The dimensions of modern semiconductor devices are reduced to the point where classical semiconductor theory, including the concepts of continuous particle concentration and continuous current, becomes questionable. Further questions relate to two-dimensional transport in the most important field-effect devices and one-dimensional transport in nanowires and carbon nanotubes. Designed for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses, Principles of Semiconductor Devices, Second Edition, presents the semiconductor-physics and device principles in a way that upgrades classical semiconductor theory and enables proper interpretations of numerous quantum effects in modern devices. The semiconductor theory is directly linked to practical applications, including the links to the SPICE models and parameters that are commonly used during circuit design. The text is divided into three parts: Part I explains semiconductor physics; Part II presents the principles of operation and modeling of the fundamental junctions and transistors; and Part III provides supplementary topics, including a dedicated chapter on the physics of nanoscale devices, description of the SPICE models and equivalent circuits that are needed for circuit design, introductions to the most important specific devices (photonic devices, JFETs and MESFETs, negative-resistance diodes, and power devices), and an overview of integrated-circuit technologies. The chapters and the sections in each chapter are organized so as to enable instructors to select more rigorous and design-related topics as they see fit. New to this Edition * A new chapter on the physics of nanoscale devices * A revised chapter on the energy-band model and fully reworked and updated material on crystals to include graphene and carbon nanotubes * A revised P-N junction chapter to emphasize the current mechanisms that are relevant to modern devices * JFETs and MESFETs in a stand-alone chapter * Fifty-seven new problems and eleven new examples

The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity 1986] by Bendnorz and Muller in the La-BA-Cu-O system resulted in very extensive research work about the discovery and synthesis of other high-temperature superconductors, such as Y-BA-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O. These new superconducting materials, possessing superconductivity above liquid nitrogen boiling point, are used in many engineering applications, from electronic sensors to rotating electrical generators and from nanometer-scale thin films to kilometer-long wires and coils. Therefore, design and net-shape manufacturing of superconducting components, starting from the initial synthesized powders, is now of utmost industrial importance.
This book is primarily focused on the bulk-fabrication techniques of high-temperature ceramic superconducting components, especially on the combination of dynamic powder-consolidation and subsequent deformation processing. The properties of these ceramics, which are difficult-to-form materials by applying conventional techniques, are combined for the net-shape manufacturing of such components for the construction of HTS devices. However, very important topics such as superconducting structures, chemical synthesis, film fabrication and characterization techniques are also reviewed to provide a complete, comprehensive view of superconductors engineering.

This book provides the reader with a detailed theoretical treatment of the key mechanisms of superconductivity, up to the current state of the art (phonons, magnons, plasmons). In addition, the book describes the properties of key superconducting compounds that are of most interest for science and its applications today. For many years there has been a search for new materials with higher values of the main parameters, such as the critical temperature and the critical current. At present, the possibility to observe superconductivity at room temperature has become perfectly realistic. The book is especially concerned with high Tc systems, such as the high Tc oxides, hydrides with record values of the critical temperature under high pressure, nanoclusters, etc. A number of interesting novel superconducting systems have been discovered recently. Among them: topological materials, interface systems, intercalated graphene. The book contains rigorous derivations, based on statistical mechanics and many-body theory. The book is also providing qualitative explanations of the main concepts and results, which makes it accessible and interesting for a broader readership.

The optical filter is resonator based. The required passband shape of ring resonator-filters can be custom designed by the use of configurations of various ring coupled resonators. This book describes the current state-of-the-art on these devices. It provides an in-depth knowledge of the simulation, fabrication and characterization of ring resonators for use as example filters, lasers, sensors.

Organic semiconductors (OSCs), based on pi-conjugated molecules and macromolecules, are revolutionising the electronics industry. The most topical and potentially lucrative applications to date include organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays and lighting, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Applications for these technologies are varied and include sensing, medical diagnostics, artificial assemblies, computing and information and communication technologies. This discussion encompasses a range of topical subjects, centred on the theme of organic electronics and photonics, focussing on four specific topics: organic photovoltaics and energy, organic lasers, bioelectronics and sensors and molecular electronics, representing the most exciting developments in organic electronics research.

