Lung Transplantation: Principles and Practice covers the current practice in donor and recipient management as well as current treatment strategies and outcomes. With 39 chapters from international experts in the field, the book is divided into four broad sections: General Topics, Donor Management, Recipient Management and Outcome, and the Future of Lung Transplantation. The book discusses significant advances achieved in the past decade in areas such as donor allocation, organ preservation and management, recipient selection, management and support, surgical and critical care techniques, immune suppression, and infection prophylaxis. Specific instances of pulmonary disease that commonly necessitate lung transplantation are also covered. Generously illustrated in full color, this valuable resource is relevant to both specialists and other providers who may refer or care for patients before and after transplantation.

Tantalizing Therapeutics in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia is a concise reference that provides an overview of emerging concepts in the understanding of lung development and injury from a molecular and cellular point-of-view, including exciting pathways that are paving the way for new options to prevent or treat Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD). The book's chapters are written by experts who are at the forefront of BPD research. Coverage includes chapters on exosomes, stem cells and miRs, as well as a section on new discoveries in BPD research with translational potential. This is a must-have reference for researchers, physicians and trainees working on BPD, lung developmental biology, and more.

Practising regular breathing exercises helps to develop healthy breathing patterns, which can lessen the effects of breathing difficulties caused by COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). This is a short, practical guide to using new therapeutic breathing exercises which focus on techniques to reduce breathlessness and control coughing to help you to get the most out of every breath. The exercises are simple, easy to follow, and designed to work alongside usual medical care. No special equipment is necessary, you can practise in your own home at your own pace, and this illustrated guide contains all the information you need to get started. This handbook will be perfect for anyone with COPD who wants to help manage their breathing difficulties, coughing and fatigue with simple and effective techniques. Professionals working with COPD sufferers, such as physiotherapists, physical therapists and carers, will also find the book of interest.

Interstitial lung diseases are a diverse group of acute and chronic pulmonary disorders characterized by a variable amount of inflammation and/or fibrosis. In Interstitial Lung Disease: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment, the authors explore the role of genetics in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases, as well as develop new diagnostic modalities and identify novel therapeutic targets. This compilation goes on to discuss acute infiltrative lung disease, a heterogeneous group of lung disorders characterized by diffuse parenchymal lung involvement. This group of infiltrative lung diseases may result in five histopathological presentations: diffuse alveolar damage, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, immunoallergic pneumonia, acute organizing pneumonia and acute eosinophilic pneumonia. High-resolution computed tomography is proposed as a more sensitive and accurate method in diagnosing interstitial lung disease through specific patterns which are highly suggestive of a subtype of interstitial pneumonia. High-resolution computed tomography is also proposed for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous disease which involves the lungs in more than 90% of cases. It is one of the leading causes of interstitial involvement in lung diseases, and its diagnosis is based on compatible clinical, biological, imaging and anatomopathological features. The closing chapter aims to identify diagnostic procedures for the early diagnosis of cardio-pulmonary complications, delineate a proper methodology to monitor complications, and define therapeutic guidelines.

"After reading this book, no one should fail to see tuberculosis in South Africa in the light of social policies and interests which have prevented its control. In turn, it shows tuberculosis to be one measure of the cost in suffering of the emergence of a modern capitalist society in South Africa."--Rodney Ehrlich, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York

"At almost every point, the author has something fresh to say about previous analyses of the origins, nature and spread of the disease. His subtle exposition of the ideological interpretations of the medical profession--from their adherence to a 'virgin soil' theory to more recent notions of relating to the social and biological aetiology of the disease--is particularly original and thought-provoking. . . . Well researched, effectively organised, and wholly readable."--Shula Marks, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London

A comprehensive examination of TB. CHOICE Outstanding Academic Book Award 1998. The dramatic story of tuberculosis is told here in a straightforward and accessible style. It presents the stories of persons connected with the disease, either as victims, or as those who made contributions to our knowledge of it; in addition to these personal accounts, the book unfolds the history and explains the pathogenesis of TB. The re-emergence of tuberculosis as a major American public health hazard has focused much attention on this ancientdisease. This book offers a comprehensive account of the disease from prehistoric times through to the present day, detailing the attempts to eradicate it completely. Its four separate sections [the spread of tuberculosis; its infectious nature; susceptibility to it; and methods of treatment] are linked through the device of presenting individuals' particular experience of the disease, whether as as victims, or as those who made contributions to our knowledge of it; in between these vignettes, the book unfolds the history and explains the pathogenesis of TB. A detailed medical glossary completes the volume. Thomas M. Daniel is Emeritus Professor of Medicine and International Health and Director of the Center for International Health at Case Western Reserve University.

