Die Digitalisierung betrifft auch die linguistische Pragmatik. In den digitalen Medien lassen sich vielfaltige Sprachgebrauchsphanomene beobachten, die mit den einschlagigen pragmatischen Konzepten theoretisch modelliert und empirisch untersucht werden koennen. Auch finden digitale Forschungsmethoden zunehmend in pragmatischen Forschungskontexten Anwendung, etwa korpuslinguistische Zugriffe im Rahmen der Korpuspragmatik. Die Beitrage des Bandes zeigen, wie die Hinwendung der linguistischen Pragmatik zu digitalen Gegenstanden und digitalen Methoden die pragmatische Theorie und Methodologie in vielerlei Hinsicht neu konturiert.

This volume explores the progress of cross-linguistic research into the structure of complex nominals since the publication of Chomsky's 'Remarks on Nominalization' in 1970. In the last 50 years of research into the division of labour between the mental lexicon and syntax, the specific properties of nominalized structures have remained a particularly central question. The chapters in this volume take stock of developments in this area and offer new perspectives on a range of issues, including the representation of morphological complexity in the syntax, the correlation of nominal affixes with different types of nominalizations, and the modelling of non-compositional meaning within syntactic approaches to word formation. Crucially, the contributors base their analyses on data from typologically diverse languages, such as Archi, Greek, Hiaki, Icelandic, Mebengokre, Turkish, and Udmurt, and explore the question of whether, cross-linguistically, nominalizations have a uniform core to their structure that can be syntactically described.

El objetivo de este libro es el analisis semantico-formal del componente morfologico de la lengua espanola. Para ello se ha recurrido a la semantica europea de Benveniste, Hjelmslev, Coseriu, etc. Siguiendo sus principios metodologicos, se han logrado establecer en este libro las principales oposiciones semanticas del sistema morfologico espanol, el significado invariante de cada una de sus unidades y sus particulares campos de uso.

Die Autorin untersucht den seit Jakob Grimm in der Forschung diskutierten Gegenstand der Paarformel anhand der spatmittelalterlich-fruhneuzeitlichen Textsorte der Stadtrechtsbucher. Sie behandelt 20 Texte, die sich auf den gesamten deutschen Sprachraum verteilen und den Zeitraum vom 13.-15. Jahrhundert abdecken. Die Analyse ist nach sehr weit gefassten modernen Rechtsbegriffen wie "naturliche Person" oder "Koerperverletzung" strukturiert, die jenseits ihrer historischen Andersartigkeit als Grundtatsachen des menschlichen Lebens gelten koennen. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass Paarformeln als Mittel zur Erfassung rechtsrelevanter Begrifflichkeiten dienen, berucksichtigt die Autorin neben Verwendung und Bedeutung auch die Funktion von Paarformeln im jeweiligen Kontext.

This book develops a theory of enriched meanings for natural language interpretation that uses the concept of monads and related ideas from category theory, a branch of mathematics that has been influential in theoretical computer science and elsewhere. Certain expressions that exhibit complex effects at the semantics/pragmatics boundary live in an enriched meaning space, while others live in a more basic meaning space. These basic meanings are mapped to enriched meanings only when required compositionally, which avoids generalizing meanings to the worst case. Ash Asudeh and Gianluca Giorgolo show that the monadic theory of enriched meanings offers a formally and computationally well-defined way to tackle important challenges at the semantics/pragmatics boundary. In particular, they develop innovative monadic analyses of three phenomena - conventional implicature, substitution puzzles, and conjunction fallacies - and demonstrate that the compositional properties of monads model linguistic intuitions about these cases particularly well. The analyses are accompanied by exercises to aid understanding, and the computational tools used are available on the book's companion website. The book also contains background chapters on enriched meanings and category theory. The volume is interdisciplinary in nature, with insights from semantics, pragmatics, philosophy of language, psychology, and computer science, and will appeal to graduate students and researchers from a wide range of disciplines with an interest in natural language understanding and representation.

