Multimodalitat ist ein typisches Merkmal der Kommunikation im Social Web. Der Fokus dieses Bandes liegt auf der Kommunikation in Foto-Communitys, insbesondere auf den beiden kommunikativen Praktiken des Social Taggings und des Verfassens von Notizen innerhalb von Bildern. Bei den Tags stehen semantische Text-Bild-Relationen im Vordergrund: Tags dienen der Wissensreprasentation, eine adaquate Versprachlichung der Bilder ist folglich unabdingbar. Notizen-Bild-Relationen sind aus pragmatischer Perspektive von Interesse: Die Informationen eines Kommunikats werden komplementar auf Text und Bild verteilt, was sich in verschiedenen sprachlichen Phanomenen niederschlagt. Ein diachroner Vergleich mit der Postkartenkommunikation sowie ein Exkurs zur Kommunikation mit Emojis runden das Buch ab.

Thema des Buches ist eine korpus- und framebasierte Beschreibung der semantischen und syntaktischen Struktur der prapositionalen Komplemente bei Adjektiven unter Berucksichtigung der Ergebnisse der aktuellen Valenzforschung. Eine weitere Komponente ist die Bestimmung von Kriterien und Testverfahren zur Unterscheidung zwischen obligatorischen und fakultativen prapositionalen Komplementen und Supplementen. Das vom Autor verwendete Untersuchungsmodell enthalt die Angaben zu Argumentstruktur, semantischer und syntaktischer Valenz des entsprechenden Adjektivs, zur Obligatheit bzw. Fakultativitat des prapositionalen Komplements und zum Frame, zu welchem dieses Adjektiv gehoert.

Corpus linguistics is a long-established method which uses authentic language data, stored in extensive computer corpora, as the basis for linguistic research. Moving away from the traditional intuitive approach to linguistics, which used made-up examples, corpus linguistics has made a significant contribution to all areas of the field. Until very recently, corpus linguistics has focused almost exclusively on syntax and the lexicon; however corpus-based approaches to the other subfields of linguistics are now rapidly emerging, and this is the first handbook on corpus pragmatics as a field. Bringing together a team of leading scholars from around the world, this handbook looks at how the use of corpus data has informed research into different key aspects of pragmatics, including pragmatic principles, pragmatic markers, evaluation, reference, speech acts, and conversational organisation.

Dieses Woerterbuch enthalt 2000 oesterreichische Rechtstermini, die sich in Form und/oder Inhalt von Termini des deutschen Rechtssystems unterscheiden. Ausserdem liefert es englische und franzoesische UEbersetzungsvorschlage, da diese beiden Sprachen neben Deutsch die wichtigsten Arbeitssprachen der EU sind. Insgesamt umfasst das Woerterbuch 7960 oesterreichische, deutsche, englische und franzoesische Rechtsbegriffe. Die Erstellung des Woerterbuchs fand im Kontext der Terminologiearbeit der EU statt, wo das OEsterreichische Deutsch nach dem Beitritt OEsterreichs im Jahre 1995 nicht ausreichend reprasentiert war. Das Buch ist auch als Modell fur die Beschreibung derartiger Unterschiede zwischen Rechtssystemen anderer Mitgliedslander der EU anzusehen, die sich eine gemeinsame Sprache teilen. Denn 8 der 24 EU-Amtssprachen sind plurizentrische Sprachen.

Das Buch erganzt die Monographie der Autorin uber das Phanomen der Hybridbildungen im Gegenwartsdeutschen, in der sie sich dem systematisch-linguistischen Aspekt dieses Phanomens widmete. Hier nun werden die linguistischen Untersuchungen zu sprachlichen Phanomenen aus sozialer Perspektive betrachtet, denn Sprache funktioniert nicht von den Menschen isoliert. Sie wird von ihnen entwickelt und an die bestehenden Verhaltnisse angepasst. Die zu diesem Zweck durchgefuhrte Befragung veranschaulicht, dass die meisten zur Untersuchung ausgewahlten deutschen Muttersprachler nicht zu der Gruppe der leidenschaftlichen Sprachpuristen gehoeren. Vielmehr verstehen sie die Entwicklung der Sprache, die wesentlich vom fremdsprachigen Einfluss angetrieben wird, als einen unaufhaltsamen und kommunikationsfoerdernden Prozess. Die mit Hilfe des anonymen Fragebogens befragten Personen stehen in uberwiegender Zahl den fremden Einflussen auf die deutsche Sprache offen gegenuber, sofern diese das Verstandnis der AEusserung nicht beeintrachtigen.