This third edition offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of all areas of interventional pulmonology, a minimally invasive endoscopic method for diagnosing and treating lung disorders. The text is divided into nine sections on the major areas of interventional pulmonology, including basic bronchoscopy, lung cancer staging, tracheobronchial obstructions, endobronchial treatments for asthma and emphysema, as well as a new section on interventional procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chapters explore specific procedures and techniques, including medical thoracoscopy, flexible and rigid bronchoscopy, endobronchial ultrasound, and electromagnetical navigation with coverage of history, indications and contraindications, up-to-date, evidence-based reviews, and recommendations. The COVID-19 pandemic has also changed medicine in many permanent ways, and that will be considered closely for every intervention. Additionally, there are new chapters on interventions in pediatric patients and artificial intelligence bronchoscopy, two topics that are not frequently covered. This inclusive volume concludes with a look towards both the past and future of interventional pulmonology with experimental techniques currently being tested. This volume is a must have for pulmonologists, interventional radiologists, thoracic surgeons, pulmonary oncologists, ENT physicians, anesthesiologists, intensive care specialists, and their teams.

Swine-origin influenza A (H1N1), better known as swine flu, was declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic in June 2009. The highly contagious influenza A H1N1 virus can cause either a mild influenza-like infection that is similar to seasonal influenza, or less frequently, a rapidly progressing community-acquired pneumonic illness that can cause acute respiratory failure and even death. This book addresses the signs/symptoms, epidemiology, preventive methods and treatment options for swine flu.

Tuberculosis (TB), causing nine million active disease cases and 1.5 million deaths every year, is a formidable public health challenge, particularly in poor and developing countries around the world. Major reasons for global burden of TB include association of active disease with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection or other underlying immunosuppressive conditions such as diabetes and increasing incidence of drug-resistant, multidrug-resistant (MDR) (resistant at least to rifampicin and isoniazid) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) (additionally resistant to a fluoroquinolone plus kanamycin/amikacin/capreomycin) strains of M. tuberculosis. While treatment of drug-susceptible TB is effective in >95 percent of disease cases, supervised therapy for >6 months is challenging. Inadequate/inappropriate therapy due to inability of poor patients to pay for drugs and non-adherence to treatment (regimen and duration) often results in much lower cure rates and evolution of drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis due to mutations occurring at a predictable rate in genes encoding drug targets. Sequential accumulation of mutations results in evolution of MDR and XDR strains of M. tuberculosis. Today, drug-resistant TB and MDR-TB have become prevalent in many parts of the world and XDR-TB strains are emerging rapidly. While MDR-TB is difficult to treat, XDR-TB is untreatable in most developing countries.

Reflux Laryngitis and Related Disorders, Fourth Edition, provides a practical overview of reflux laryngitis and other manifestations of laryngopharyngeal reflux. It is designed for use by otolaryngologists, primary care physicians, internists, gastroenterologists, general surgeons, speech-language pathologists, voice teachers, and patients. Since the first edition was published, there has been a great deal of interest in laryngopharyngeal reflux. Research has revealed new information; diagnostic and treatment paradigms have changed; and new medical and surgical therapies have been developed. This latest edition highlights these new developments and cites many articles that were not referenced in the third edition. Chapter 1 introduces laryngopharyngeal reflux as a multisystem disorder and defines its importance in otolaryngologic and pulmonary conditions. Chapter 2 summarizes the complex structure and function of the human voice, laying the scientific groundwork necessary to understand the ways in which reflux can impair voice use.Chapter 3 defines esophageal structures and function, providing a comprehensive review of the mechanisms of swallowing and a concise discussion of the physiology of the lower esophageal sphincter. Chapter 4 reviews the symptoms associated with not only typical gastroesophageal reflux disease but also atypical (extraesophageal) reflux including laryngopharyngeal reflux complaints, and other symptoms such as chest pain. This chapter also reviews complications of reflux such as Barrett's esophagus and includes new information on diagnostic technology. Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive discussion of laryngopharyngeal reflux and the symptoms and signs associated with peptic mucositis of the larynx and related structures. This chapter also updates much of the literature on laryngopharyngeal reflux and stresses some particularly important reflux-related conditions such as laryngeal granuloma. Chapter 6 reviews the diagnostic tests available for patients with suspected reflux and the uses, strengths, and shortcomings of each procedure. It includes an extensive review of recent publications on this topic.Chapter 7 reviews the latest concepts in and literature on medical and behavioral management of reflux disease. Chapter 8 describes surgery for reflux, including an in-depth explanation of laparoscopic antireflux surgery as well as a discussion of endoscopic approaches to reflux management.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a systemic and disabling pathological condition with a progressive course, characterised by lung function impairment with not fully reversible airflow limitation. It represents a major health problem world-wide and it is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. In this book, the authors present current research on COPD including the clinical effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for COPD patients; anxiety and depression in patients with COPD; the role of non-invasive mechanical ventilation in the management of acute COPD; the immunology of COPD; multi-drug resistant bacteria in severe acute exacerbations of COPD requiring mechanical ventilation; and dietary prevention of COPD.