Catorce investigadores de diferentes paises y nacionalidades, especialistas en diferentes campos de estudio sobre la lengua espanola - Didactica del ELE y del EFE, lengua de especialidad, lexicologia, linguistica aplicada, terminologia, traduccion -, resaltan, al enfocar el lexico dentro de un contexto profesional y cultural especificos, la permeabilidad y renovacion de la lengua espanola. Sus investigaciones ineditas que se enmarcan dentro de diversas perspectivas y areas de investigacion como la cibernetica, la cognitiva, la didactica, la estructuralista y la linguistica aplicada, abordan temas como los prestamos, las colocaciones sintacticas, la traduccion, el lexico profesional y de especialidad, el discurso retorico de la prensa, el lenguaje del turismo, los enfoques didacticos sobre el lexico. El resultado de sus analisis de corpus muestra diferentes interpretaciones del lexico espanol dentro de los ambitos arriba mencionados.

The quintessential A to Z guide to British English--perfect for every egghead and bluestocking looking to conquer the language barrier
Oscar Wilde once said the Brits have "everything in common with America nowadays except, of course, language."
Any visitor to Old Blighty can sympathize with Mr. Wilde. After all, even fluent English speakers can be at sixes and sevens when told to pick up the "dog and bone" or "head to the loo," so they can "spend a penny." Wherever did these peculiar expressions come from?
British author Christopher J. Moore made a name for himself on this side of the pond with the sleeper success of his previous book, "In Other Words." Now, Moore draws on history, literature, pop culture, and his own heritage to explore the phrases that most embody the British character. He traces the linguistic influence of writers from Chaucer to Shakespeare and Dickens to Wodehouse, and unravels the complexity Brits manage to imbue in seemingly innocuous phrases like "All right." Along the way, Moore reveals the uniquely British origins of some of the English language's more curious sayings. For example: Who is Bob and how did he become your uncle? Why do we refer to powerless politicians as "lame ducks"? How did "posh" become such a stylish word?
Part language guide, part cultural study, "How to Speak Brit" is the perfect addition to every Anglophile's library and an entertaining primer that will charm the linguistic-minded legions.

Die Studien greifen den Widerspruch zwischen der bestandigen Prasenz von Schrifttexten im Alltag und deren mangelnder empirischer textlinguistisch-stilistischer Bearbeitung auf. Der Kommunikationsbereich Alltag ist uber seine soziokulturelle und historische Wesenheit charakterisiert, deshalb fokussieren die Beitrage innerhalb eines kommunikationsorientierten Ansatzes synchronische, diachronische, interkulturelle und produktiv-rezeptive Aspekte ausgewahlter Schrifttexte. Aufgrund der Unabgeschlossenheit dieses Kommunikationsbereichs, seiner UEberschneidungen und Vernetzungen mit anderen Kommunikationsbereichen sind keine prototypischen Schrifttextsorten des Alltags inferierbar. Es wird gezeigt, dass es bezuglich einzelner Textsorten Zuordnungen von Formulierungsweisen gibt, dass jedoch das Ausloten von Polaritaten, wie Privatheit - Offizialitat, Usualitat - Kreativitat, Normbefolgung - Saloppheit, eine gangige kommunikative Praxis darstellt. Die Besonderheit des Bandes besteht darin, dass ein Ausschnitt schriftlicher Alltagskommunikation sowie deren sozio-kulturell-historische Determination starker in den Fokus empirisch-linguistischen Interesses geruckt werden.

Thema des Buches ist eine korpus- und framebasierte Beschreibung der semantischen und syntaktischen Struktur der prapositionalen Komplemente bei Adjektiven unter Berucksichtigung der Ergebnisse der aktuellen Valenzforschung. Eine weitere Komponente ist die Bestimmung von Kriterien und Testverfahren zur Unterscheidung zwischen obligatorischen und fakultativen prapositionalen Komplementen und Supplementen. Das vom Autor verwendete Untersuchungsmodell enthalt die Angaben zu Argumentstruktur, semantischer und syntaktischer Valenz des entsprechenden Adjektivs, zur Obligatheit bzw. Fakultativitat des prapositionalen Komplements und zum Frame, zu welchem dieses Adjektiv gehoert.