When theorizing about language, we tend to assume that speakers are cooperative, honest, helpful, and so on. This, of course, isn't remotely true of a lot of real-world language use. Bad Language is the first textbook to explore non-idealized language use, the linguistic behaviour of those who exploit language for malign purposes. Two eminent philosophers of language present a lively and accessible introduction to a wide range of topics including lies and bullshit, slurs and insults, coercion and silencing: Cappelen and Dever offer theoretical frameworks for thinking about these all too common linguistic behaviours. As the text does not assume prior training in philosophy or linguistics, it is ideal for use as part of a philosophy of language course for philosophy students or for linguistics students. Bad Language belongs to the series Contemporary Introductions to Philosophy of Language, in which each book introduces an important area of the philosophy of language, suitable for students at any level.

La ricerca sistematizza le modalita di presentazione del sapere specialistico in linguistica. Si esplorano le forme del saggio e dell'articolo nelle riviste linguistiche moderne. La metodologia applicata combina la retorica con l'analisi dei generi del discorso. Le categorie retoriche dei genera dicendi, nonche quelle dell'inventio, della dispositio e dell'elocutio permettono di individuare regolarita, funzionali a diversi tipi di ricerche linguistiche. L'esemplificazione illustra come i linguisti elaborano il sapere disciplinare, costruendo descrizioni, analisi, interpretazioni, spiegazioni e predizioni. Il modello proposto offre criteri sistematici di segmentazione dei testi in parti funzionali. Permette inoltre di individuare le forme ibride dei generi del discorso.

This book presents research in business discourse and offers pedagogical approaches to teaching business discourse in both classroom and consultancy contexts that address the key issues of dealing with different types of learners, developing teaching materials and evaluation. Drawing on the authors' extensive experience of researching business discourse from a variety of different perspectives including pragmatics, discourse analysis, rhetoric, and language for specific purposes, it demonstrates how these approaches may be applied to teaching. Each chapter includes a list of additional readings, together with a number of practical tasks designed to help readers apply the materials presented. Case studies are used throughout the book to illustrate the concepts, thus equipping readers with a set of research tools to extend their own understanding of how language and communication operate in business contexts, as well introducing them to a variety of research-based ideas that can be translated easily into a classroom setting. The book is cross-cultural in scope as it includes perspectives from a range of different contexts. It represents a significant advance in current literature and will provide a valuable resource for students and scholars of applied linguistics, business communication, and business discourse, in addition to teachers of Business English.

This stimulating volume provides fresh perspectives on choice, a key notion in systemic functional linguistics. Bringing together a global team of well-established and up-and-coming systemic functional linguists, it shows how the different senses of choice as process and as product are interdependent, and how they operate at all levels of language. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, it covers a range of linguistic viewpoints, informed by evolutionary theory, psychology, sociology and neuroscience, to produce a complex but unifying account of the issues. This book offers a critical examination of choice and is ideal for students and researchers working in all areas of functional linguistics as well as cognitive linguistics, second language acquisition, neurolinguistics and sociolinguistics.