Respiratory diseases encompass pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer. The authors of this book present current research in the causes, treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases. Topics include dietary prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; effects of air pollution on the human respiratory system; immunotherapy in respiratory allergy and the lung as a target organ for Type 2 diabetes complications.

This book focuses on the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for various types of laryngeal diseases. Laryngopharyngeal reflux, for example, which contributes to voice disorders and otolaryngological imflammatory disorders, is examined with the long-term goal of developing more effective, better targeted, therapeutics for patients with reflux disease. This book also describes the authors' experiences with both autofluorescence (AFE) and contact endoscopy (CE) in oncological diagnosis. The diagnostic potential is exhaustively described in a wide range of laryngeal pathologies, mainly dysplasias and squamous cell cancers. Furthermore, the treatment alternatives for squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic and supraglottic larynx are discussed and the outcomes after radiotherapy and/or surgery are presented. Additionally, this book reviews the complications of endoscopic laser surgery of the larynx to provide strategies to avoid possible dangers. Other chapters in this book discuss electroglottography (EGG), a method for providing non-invasive measurements of glottal activity, the possible laryngeal involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and an examination of the comorbidity of alcohol and tobacco abuse in patients with surgically treated laryngeal cancer.

Concise yet comprehensive, this textbook of clinical pulmonology provides pulmonologists and respiratory disease physicians with all the key information that they need to know to manage the patient through the diagnosis and treatment journeys. From the most common condition to the rarest, each disease is consistently presented and comprehensively covered giving the reader just the key facts. Building upon the basic sciences and integrating these with clinical practice, each chapter has a consistent approach, is highly designed and visually appealing. Numerous illustrations, colour photographs, scans, bullet points, tables and algorithms ensure that the key information is available at a glance. The keynote sections serve as a useful revision aid as do the multiple choice questions. With an integrated E book, many more illustrations, video clips and further helpful links and resources on line, the book has an integrated multimedia approach. A truly international and highly experienced editorship with expert contributors from around the world ensure that the book remains a trusted source of information* Concise yet thorough coverage ensures that the book is comprehensive in its approach* Each chapter is very consistent, synoptic and gives the key facts at a glance* Highly designed, well illustrated and visually appealling with numerous illustrations, boxes, red flags and clinical pearls* Truly international expert editors and contributors ensure that the book is a trusted source of information written by highly experienced teachers and clinicians* An integrated E book with many more illustrations, video clips and further resources on lineSet at the level between the definitive reference work and the clinical manual, Keynotes in Clinical Pulmonology is an invaluable cornerstone for all pulmonologists whether trainees or experienced clinicians.

Although COPD is a major disease world-wide, there is a perplexing current uncertainty about the nature of this disease. COPD is characterised at onset and prevalently by the involvement of the lungs and bronchi, but as the disease evolves, abnormalities develop in other organs and systems and the question arises: what is the pathogenesis of these respiratory and systemic impairments? Are the alterations that occur outside the respiratory system in the course of COPD a direct consequence of the lung pathology or is the lung simply the local expression of a pathological event whose origin lies in the organism as a whole? There is currently a growing debate about whether COPD and all its comorbidities should be considered as a pulmonary disease with systemic implications or whether it should come under a new umbrella term -- chronic systemic inflammatory syndrome -- because the systemic effects of smoking contribute to several other conditions, including cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and increased blood pressure.

Today, massive and conclusive scientific evidence documents the serious health risks that second-hand smoke poses to children, and the list of these health conditions has lengthened. The 2006 Surgeon General's report on The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke concludes that children who are exposed to second-hand smoke are at an increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome, lower respiratory infections, middle ear disease, more severe asthma, respiratory symptoms, and slowed lung growth. Because their respiratory, immune, and nervous systems are still developing, children are especially vulnerable to the health effects of second-hand smoke. In addition, young children typically are exposed to second-hand smoke involuntarily and have limited options for avoiding exposure. They depend on their parents and on adults around them for protection.

