This comprehensive text covers the basic physics of the solid state starting at an elementary level suitable for undergraduates but then advancing, in stages, to a graduate and advanced graduate level. In addition to treating the fundamental elastic, electrical, thermal, magnetic, structural, electronic, transport, optical, mechanical and compositional properties, we also discuss topics like superfluidity and superconductivity along with special topics such as strongly correlated systems, high-temperature superconductors, the quantum Hall effects, and graphene. Particular emphasis is given to so-called first principles calculations utilizing modern density functional theory which for many systems now allow accurate calculations of the electronic, magnetic, and thermal properties.

This is the simplest, quickest, least technical, most affordable introduction to basic electronics. No tools are necessary--not even a screwdriver. Easy Electronics should satisfy anyone who has felt frustrated by entry-level books that are not as clear and simple as they are supposed to be. Brilliantly clear graphics will take you step by step through 12 basic projects, none of which should take more than half an hour. Using alligator clips to connect components, you see and hear immediateresults. The hands-on approach is fun and intriguing, especially for family members exploring the projects together. The 12 experiments will introduce you to switches, resistors, capacitors, transistors, phototransistors, LEDs, audio transducers, and a silicon chip. You'll even learn how to read schematics by comparing them with the circuits that you build. No prior knowledge is required, and no math is involved. You learn by seeing, hearing, and touching. By the end of Experiment 12, you may be eager to move on to a more detailed book. Easy Electronics will function perfectly as a prequel to the same author's bestseller, Make: Electronics. All the components listed in the book are inexpensive and readily available from online sellers. A very affordable kit has been developed in conjunction with the book to eliminate the chore of shopping for separate parts. A QR code inside the book will take you to the vendor's web site. Concepts include: Transistor as a switch or an amplifier Phototransistor to function as an alarm Capacitor to store and release electricity Transducer to create sounds from a timer Resistor codes A miniature light bulb to display voltage The inner workings of a switch Using batteries and resistors in series and parallel Creating sounds by the pressure of your finger Making a matchbox that beeps when you touch it And more. Grab your copy and start experimenting!

The purpose of this book is to provide an elementary yet systematic description of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) equations, their unique symmetry properties and their relation to Green's function theory. Specifically, it introduces readers to the supercell technique for the solutions of the BdG equations, as well as other related techniques for more rapidly solving the equations in practical applications. The BdG equations are derived from a microscopic model Hamiltonian with an effective pairing interaction and fully capture the local electronic structure through self-consistent solutions via exact diagonalization. This approach has been successfully generalized to study many aspects of conventional and unconventional superconductors with inhomogeneities - including defects, disorder or the presence of a magnetic field - and becomes an even more attractive choice when the first-principles information of a typical superconductor is incorporated via the construction of a low-energy tight-binding model. Further, the lattice BdG approach is essential when theoretical results for local electronic states around such defects are compared with the scanning tunneling microscopy measurements. Altogether, these lectures provide a timely primer for graduate students and non-specialist researchers, while also offering a useful reference guide for experts in the field.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology concern themselves with the research and application of extremely small things and can be used across all scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, material science and engineering. Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they provide a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. Interesting and unexpected properties of nanoparticles are largely due to the large surface area of the material. Nanoparticles of noble metals including silver (Ag) attract the interest of many researchers owing to their high potential for plasmonic devices in future. On the other hand, nanoparticles of silver (Ag) and silver halides (AgX) have played central roles and have been extensively studied for many years in silver halide (AgX) photography. Combining knowledge of nanoparticles of Ag and related materials in plasmonics and AgX photography, this book reinforces already existing knowledge, but also presents new ideas for metal nanoparticles in plasmonics. The first part examines the structure and formation of nanoparticles of Ag and related materials. Systematic descriptions of the structure and preparation of Ag, Au, and other noble metal nanoparticles for plasmonics are followed by and related to those of nanoparticles of Ag and AgX in AgX photography. The exploration of the structure and preparation of Ag and AgX nanoparticles in photography incorporates nanoparticles with widely varied sizes, shapes, and structures, and formation processes from nucleation to growth. The second part describes the properties and performances of nanoparticles of Ag and related materials, including chapters on light absorption and scattering, catalysis, photovoltaic effects, and stability. The accumulated knowledge of many years of research in AgX photography is analysed and explained to deepen the reader's knowledge on metal nanoparticles for plasmonics, catalysis, and photovoltaics with new ideas arising from the interaction between them.

Understanding the structural unit of crystalline solids is vital in determining their optical and electronic properties. However, the disordered nature of amorphous semiconductors, where no long-range order is retained, makes it difficult to determine their structure using traditional methods. This book shows how computer modelling can be used to overcome the difficulties that arise in the atomic scale identification of amorphous semiconductors. The book explains how to generate a random structure using computer modelling, providing readers with the techniques to construct realistic material structures. It shows how the optical and electronic properties are related to random structures. Readers will be able to understand the characteristic features of disordered semiconductors. The structural and electronic modifications by photon irradiation are also discussed in detail. This book is ideal for both physicists and engineers working in solid state physics, semiconductor engineering and electrical engineering.

