular form in certain languages, the factors determining the presence or absence of a copula, and the morphology of copular forms. The team of expert contributors present new theoretical proposals regarding the formal mechanisms behind the behaviour and patterns observed in copulas in a wide range of typologically diverse languages, including Czech, French, Korean, and languages from the Dene and Bantu families. Their findings have implications beyond the study of copulas and shed more light on issues such as agreement relations, the nature of grammatical categories, and nominal predicates in syntax and semantics.

This book presents research in business discourse and offers pedagogical approaches to teaching business discourse in both classroom and consultancy contexts that address the key issues of dealing with different types of learners, developing teaching materials and evaluation. Drawing on the authors' extensive experience of researching business discourse from a variety of different perspectives including pragmatics, discourse analysis, rhetoric, and language for specific purposes, it demonstrates how these approaches may be applied to teaching. Each chapter includes a list of additional readings, together with a number of practical tasks designed to help readers apply the materials presented. Case studies are used throughout the book to illustrate the concepts, thus equipping readers with a set of research tools to extend their own understanding of how language and communication operate in business contexts, as well introducing them to a variety of research-based ideas that can be translated easily into a classroom setting. The book is cross-cultural in scope as it includes perspectives from a range of different contexts. It represents a significant advance in current literature and will provide a valuable resource for students and scholars of applied linguistics, business communication, and business discourse, in addition to teachers of Business English.

This book offers a semantic and metasemantic inquiry into the representation of meaning in linguistic interaction. Kasia Jaszczolt's view represents the most radical stance on meaning to be found in the contextualist tradition and thereby the most radical take on the semantics/pragmatics boundary. It allows for the selection of the cognitively plausible object of enquiry without being constrained by such distinctions as what is said/what is implicated or what is linguistic and what is extralinguistic. She argues that this is the only promising stance on meaning. The analysis transcends the traditional distinctions drawn, and traditional questions posed, in post-Gricean pragmatics and philosophy of language. It heavily relies on the dynamic construction of meaning in discourse, using truth conditions as a tool but at the same time conforming to pragmatic compositionality ? whereby aspects of meaning that enter this composition have very different provenance. Meaning in Linguistic Interaction builds on the author's earlier work on Default Semantics and adds new arguments in favour of radical contextualism as well as novel applications, focusing on the role of salience, the flexibility of word meaning, the literal/nonliteral distinction, and the dynamic nature of a character, as well as offering an entirely new perspective on the indexical/nonindexical distinction. It contains a state-of-the-art discussion of the semantics/pragmatics boundary disputes, focusing on varieties of semantic minimalism and contextualism and on the limitations of an indexicalism. Jaszczolt's work is illustrated with examples from a variety of languages and offers some formal representations of meaning in the metalanguage of Default Semantics.

What makes a word bad? Bad Words is a philosophical examination of slurs and other derogatory and problematic language, by some of the leading contributors to the field. Slurs are an interesting case for the philosophy of language. On the one hand, they seem to be meaningful in something like the way many other expressions are meaningful - different slurs might seem in some way to refer to different groups, for example. But on the other hand, it's clear that slurs also have distinctive practical effects and roles: they can seem to be just an arbitrary tool for insulting or enabling harm. How are those aspects related? Just how the use of words is related to their significance is of course one of the deepest issues in philosophy of language: slurs not only refine that issue, by presenting a kind of use that presents novel challenges, but also give the issue a compelling practical relevance. The Engaging Philosophy series is a new forum for collective philosophical engagement with controversial issues in contemporary society.

This book covers the key terms, concepts, thinkers and texts in semantics that students in linguistics and language studies will encounter. "Key Terms in Semantics" explains the all the terms and concepts in semantics which students on linguistics and language studies course are likely to encounter during their undergraduate study. The book is organized alphabetically, and fully cross-referenced. The book includes a section on key thinkers in semantics, from Aristotle to Noam Chomsky and will be a valuable desk reference for students throughout their undergraduate course. The final section presents a list of key readings in semantics, to signpost the reader towards classic articles, as well providing a springboard to further study. The book is accessibly written, with complex terms and concepts explained in an easy to understand and approachable manner. "The Key Terms" series offers undergraduate students clear, concise and accessible introductions to core topics. Each book includes a comprehensive overview of the key terms, concepts, thinkers and texts in the area covered and ends with a guide to further resources.

Pragmatica del espanol: contexto, uso y variacion introduces the central topics in pragmatics and discourse from a sociolinguistic perspective. Pragmatic variation is addressed within each topic, with examples from different varieties of Spanish spoken in Latin America, Spain and the United States. Key topics include: speech acts in context and deictic expressions implicit meaning and inferential communication intercultural competence in study abroad contexts pragmatics and computer-mediated discourse politeness and impoliteness in the Spanish-speaking world the pragmatics of Spanish among US heritage speakers the teaching and learning of pragmatics. A companion website provides additional exercises and a corpus of Spanish data for student research projects. A sample syllabus and suggestions for further reading help instructors tailor the material to a one-semester course or as a supplement to introduction to Hispanic linguistics courses. This is an ideal resource for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, at level B2-C2 of the Common European Framework for Languages, and Intermediate High-Advanced High on the ACTFL proficiency scales.