The purpose of the book is to present up-to-date summary of the newly detected viruses and to guide clinicians and microbiologists to the relevant topics and help to make readers aware of the increasing problem of respiratory viruses. Although much is published on new respiratory viruses and its acceptance in having a daily impact in respiratory medicine, most practitioners, as well as microbiologists, neglect those pathogens or are even unaware of their existence. This may, in part, be due to the fact that most of them have only limited access to scientific journals (mainly the practitioners), whereas books are more available. An up-to-date summary is highly necessary and this book presents a short sketch for every pathogen, giving the most relevant information on each one which is followed by detailed reviews.

The literature searches identified 60 publications which together described the results of a total of 47 relevant epidemiological studies in children. Eighteen of the studies were conducted in the USA, four in Canada, 13 in Europe (in a total of 10 countries), five in Turkey or the Middle East, three in India or the Far East, three in Africa and one in New Zealand. Seven references were published as abstracts. A further 17 publications described studies that seemed possibly relevant, but did not meet the inclusion criteria. The reasons for rejection included no actual data collected on ETS exposure, the study only reporting on whether tobacco smoke brought on wheezing (Speer, 1968), no results reported relating ETS exposure to aggravation of asthma (Wood et al., 1993; Huss et al., 1994; Chadwick, 1996; Gilliland et al., 2001; Morgan et al., 2004), results not reported separately for children (Tarlo et al., 2000; Bayona et al., 2002), results not reported separately for asthmatics (Lebowitz, 1984a; Lebowitz, 1984b; Toyoshima et al., 1987; Strachan et al., 1990; Agudo et al., 1994; Henderson et al., 1995; Fielder et al., 1999; Willers et al., 2000) and endpoint (respiratory illness) too broad (Gilliland et al., 2003). A further study (Bener et al., 1991) was rejected as the data presented seemed totally implausible, with 85% of a sample of schoolchildren reported to have asthma and the odds of having a frequent attack 34 times higher if one of the parents smoked. The studies are described individually in sections 1.2 (USA), 1.3 (Canada), 1.4 (Europe), 1.5 (Asia) and 1.6 (Other). Section 1.7 then summarises various relevant aspects of the studies considered and section 2 brings together the findings by type of endpoint.

Asthma is characterised by intermittent airway obstruction, bronchial smooth muscle cell hyper-reactivity to broncho-constrictors, and chronic bronchial inflammation. The aetiology of asthma is heterogeneous with a number of established risk factors. The prevalence of asthma has been increasing in all age and racial groups during the past two decades. The variation in prevalence rates for racial and ethnic groups probably results from differences in genetic, environmental, social, and cultural influences. Factors affecting increased asthma prevalence include obesity and exposure to environmental irritants. The population has become increasingly sedentary, spending more time indoors where the exposure to allergens, such as mould, dust mites, and cockroach dust, is more prevalent. In addition, the increased prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopy related to exposure to allergens at an early age is associated with the prevalence of asthma. This book provides new research on this field from around the globe.

Each volume in this richly illustrated series, sponsored by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology, provides an organ-based approach to the cytological and histological diagnosis of small tissue samples. Benign, pre-malignant and malignant entities are presented in a well-organized and standardized format, with high-resolution color photomicrographs, tables, tabulated specific morphologic criteria and appropriate ancillary testing algorithms. Example vignettes allow the reader to assimilate the diagnostic principles in a case-based format. This volume provides comprehensive coverage of lung and mediastinal cytopathology. It presents a correlation of findings from fine-needle aspiration and exfoliative cytology and histologic findings obtained via core needle biopsies and surgical specimens. With a focus on malignant tumors, the full spectrum of inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases, hyperplasias and benign tumor or tumor-like lesions are also covered in detail. With over 500 printed photomicrographs and a CD-ROM offering all images in a downloadable format, this is an important resource for all anatomic pathologists.

Tuberculosis, the disease that the World Health Organization has recently declared a global emergency, was supposedly defeated by antibiotics half a century ago. It has returned in a highly contagious and fatal new form that cannot be treated with conventional drugs. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), could cause some 10 million deaths over the next decade and is thriving in the overcrowded prisons of the former Soviet Union. The virtual collapse of the world's borders means that refugees, tourists, immigrants, business travellers, and others can spread the TB bacillus very efficiently. London, for example, has experienced a 100 per cent increase in reported cases in the past 10 years. This book covers all aspects of the disease: epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention. Leading research is presented from centres around the world.