This book consists of thirteen chapters each of them defining in depth the chapter subject and surveying recent developments in the field. The main objective of this book is to summarise the recent advances in material science of high-Tc superconductors, specify their properties, processing, and applications. New and challenging issues appear in this book, like superconducting nano wires, low cost RE-123, infiltration growth, processing of single domain porous Y-123, novel cold seeding method for the production of LRE-123 materials, flux pinning, magnetic shielding, and innovation in synthesis of MgB2. Further, it also covers large scale applications of bulk materials, HTS Maglev systems with bulk superconducting parts, development of superconducting permanent magnet system, pulsed field magnetisation and its application, and production and characterisation of HTS roebel cable.

The authors of this book present current research in the study of superconductivity. Topics discussed in this compilation include the effects of non-magnetic defects in hole doped cuprates; deep cryogenic refrigeration by photons based on the phonon deficit effect in superconductors; superconductivity driven by an anti-polar electric phase in high temperature superconducting materials; superconductive graphite intercalation compounds; a superconducting magnetic field concentrator with nanodimensional branches and slits; magnetic mechanisms of pairing in a strongly correlated electron system of copper oxides; two non-linear mechanisms of correlations between copper carriers in superconductivity and their microscopical descriptions; three dimensionality of the critical state and variational methods for magnetically anisotropic superconductors; theory of multi-band superconductivity; conserving approximation for the self-energy of the t-U-V-J model beyond the Hartree-Fock approximation; and superconductivity as a consequence of an ordering of zero-point oscillations in electron gas.

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Cutting-Edge CMOS VLSI Design for Manufacturability TechniquesThis detailed guide offers proven methods for optimizing circuit designs to increase the yield, reliability, and manufacturability of products and mitigate defects and failure. Covering the latest devices, technologies, and processes, Nanoscale CMOS VLSI Circuits: Design for Manufacturability focuses on delivering higher performance and lower power consumption. Costs, constraints, and computational efficiencies are also discussed in the practical resource. Nanoscale CMOS VLSI Circuits covers: Current trends in CMOS VLSI design Semiconductor manufacturing technologies Photolithography Process and device variability: analyses and modeling Manufacturing-Aware Physical Design Closure Metrology, manufacturing defects, and defect extraction Defect impact modeling and yield improvement techniques Physical design and reliability DFM tools and methodologies

This book presents topical research in the field of light-emitting diodes and the systems, uses and efficiency of optoelectronics. Topics discussed include fabricating high efficiency organic light-emitting diodes for flat panel displays and solid-state lighting; reliability estimation from the junction to the packaging of LED; next-generation intelligent and green energy LED backlighting 3D display; inorganic-organic hybrid emitting material fabricated by solvothermal synthesis; and, photonic bandgap defect structure based on IV-VI semiconductors.

This book presents and discusses research in the study of superconductivity. Topics discussed herein include applications of confined quantum field theory to condensed matter systems; thermodynamic properties of superconducting states; vortices in layered superconductors; superconductivity in highly correlated systems; combined effects of disorder and magnetic field in superconductors; and the critical currents and vortex dynamics in percolative superconductors.

It is well known that most important electronic devices use Schottky junctions and heterojunctions. Unfortunately there is not an advanced book introducing heterojunctions systematically. "Introduction to Organic Semiconductor Heterojunctions" fills the gap. In this book, the authors provide a comprehensive discussion and systematic introduction on the state-of-the-art technologies as well as application of organic semiconductor heterojunctions.

First book to systematically introduce organic heterojunctionsArms readers with theoretical, experimental and applied aspects of organic heterojunctionsThe Chinese edition of the book is part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Distinguished Young Scholar Scientific Book Series

"Introduction to Organic Semiconductor Heterojunctions" is an ideal and valued reference for researchers and graduate students focusing on organic thin film devices like organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Instructors can use the book as a supplementary text for a semiconductor physics or organic electronics course, giving students a better feel for the application of organic thin film devices.

In this book we investigate mechanism of charge carrier transport in organic semiconductor thin film devices (OTFDs). Numerical models for the current conduction in single layer OTFDs including both injection and bulk effect for both trap free organics as well as organics with traps exponentially distributed in energy are developed. The dependencies of the current density on the operation voltage, the thickness of the organic layer and the trap properties are numerically studied.