Hailed as a "masterpiece" (Nature) and as "the most important book in the sciences of language to have appeared in many years" (Steven Pinker), Ray Jackendoff's Foundations of Language was widely acclaimed as a landmark work of scholarship that radically overturned our understanding of how language, the brain, and perception intermesh.
A User's Guide to Thought and Meaning is Jackendoff's most important book since his groundbreaking Foundations of Language. Written with an informality that belies the originality of its insights, it presents a radical new account of the relation between language, meaning, rationality, perception, consciousness, and thought, and, extraordinarily, does this in terms a non-specialist will grasp with ease. Jackendoff starts out by looking at languages and what the meanings of words and sentences actually do. Finding meanings to be more adaptive and complicated than they're commonly given credit for, he is led to some basic questions: how do we perceive and act in the world? How do we talk about it? And how can the collection of neurons in the brain give rise to conscious experience? He shows that the organization of language, thought, and perception does not look much like the way we experience things, and that only a small part of what the brain does is conscious. He concludes that thought and meaning must be almost completely unconscious. What we experience as rational conscious thought--which we prize as setting us apart from the animals--in fact rides on a foundation of unconscious intuition. Rationality amounts to intuition enhanced by language.
Ray Jackendoff's profound and arresting account will appeal to everyone interested in the workings of the mind, in how language links to the world, and in what understanding these means for the way we experience our lives.
Acclaim for Foundations of Language:
"A book that deserves to be read and reread by anyone seriously interested in the state of the art of research on language."
--American Scientist
"A dazzling combination of theory-building and factual integration. The result is a compelling new view of language and its place in the natural world."
--Steven Pinker, author of The Language of Instinct and Words and Rules
"A masterpiece. . . . The book deserves to be the reference point for all future theorizing about the language faculty and its interconnections."
--Frederick J. Newmeyer, past president of the Linguistic Society of America
"This book has the potential to reorient linguistics more decisively than any book since Syntactic Structures shook the discipline almost half a century ago."
--Robbins Burling, Language in Society

This book synthesizes and integrates 40 years of research on the semantics of questions, and its interface with pragmatics and syntax, conducted within the formal semantics tradition. A wide range of topics are covered, including weak-strong exhaustiveness, maximality, functional answers, single-multiple-trapped list answers, embedding predicates, quantificational variability, concealed questions, weak islands, polar and alternative questions, negative polarity, and non-canonical questions. The literature on this rich set of topics, theoretically diverse and scattered across multiple venues, is often hard to assimilate. Veneeta Dayal, drawing on her own research, brings them together for the first time in a coherent, concise, and well-structured whole. Each chapter begins with a non-technical introduction to the issues discussed; semantically sophisticated accounts are then presented incrementally, with the major points summarized at the end of each section. Written in an accessible style, this book provides both a guide to one of the most vibrant areas of research in natural language and an account of how this area of study is developing. It will be a unique resource for the novice and expert alike, and seeks to appeal to a variety of readers without compromising depth and breadth of coverage.

This book analyses data from a variety of sources, including soap operas, movies, plays, talk shows and other audiovisual material, to examine attitude datives in Levantine Arabic. It looks at four types of interpersonal pragmatic marker: topic/affectee-oriented, speaker-oriented, hearer-oriented and subject-oriented to explore the meaning contribution of attitude datives as they are used in particular interactions. It examines the contextual factors that inform and are informed by their use and deepens our understanding of the interaction between social dimensions and pragmatic markers.

Das Thema Anglizismen wird hier aus einer neuen, kognitiven Perspektive angegangen. Die Studie grundet auf der These, dass die Bedeutung eines sprachlichen Ausdrucks nicht per se gegeben ist, sondern von der Kognition der Sprecher in Abhangigkeit von kulturellen und sozialen Faktoren sowie vom Sprachgebrauch konstruiert wird. Anhand einer Korpusanalyse und einer Informantenbefragung wird die kognitive Verarbeitung von Anglizismen erforscht. Die Untersuchung weist nach, dass Entlehnungsprozesse mit bedeutsamen semantischen Verschiebungen verbunden sind und dass Gebrauch und Bedeutung der Entlehnungen abhangig sind von der Kommunikationssituation. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ausserdem, dass Anglizismen fur Darstellung und Wahrnehmung der sozialen Identitat der Sprecher eine wesentliche Rolle spielen.

This book argues that definite descriptions ('the table', 'the King of France') refer to individuals, as Gottlob Frege claimed. This apparently simple conclusion flies in the face of philosophical orthodoxy, which incorporates Bertrand Russell's theory that definite descriptions are devices of quantification. Paul Elbourne presents the first fully-argued defence of the Fregean view. He builds an explicit fragment of English using a version of situation semantics. He uses intrinsic aspects of his system to account for the presupposition projection behaviour of definite descriptions, a range of modal properties, and the problem of incompleteness. At the same time, he draws on an unusually wide range of linguistic and philosophical literature, from early work by Frege, Peano, and Russell to the latest findings in linguistics, philosophy of language, and psycholinguistics. His penultimate chapter addresses the semantics of pronouns and offers a new and more radical version of his earlier thesis that they too are Fregean definite descriptions.