This is a book about the multi-faceted notion of gender. Gender differences form the basis for family life, patterns of socialization, distribution of tasks, and spheres of responsibilities. The way gender is articulated shapes the world of individuals, and of the societies they live in. Gender has three faces: Linguistic Gender-the original sense of 'gender'-is a feature of many languages and reflects the division of nouns into grammatical classes or genders (feminine, masculine,This is a book about the multi-faceted notion of gender. Gender differences form the basis for family life, patterns of socialization, distribution of tasks, and spheres of responsibilities. The way gender is articulated shapes the world of individuals, and of the societies they live in. Gender has three faces: Linguistic Gender-the original sense of 'gender'-is a feature of many languages and reflects the division of nouns into grammatical classes or genders (feminine, masculine, neuter, and so on); Natural Gender, or sex, refers to the division of animates into males and females; and Social Gender reflects the social implications and norms of being a man or a woman (or perhaps something else). Women and men may talk and behave differently, depending on conventions within the societies they live in, and their role in language maintenance can also vary. The book focuses on how gender in its many guises is reflected in human languages, how it features in myths and metaphors, and the role it plays in human cognition. Examples are drawn from all over the world, with a special focus on Aikhenvald's extensive fieldwork in Amazonia and New Guinea.

This book is an investigation of Arabic derivational morphology that focuses on the relationship between verb meaning and linguistic form. Beginning with the ground form, the book offers a comprehensive analysis of the most common verb patterns of Arabic from a lexical semantic perspective. Peter Glanville explains why verbs with seemingly unrelated meanings share the same phonological shape, and analyses sets of words that contain the same consonantal root to arrive at a common abstraction. He uses both contemporary and historical data to explore the semantics of reflexivity, symmetry, causation, and repetition, and argues that the verb patterns of Arabic that express these phenomena have come about as the result of grammaticalization and analogical processes that are common cross-linguistically. The book adopts an approach to morphology in which rule-based derivation has created word patterns and consonantal roots, with the result that in some derivations roots may be extracted from a source word and plugged in to a pattern. It illustrates the semantic relationship between a source word and its derivative, while also offering evidence to support the view of the consonantal root as a morphological object. The volume will be a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of Arabic language and linguistics who are interested in understanding the verb patterns of Arabic, the derivational relationships between words, and the construction of meaning in the mind. It will also appeal to researchers and students in morphology, semantics, historical linguistics, and cognitive linguistics.

This volume presents a crosslinguistic survey of the current theoretical debates around copular constructions from a generative perspective. Following an introduction to the main questions surrounding the analysis and categorization of copulas, the chapters address a range of key topics including the existence of more than one copular form in certain languages, the factors determining the presence or absence of a copula, and the morphology of copular forms. The team of expert contributors present new theoretical proposals regarding the formal mechanisms behind the behaviour and patterns observed in copulas in a wide range of typologically diverse languages, including Czech, French, Korean, and languages from the Dene and Bantu families. Their findings have implications beyond the study of copulas and shed more light on issues such as agreement relations, the nature of grammatical categories, and nominal predicates in syntax and semantics.

This volume examines the meaning of scalar modifiers - expressions such as more than, a bit, and much - from the standpoint of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. In natural language, scalar expressions such as comparatives, intensifiers, and minimizers are used for measuring an object or event at a semantic level. However, cross-linguistically scalar modifiers can often be used to express a range of subjective feelings or discourse pragmatic information at the level of conventional implicature (CI). For example, in English more than anything can signal the degree of importance of the given utterance, and in Japanese the minimizer chotto 'a bit' can weaken the degree of imposition of the speech act. In this book, Osamu Sawada draws on data from Japanese and a range of other languages to explore the dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers: he claims that although semantic scalar meanings and CI scalar meanings are logically different, the relationship between the two makes it crucial to examine them both together. The volume provides a new perspective on the semantic-pragmatics interface, and will be of interest to researchers and students of Japanese linguistics, semantics and pragmatics, and theoretical linguistics more generally.