Since first developed in the early sixties, silicon chip technology has made vast leaps forward. From a rudimentary circuit with a mere handful of transistors, the chip has evolved into a technological wonder, packing millions of bits of information on a surface no larger that a human thumbnail. And most experts predict that in the near future, we will see chips with over a billion bits. Quantum dots are small devices that contain a tiny droplet of free electrons. They are fabricated in semiconductor materials and have typical dimensions ranging from nanometres to a few microns. The size and shape of these structures and therefore the number of electrons they contain can be precisely controlled; a quantum dot can have anything from a single electron to a collection of several thousands. The physics of quantum dots shows many parallels with the behaviour of naturally occurring quantum systems in atomic and nuclear physics. As in an atom, the energy levels in a quantum dot become quantised due to the confinement of electrons. Unlike atoms however, quantum dots can be easily connected to electrodes and are therefore excellent tools for studying atomic-like properties. This new book presents the latest research developments in the world.

The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. It is by far the most common field-effect transistor in both digital and analog circuits. The MOSFET is composed of a channel of n-type or p-type semiconductor material, and is accordingly called an NMOSFET or a PMOSFET (also commonly nMOSFET, pMOSFET. The width of the channel, which determines how well the device conducts, is controlled by an electrode called the gate, separated from channel by a thin layer of oxide insulation. The insulation keeps current from flowing between the gate and channel. MOSFETs are useful for high-speed switching applications and also on integrated circuits in computers.

The superconductivity of MgB2 has been hidden for nearly 50 years although it has the highest Tc among the intermetallics superconductors. Beside the high Tc, simple crystal structure, large coherence length, high critical field, transparency of grain boundaries to current flow and low normal state resistivity MgB2 is a fascinating topic to study for both large scale application and electronic devices. Moreover, the presence of two-gap superconductivity (d and o band) has been theoretically and experimentally established. However, critical current density of pristine MgB2 drops rapidly in the high magnetic field due to the weak pinning centres and low upper critical field. During the past three years, novel techniques and developments for fabrication of useable MgB2 have been reported, including chemical alloying, irradiation, thermo-mechanical processing techniques and magnetic shielding to improve the critical density, upper critical field and the irreversibility field. Among the studies, atomic substitution, especially using nano-particles, may help in clarification of the superconductivity mechanism thus making it appropriate for practical application. On the other hand, the momentum of enhancing flux pinning using chemical doping is moving to a positive side. Nano-SiC powder is well known for effective improvement of the critical current density. In this book, a brief introduction of superconductivity in MgB2 is introduced. Further, the basic electronic and magnetic properties of the MgB2 as well as its crystal structure are reviewed. The authors also discuss the preparation method that has been well developed for experimentation on MgB2. Along with that, they review the experimental results of the chemical alloying on MgB2, particularly on the critical current density. In addition, the future prospects of MgB2 and developments for applications in the current superconductivity market are given.

The book is devoted to theoretical investigations of interrelations in between morphology, single-electron spectrum, and optical properties of polycrystalline and spatially non-homogeneous amorphous semiconductors.

Nanoscale materials are showing great promise in various optoelectronics applications, especially the fast-developing fields of optical communication and optical computers. With silicon as the leading material for microelectronics, the integration of optical functions into silicon technology is a very important challenge. This book concentrates on the optoelectronic properties of silicon nanocrystals, associated phenomena and related topics, from basic principles to the most recent discoveries. The areas of focus include silicon-based light-emitting devices, light modulators, optical wavevguides and interconnectors, optical amplifiers and memory elements. The book comprises theoretical and experimental analyses of various properties of silicon nanocrystals, research methods and preparation techniques, and some promising applications.

This new book focuses on superconductivity which is the ability of certain materials to conduct electrical current with no resistance and extremely low losses. High temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuOx (Tc=40K) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (Tc=90K), were discovered in 1987 and have been actively studied since. In spite of an intense, worldwide, research effort during this time, a complete understanding of the copper oxide (cuprate) materials is still lacking.Many fundamental questions are unanswered, particularly the mechanism by which high-Tc superconductivity occurs. More broadly, the cuprates are in a class of solids with strong electron-electron interactions. An understanding of such 'strongly correlated' solids is perhaps the major unsolved problem of condensed matter physics with over ten thousand researchers working on this topic. High-Tc superconductors also have significant potential for applications in technologies ranging from electric power generation and transmission to digital electronics.

Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electrical current with no resistance and extremely low losses. High temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuOx (Tc=40K) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (Tc=90K), were discovered in 1987 and have been actively studied since. In spite of an intense, world-wide, research effort during this time, a complete understanding of the copper oxide (cuprate) materials is still lacking. Many fundamental questions are unanswered, particularly the mechanism by which high-Tc superconductivity occurs. More broadly, the cuprates are in a class of solids with strong electron-electron interactions. An understanding of such "strongly correlated" solids is perhaps the major unsolved problem of condensed matter physics with over ten thousand researchers working on this topic. High-Tc superconductors also have significant potential for applications in technologies ranging from electric power generation and transmission to digital electronics. This ability to carry large amounts of current can be applied to electric power devices such as motors and generators, and to electricity transmission in power lines. For example, superconductors can carry as much as 100 times the amount of electricity of ordinary copper or aluminium wires of the same size. Many universities, research institutes and companies are working to develop high-Tc superconductivity applications and considerable progress has been made. This volume brings together new leading-edge research in the field.

The Josephson Junction is a type of electronic circuit capable of switching at very high speeds when operated at temperatures approaching absolute zero. It exploits the phenomenon of superconductivity, the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. This book presents new and important research in superconductivity. This includes optical properties, magneto-optics and surface acoustic waves, microwave responses, theories of superconductivity, synthesis in electronic applications and high temperature superconductivity.

Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electrical current with no resistance and extremely low losses. High temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuOx (Tc=40K) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (Tc=90K), were discovered in 1987 and have been actively studied since. In spite of an intense, world-wide, research effort during this time, a complete understanding of the copper oxide (cuprate) materials is still lacking. Many fundamental questions are unanswered, particularly the mechanism by which high-Tc superconductivity occurs. More broadly, the cuprates are in a class of solids with strong electron-electron interactions. An understanding of such "strongly correlated" solids is perhaps the major unsolved problem of condensed matter physics with over ten thousand researchers working on this topic. High-Tc superconductors also have significant potential for applications in technologies ranging from electric power generation and transmission to digital electronics. This ability to carry large amounts of current can be applied to electric power devices such as motors and generators, and to electricity transmission in power lines. For example, superconductors can carry as much as 100 times the amount of electricity of ordinary copper or aluminium wires of the same size. Many universities, research institutes and companies are working to develop high-Tc superconductivity applications and considerable progress has been made. This volume brings together new leading-edge research in the field.

Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electrical current with no resistance and extremely low losses. High temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuOx (Tc=40K) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (Tc=90K), were discovered in 1987 and have been actively studied since. In spite of an intense, world-wide, research effort during this time, a complete understanding of the copper oxide (cuprate) materials is still lacking. Many fundamental questions are unanswered, particularly the mechanism by which high-Tc superconductivity occurs. More broadly, the cuprates are in a class of solids with strong electron-electron interactions. This important book brings together leading research in this dynamic field.

Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electrical current with no resistance and extremely low losses. High temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuOx (Tc=40K) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (Tc=90K), were discovered in 1987 and have been actively studied since. In spite of an intense, world-wide, research effort during this time, a complete understanding of the copper oxide (cuprate) materials is still lacking. Many fundamental questions are unanswered, particularly the mechanism by which high-Tc superconductivity occurs. More broadly, the cuprates are in a class of solids with strong electron-electron interactions. An understanding of such "strongly correlated" solids is perhaps the major unsolved problem of condensed matter physics with over ten thousand researchers working on this topic. High-Tc superconductors also have significant potential for applications in technologies ranging from electric power generation and transmission to digital electronics. This ability to carry large amounts of current can be applied to electric power devices such as motors and generators, and to electricity transmission in power lines. For example, superconductors can carry as much as 100 times the amount of electricity of ordinary copper or aluminium wires of the same size. Many universities, research institutes and companies are working to develop high-Tc superconductivity applications and considerable progress has been made. This volume brings together new leading-edge research in the field.