This book offers a semantic and metasemantic inquiry into the representation of meaning in linguistic interaction. Kasia Jaszczolt's view represents the most radical stance on meaning to be found in the contextualist tradition and thereby the most radical take on the semantics/pragmatics boundary. It allows for the selection of the cognitively plausible object of enquiry without being constrained by such distinctions as what is said/what is implicated or what is linguistic and what is extralinguistic. She argues that this is the only promising stance on meaning. The analysis transcends the traditional distinctions drawn, and traditional questions posed, in post-Gricean pragmatics and philosophy of language. It heavily relies on the dynamic construction of meaning in discourse, using truth conditions as a tool but at the same time conforming to pragmatic compositionality ? whereby aspects of meaning that enter this composition have very different provenance. Meaning in Linguistic Interaction builds on the author's earlier work on Default Semantics and adds new arguments in favour of radical contextualism as well as novel applications, focusing on the role of salience, the flexibility of word meaning, the literal/nonliteral distinction, and the dynamic nature of a character, as well as offering an entirely new perspective on the indexical/nonindexical distinction. It contains a state-of-the-art discussion of the semantics/pragmatics boundary disputes, focusing on varieties of semantic minimalism and contextualism and on the limitations of an indexicalism. Jaszczolt's work is illustrated with examples from a variety of languages and offers some formal representations of meaning in the metalanguage of Default Semantics.

Pragmatica del espanol: contexto, uso y variacion introduces the central topics in pragmatics and discourse from a sociolinguistic perspective. Pragmatic variation is addressed within each topic, with examples from different varieties of Spanish spoken in Latin America, Spain and the United States. Key topics include: speech acts in context and deictic expressions implicit meaning and inferential communication intercultural competence in study abroad contexts pragmatics and computer-mediated discourse politeness and impoliteness in the Spanish-speaking world the pragmatics of Spanish among US heritage speakers the teaching and learning of pragmatics. A companion website provides additional exercises and a corpus of Spanish data for student research projects. A sample syllabus and suggestions for further reading help instructors tailor the material to a one-semester course or as a supplement to introduction to Hispanic linguistics courses. This is an ideal resource for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, at level B2-C2 of the Common European Framework for Languages, and Intermediate High-Advanced High on the ACTFL proficiency scales.

What makes a word bad? Bad Words is a philosophical examination of slurs and other derogatory and problematic language, by some of the leading contributors to the field. Slurs are an interesting case for the philosophy of language. On the one hand, they seem to be meaningful in something like the way many other expressions are meaningful - different slurs might seem in some way to refer to different groups, for example. But on the other hand, it's clear that slurs also have distinctive practical effects and roles: they can seem to be just an arbitrary tool for insulting or enabling harm. How are those aspects related? Just how the use of words is related to their significance is of course one of the deepest issues in philosophy of language: slurs not only refine that issue, by presenting a kind of use that presents novel challenges, but also give the issue a compelling practical relevance. The Engaging Philosophy series is a new forum for collective philosophical engagement with controversial issues in contemporary society.

This book covers the key terms, concepts, thinkers and texts in semantics that students in linguistics and language studies will encounter. "Key Terms in Semantics" explains the all the terms and concepts in semantics which students on linguistics and language studies course are likely to encounter during their undergraduate study. The book is organized alphabetically, and fully cross-referenced. The book includes a section on key thinkers in semantics, from Aristotle to Noam Chomsky and will be a valuable desk reference for students throughout their undergraduate course. The final section presents a list of key readings in semantics, to signpost the reader towards classic articles, as well providing a springboard to further study. The book is accessibly written, with complex terms and concepts explained in an easy to understand and approachable manner. "The Key Terms" series offers undergraduate students clear, concise and accessible introductions to core topics. Each book includes a comprehensive overview of the key terms, concepts, thinkers and texts in the area covered and ends with a guide to further resources.

Human societies name and classify colours in various ways. Knowing this, is it possible to retrieve colour systems from the past? This book presents the basic principles of modern colour semantics, including the recognition of basic vocabulary, subsets, specialised terms and the significance of non-colour features. Each point is illustrated by case studies drawn from modern and historical languages from around the world. These include discussions of Icelandic horses, Peruvian guinea-pigs, medieval roses, the colour yellow in Stuart England, and Polynesian children's colour terms. Major techniques used in colour research are presented and discussed, such as the evolutionary sequence, Natural Semantic Metalanguage and Vantage Theory. The book also addresses whether we can understand the colour systems of the past, including prehistory, by combining various semantic techniques currently used in both modern and historical colour research with archaeological and environmental information.