Taguchi and Roever present the latest developments in second language pragmatics research, combining acquisitional and sociolinguistic perspectives. They cover theories of pragmatics learning and research methods in investigating pragmatics, linking these with findings on the acquisition of second language pragmatics and with practice in teaching and assessing pragmatics. Discussing pragmatics in the context of multilingual societies and diverse contexts of use, they offer a broad perspective on this growing area.

This book explores graded expressions of modality, a rich and underexplored source of insight into modal semantics. Studies on modal language to date have largely focussed on a small and non-representative subset of expressions, namely modal auxiliaries such as must, might, and ought. Here, Daniel Lassiter argues that we should expand the conversation to include gradable modals such as more likely than, quite possible, and very good. He provides an introduction to qualitative and degree semantics for graded meaning, using the Representational Theory of Measurement to expose the complementarity between these apparently opposed perspectives on gradation. The volume explores and expands the typology of scales among English adjectives and uses the result to shed light on the meanings of a variety of epistemic and deontic modals. It also demonstrates that modality is deeply intertwined with probability and expected value, connecting modal semantics with the cognitive science of uncertainty and choice.

This book uses mathematical models of language to explain why there are certain gaps in language: things that we might expect to be able to say but can't. For instance, why can we say I ran for five minutes but not *I ran all the way to the store for five minutes? Why is five pounds of books acceptable, but *five pounds of book not acceptable? What prevents us from saying *sixty degrees of water to express the temperature of the water in a swimming pool when sixty inches of water can express its depth? And why can we not say *all the ants in my kitchen are numerous? The constraints on these constructions involve concepts that are generally studied separately: aspect, plural and mass reference, measurement, and distributivity. In this book, Lucas Champollion provides a unified perspective on these domains, connects them formally within the framework of algebraic semantics and mereology, and uses this connection to transfer insights across unrelated bodies of literature and formulate a single constraint that explains each of the judgments above.

This book provides a compositional, truth-conditional, crosslinguistic semantics for evidentiality, the linguistic encoding of the source of information on which a statement is based. Central to the proposed theory is the distinction between what propositional content is at-issue and what content is not-at-issue. Evidentials contribute not-at-issue content, and can affect the level of commitment a sentence makes to the main proposition, contributed by sentential mood. In this volume, Sarah Murray builds on recent work in the formal semantics of evidentials and related phenomena, and proposes a semantics that does not appeal to separate dimensions of illocutionary meaning. Instead, she argues that all sentences make three contributions: at-issue content, not-at-issue content, and an illocutionary relation. At-issue content is presented and made available for subsequent anaphora, but is not directly added to the common ground; not-at-issue content directly updates the common ground; and the illocutionary relation uses the at-issue content to impose structure on the common ground, which, depending on the clause type, can trigger further updates. The analysis is supported by extensive empirical data from Cheyenne, drawn from the author's own fieldwork, as well as from English and a variety of other languages.

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. This book explores a key issue in linguistic theory, the systematic variation in form between semantic equivalents across languages. Two contrasting views of the role of lexical meaning in the analysis of such variation can be found in the literature: (i) uniformity, whereby lexical meaning is universal, and variation arises from idiosyncratic differences in the inventory and phonological shape of language-particular functional material, and (ii) transparency, whereby systematic variation in form arises from systematic variation in the meaning of basic lexical items. In this volume, Itamar Francez and Andrew Koontz-Garboden contrast these views as applied to the empirical domain of property concept sentences - sentences expressing adjectival predication and their translational equivalents across languages. They demonstrate that property concept sentences vary systematically between possessive and predicative form, and propose a transparentist analysis of this variation that links it to the lexical denotations of basic property concept lexemes. At the heart of the analysis are qualities: mass-like model theoretic objects that closely resemble scales. The authors contrast their transparentist analysis with uniformitarian alternatives, demonstrating its theoretical and empirical advantages. They then show that the proposed theory of qualities can account for interesting and novel observations in two central domains of grammatical theory: the theory of syntactic categories, and the theory of mass nouns. The overall results highlight the importance of the lexicon as a locus of generalizations about the limits of crosslinguistic variation. This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.