Asthma is a disease that affects the lungs. It causes repeated episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and night-time or early morning coughing. Tens of millions of people throughout the world suffer from asthma. Airways are the paths that carry air to the lungs. As the air moves through the lungs, the airways become smaller, like branches of a tree. During an attack, the sides of the airways in the lungs become inflamed and swollen. Muscles around the airways tighten, and less air passes in and out of the lungs. Excess mucus forms in the airways, clogging them even more. The attack, also called an episode, can include coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and trouble breathing. Environmental exposures, such as house dust mites and environmental tobacco smoke, are important triggers of an attack. This book presents important new research on the causes on asthma as well as its diagnosis and treatment.

In the global war to control tuberculosis (TB), there are several critical battles which must be waged and won if we are to make significant progress. Broadly speaking, these battlefields may be regarded as diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Within the arena of treatment are various critical elements. Current drug regimens require 6 months to achieve predictable cures; it is essential that shorter regimens be developed to lessen non-adherence and to improve affordability. To facilitate directly-observed therapy, intermittent (less than daily) regimens have been employed. To ensure favourable outcomes, including patients with AIDS, thrice-weekly regimens are the current standard; reducing the frequency of dosing to twice- or once-weekly may offer significant advantages. Drug resistance to the current major medications, the rifamycins and isoniazid, threatens to make tuberculosis untreatable for rising numbers of patients in many regions of the world. Finding new, effective agents is essential to ensure cures for these cases and to halt transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to others. Additional issues include reducing the side effects and toxicity of anti-tuberculosis regimens and developing regimens that can be given simultaneously with anti-retroviral therapy without deleterious drug-drug interactions or unacceptable toxicity. Finally, attention must be directed to the potential utility of treating latent infection to prevent the evolution of active disease. The current vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), while protecting infants and children against potentially lethal forms of TB, has done little to control the incidence of communicable adult pulmonary disease. Research is underway to develop improved vaccines, but due to the prolonged period to determine the efficacy of a TB vaccine (a minimum of 10 to 20 years) -- alternative strategies must be pursued. Furthermore, the utility of a traditional vaccine would be sorely limited by the fact that roughly two billion persons today harbour latent tuberculosis infection. This huge reservoir of future disease would not be eligible for a traditional pre-infection vaccine. "Preventive therapy" with isoniazid has been shown to reduce the subsequent risk of tuberculosis by about 70% in large, randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials. However, this strategy is limited by the requirement for extended duration of treatment (6 to 9 months), the risks of drug-induced hepatitis and rising rates of resistance to isoniazid in many regions of the world where the TB epidemic is most intense. Alternative means for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection should be given high priority. The authors have assembled an outstanding panel of contributors to address these issues. The topics herein have great relevance both in the industrialised nations where contemporary medications and strategies appear to have exacted their maximum benefits and for the developing nations where this ancient scourge remains rampant. This book will provide an impetus for authorities and organisations devoted to the development of new drugs to address the aforementioned growing problems of TB world-wide.

Asthma is a disease that affects the lungs. It causes repeated episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and night-time or early morning coughing. Tens of millions of people throughout the world suffer from asthma. Airways are the paths that carry air to the lungs. As the air moves through the lungs, the airways become smaller, like branches of a tree. During an attack, the sides of the airways in the lungs become inflamed and swollen. Muscles around the airways tighten, and less air passes in and out of the lungs. Excess mucus forms in the airways, clogging them even more. The attack, also called an episode, can include coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and trouble breathing. Environmental exposures, such as house dust mites and environmental tobacco smoke, are important triggers of an attack. This new book presents important new research on the causes on asthma as well as its diagnosis and treatment.

Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in the world and a major cause of death. This new book brings together stellar research from around the world. The two main types of primary lung cancer, small cell and non-small cell are examined. The book's scope encompasses the three main types of non-small cell lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma which is the commonest type of lung cancer and develops in the cells which line the airways; adenocarcinoma develops from the cells which produce mucus in the lining of the airways; and large cell carcinoma gets its name from the large, rounded cells that are seen when they are examined under the microscope. About 1 in 5 lung cancers are small cell, the rest non-small cell. Causes of lung cancer are primarily smoking, but include as well exposure to radon, asbestos, uranium, arsenic, and certain petroleum products. Research and new drugs are appearing with increasing frequency in this field.