Critical Pragmatics develops three ideas: language is a way of doing things with words; meanings of phrases and contents of utterances derive ultimately from human intentions; and language combines with other factors to allow humans to achieve communicative goals. In this book, Kepa Korta and John Perry explain why critical pragmatics provides a coherent picture of how parts of language study fit together within the broader picture of human thought and action. They focus on issues about singular reference, that is, talk about particular things, places or people, which have played a central role in the philosophy of language for more than a century. They argue that attention to the 'reflexive' or 'utterance-bound' contents of utterances sheds new light on these old problems. Their important study proposes a new approach to pragmatics and should be of wide interest to philosophers of language and linguists.

This book analyses data from a variety of sources, including soap operas, movies, plays, talk shows and other audiovisual material, to examine attitude datives in Levantine Arabic. It looks at four types of interpersonal pragmatic marker: topic/affectee-oriented, speaker-oriented, hearer-oriented and subject-oriented to explore the meaning contribution of attitude datives as they are used in particular interactions. It examines the contextual factors that inform and are informed by their use and deepens our understanding of the interaction between social dimensions and pragmatic markers.

Many languages include constructions which are sensitive to the expression of polarity: that is, negative polarity items, which cannot occur in affirmative clauses, and positive polarity items, which cannot occur in negatives. The phenomenon of polarity sensitivity has been an important source of evidence for theories about the mental architecture of grammar over the last fifty years, and to many the oddly dysfunctional sensitivities of polarity items have seemed to support a view of grammar as an encapsulated mental module fundamentally unrelated to other aspects of human cognition or communicative behavior. This book draws on insights from cognitive/functional linguistics and formal semantics to argue that, on the contrary, the grammar of sensitivity is grounded in a very general human cognitive ability to form categories and draw inferences based on scalar alternatives, and in the ways this ability is deployed for rhetorical effects in ordinary interpersonal communication.

Although there is no shortage of definitions for pragmatics the received wisdom is that 'pragmatics' simply cannot be coherently defined. In this groundbreaking book Mira Ariel challenges the prominent definitions of pragmatics, as well as the widely-held assumption that specific topics - implicatures, deixis, speech acts, politeness - naturally and uniformly belong on the pragmatics turf. She reconstitutes the field, defining grammar as a set of conventional codes, and pragmatics as a set of inferences, rationally derived. The book applies this division of labor between codes and inferences to many classical pragmatic phenomena, and even to phenomena considered 'beyond pragmatics'. Surprisingly, although some of these turn out pragmatic, others actually turn out grammatical. Additional intriguing questions addressed in the book include: why is it sometimes difficult to distinguish grammar from pragmatics? Why is there no grand design behind grammar nor behind pragmatics? Are all extragrammatical phenomena pragmatic?

This book synthesizes and integrates 40 years of research on the semantics of questions, and its interface with pragmatics and syntax, conducted within the formal semantics tradition. A wide range of topics are covered, including weak-strong exhaustiveness, maximality, functional answers, single-multiple-trapped list answers, embedding predicates, quantificational variability, concealed questions, weak islands, polar and alternative questions, negative polarity, and non-canonical questions. The literature on this rich set of topics, theoretically diverse and scattered across multiple venues, is often hard to assimilate. Veneeta Dayal, drawing on her own research, brings them together for the first time in a coherent, concise, and well-structured whole. Each chapter begins with a non-technical introduction to the issues discussed; semantically sophisticated accounts are then presented incrementally, with the major points summarized at the end of each section. Written in an accessible style, this book provides both a guide to one of the most vibrant areas of research in natural language and an account of how this area of study is developing. It will be a unique resource for the novice and expert alike, and seeks to appeal to a variety of readers without compromising depth and breadth of coverage.