This volume offers an empirical and diachronic investigation of the foundations and nature of metaphor in English. Metaphor is one of the hot topics in present-day linguistics, with a huge range of research focusing on the systematic connections between different concepts such as heat and anger (fuming, inflamed), sight and understanding (clear, see), or bodies and landscape (hill-foot, river-mouth). Until recently, the lack of a comprehensive data source made it difficult to obtain an overview of this phenomenon in any language, but this changed with the completion in 2009 of The Historical Thesaurus of English, the only historical thesaurus ever produced for any language. Chapters in this volume use this unique resource as a basis for case studies of semantic domains including Animals, Colour, Death, Fear, Food, Reading, and Theft, providing a significant step forward in the data-driven understanding of metaphor.

Dieses Woerterbuch enthalt 2000 oesterreichische Rechtstermini, die sich in Form und/oder Inhalt von Termini des deutschen Rechtssystems unterscheiden. Ausserdem liefert es englische und franzoesische UEbersetzungsvorschlage, da diese beiden Sprachen neben Deutsch die wichtigsten Arbeitssprachen der EU sind. Insgesamt umfasst das Woerterbuch 7960 oesterreichische, deutsche, englische und franzoesische Rechtsbegriffe. Die Erstellung des Woerterbuchs fand im Kontext der Terminologiearbeit der EU statt, wo das OEsterreichische Deutsch nach dem Beitritt OEsterreichs im Jahre 1995 nicht ausreichend reprasentiert war. Das Buch ist auch als Modell fur die Beschreibung derartiger Unterschiede zwischen Rechtssystemen anderer Mitgliedslander der EU anzusehen, die sich eine gemeinsame Sprache teilen. Denn 8 der 24 EU-Amtssprachen sind plurizentrische Sprachen.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the ways in which meaning is conveyed in language, covering not only semantic matters but also topics normally considered to fall under pragmatics. Above all, the book displays and explains the richness and subtlety of meaning, with the aid of numerous examples and exercises throughout the text. Highly readable, written with style and wit, Meaning in Language is not bound to any particular theory, but provides explanations of theoretical approaches and perspectives as the context requires, with a stress throughout on the need for conceptual clarity.
The text and exercises in this third edition have been fully updated to take into account the most recent developments in the field and new chapters have been added, one on the semantics of prepositions and another on the semantics of derivational affixes.

This book seeks to bring together the pragmatic theory of 'meaning as use' with the traditional semantic approach that considers meaning in terms of truth conditions. Daniel Gutzmann adopts core ideas by the philosopher David Kaplan in assuming that the meaning of expressions such as oops or damn can be captured by giving the conditions under which they can be felicitously used. He develops a multidimensional approach to meaning, called hybrid semantics, that incorporates use conditions alongside truth conditions in a unified framework. This new system overcomes the empirical gaps and conceptual problems associated with previous multidimensional systems; it also lessens the burden on the compositional system by shifting restrictions on the combination of use-conditional expressions to the lexicon-semantics interface instead of building them directly into the combinatoric rules. The approach outlined in this book can capture the entire meaning of complex expressions, and also has natural applications in the analysis of sentence mood and modal particles in German, as Gutzmann's two detailed case studies demonstrate. The book will be a valuable resource for linguists working in the fields of semantics, pragmatics, and philosophy of language, as well as to philosophers and cognitive scientists with an interest in meaning in language.