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. This clear and comprehensive textbook is the most up-to-date introduction to the subject available for undergraduate students. It not only equips students with the concepts they need in order to understand the main aspects of semantics, it also introduces the styles of reasoning and argument which characterise the field. It contains more than 200 exercises and discussion questions designed to test and deepen readers' understanding. More inclusive than other textbooks, it clearly explains and contrasts different theoretical approaches, summarises current debates, and provides helpful suggestions for further reading. Examples are drawn both from major world languages, such as Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Spanish and English, and from minority ones. The book also highlights the connections between semantics and the wider study of human language in psychology, anthropology, and linguistics itself.

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. This clear and comprehensive textbook is the most up-to-date introduction to the subject available for undergraduate students. It not only equips students with the concepts they need in order to understand the main aspects of semantics, it also introduces the styles of reasoning and argument which characterise the field. It contains more than 200 exercises and discussion questions designed to test and deepen readers' understanding. More inclusive than other textbooks, it clearly explains and contrasts different theoretical approaches, summarises current debates, and provides helpful suggestions for further reading. Examples are drawn both from major world languages, such as Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Spanish and English, and from minority ones. The book also highlights the connections between semantics and the wider study of human language in psychology, anthropology, and linguistics itself.

Linguistic constructions such as the English a ~Mary is cleverer than/as clever as Johna (TM) reveal a number of non-trivial problems, particularly if one includes Italian, which the present study resolves with the aid of a new grammatical model. What is new for Italian is the extension of the perspective beyond the comparative to other types of comparative construction, which are examined here systematically and in detail for the first time. It is shown that apparently differing constructions can actually be described on the syntactic level in a unitary manner.

The study uses a broad empirical database to clarify the variable time reference and modal reading ("unreal"/"potential") of non-past related (i.e. temporally refunctioned) forms such as 'wAre gekommen' [would have come] (e.g. 'Morgen wAre sie gekommen' [She would have come tomorrow]) and differences in meaning compared with forms such as 'kAme/wA1/4rde kommen' [would come]. The study concludes with a survey of the temporal refunctioning of the past subjunctive back into the 16th century.

An introductory text in linguistic semantics, uniquely balancing empirical coverage and formalism with development of intuition and methodology. This introductory textbook in linguistic semantics for undergraduates features a unique balance between empirical coverage and formalism on the one hand and development of intuition and methodology on the other. It will equip students to form intuitions about a set of data, explain how well an analysis of the data accords with their intuitions, and extend the analysis or seek an alternative. No prior knowledge of linguistics is required. After mastering the material, students will be able to tackle some of the most difficult questions in the field even if they have never taken a linguistics course before. After introducing such concepts as truth conditions and compositionality, the book presents a basic symbolic logic with negation, conjunction, and generalized quantifiers, to serve as the basis for translation throughout the book. It then develops a detailed compositional semantics, covering quantification (scope and binding), adverbial modification, relative clauses, event semantics, tense and aspect, as well as pragmatic phenomena, notably deictic pronouns and narrative progression. A Course in Semantics offers a large and diverse set of exercises, interspersed throughout the text; those labeled "Important practice and looking ahead" prepare students for material to come; those labeled "Thinking about " invite students to think beyond the content of the book.

Das Thema Anglizismen wird hier aus einer neuen, kognitiven Perspektive angegangen. Die Studie grundet auf der These, dass die Bedeutung eines sprachlichen Ausdrucks nicht per se gegeben ist, sondern von der Kognition der Sprecher in Abhangigkeit von kulturellen und sozialen Faktoren sowie vom Sprachgebrauch konstruiert wird. Anhand einer Korpusanalyse und einer Informantenbefragung wird die kognitive Verarbeitung von Anglizismen erforscht. Die Untersuchung weist nach, dass Entlehnungsprozesse mit bedeutsamen semantischen Verschiebungen verbunden sind und dass Gebrauch und Bedeutung der Entlehnungen abhangig sind von der Kommunikationssituation. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ausserdem, dass Anglizismen fur Darstellung und Wahrnehmung der sozialen Identitat der Sprecher eine wesentliche Rolle spielen.