This textbook lays out the fundamentals of electronic materials and devices on a level that is accessible to undergraduate engineering students with no prior coursework in electromagnetism and modern physics. The initial chapters present the basic concepts of waves and quantum mechanics, emphasizing the underlying physical concepts behind the properties of materials and the basic principles of device operation. Subsequent chapters focus on the fundamentals of electrons in materials, covering basic physical properties and conduction mechanisms in semiconductors and their use in diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. The book also deals with a broader range of modern topics, including magnetic, spintronic, and superconducting materials and devices, optoelectronic and photonic devices, as well as the light emitting diode, solar cells, and various types of lasers. The last chapter presents a variety of materials with specific novel applications, such as dielectric materials used in electronics and photonics, liquid crystals, and organic conductors used in video displays, and superconducting devices for quantum computing. Clearly written with compelling illustrations and chapter-end problems, Rezende's Introduction to Electronic Materials and Devices is the ideal accompaniment to any undergraduate program in electrical and computer engineering. Adjacent students specializing in physics or materials science will also benefit from the timely and extensive discussion of the advanced devices, materials, and applications that round out this engaging and approachable textbook.

Materials scientists, silicon technologists and TCAD researchers come together in this book to share experimental results and physical models, discuss achievements and challenges, and identify key issues for future research in this field. The volume focuses on many aspects related to doping of semiconductors (Si, SiGe and Ge) for device fabrication, and explores areas for single-gate as well as multi-gate devices with planar and vertical architectures. Surface properties, coverage, bonding saturation and passivation, and annealing ambient are also discussed.

The field of integrated circuits is now on the cusp of a new level of integration that can enable an entirely new class of products - monolithic instruments. These are miniaturized systems which interact with their physical environment in ways traditional integrated circuits cannot, in particular, by combining conventional integrated circuits with novel solid-state components. These systems are enabled by utilizing the extremely precise manufacturing platform that is the integrated circuit wafer fabrication facility. The monolithic instrument concept is quite powerful in that it enables vast cost and size reductions. The papers presented in this book are a subset of what is possible in this field. Section I examines advanced image sensor concepts based on forming the photodetector above the standard CMOS interconnect. Section II focuses on optoelectronic element integration, including critical components for constructing miniaturized spectrometers. Section III features chemical and biological sensing systems. Section IV highlights functional oxides and other materials for monolithic integration.

This book presents the various types of resonance effects on excitons, biexcitons and the local electronic centers (LEC) in solids, such as paramagnetic and paraelectric resonances on excitons, exciton acoustic resonance at intra- and interband transitions, radio-optical double resonance on excitons, hole-nuclear double resonance on localized biexcitons, ENDOR and acoustic ENDOR on LEC. The criteria for the generation of coherent photons, phonons and magnons by excitons are explained. The interactions of excitons and biexcitons with paramagnetic centers and nuclear spins, the indirect interaction between the PC through a field of excitons as well as the quasienergy spectrum of excitons and spin systems are discussed. It is proved that the interactionof paramagnetic centers with excitons increases the spin relaxation rate of paramagneticcenters in comparison with the case of their interaction with free carriers. The giant magneto-opticaleffects in semi-magnetic semiconductors are theoretically interpreted.

In recent years, a new perspective has been added to these systems and their interactions: They can be used for storing and processing information in the form of quantum bits (qubits), the building blocks of quantum computers. The basics of this emerging technology are explained and examples of demonstration-type quantum computers based on localized spins in solids are discussed."

Superconductors have been known about since the turn ofthe century. Recently there has been a renewed interest with the discovery of the new, high-Tc materials since 1986 1]. These compounds become superconducting at much warmer temperatures than any pre viously known. In fact, many of tthem superconduct at temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, making the observation of the transition both accessible and inexpensive. It was obvious immediately that these materials could have a tremendous technological impact, or lead to further materials with even higher transitions. For this reason there has been an intense effort by scientists in both academia and industry to study these materials. The scientificand industrial communitieshope to learn what makes these materials work. For, learning how these materials work not only increases mankind's overall knowledge of his world, but could make some person or company quite successful if the information were used and developed correctly."

Ruthenate materials have come into focus recently because of their very interesting magnetic and superconducting properties. From the first international conference on this topic, the present volume has emerged as a first coherent account of the considerable body of work, both theoretical and experimental, gathered in this field within a short time span. The book has been written in the form of a set of lectures and tutorial reviews with the aim of providing the research community with both a comprehensive and modern source of reference and a tutorial introduction for postgraduate students and nonspecialists working in related areas.

This book presents the conceptual framework underlying the atomistic theory of matter, emphasizing those aspects that relate to current flow. This includes some of the most advanced concepts of non-equilibrium quantum statistical mechanics. No prior acquaintance with quantum mechanics is assumed. Chapter 1 provides a description of quantum transport in elementary terms accessible to a beginner. The book then works its way from hydrogen to nanostructures, with extensive coverage of current flow. The final chapter summarizes the equations for quantum transport with illustrative examples showing how conductors evolve from the atomic to the ohmic regime as they get larger. Many numerical examples are used to provide concrete illustrations and the corresponding Matlab codes can be downloaded from the web. Videostreamed lectures, keyed to specific sections of the book, are also available through the web. This book is primarily aimed at senior and graduate students.

Superconductivity in materials without inversion symmetry in the respective crystal structures occurs in the presence of antisymmetric spin-orbit coupling as a consequence of an emerging electric field gradient. The superconducting condensate is then a superposition of spin-singlet and spin-triplet Cooper pairs. This scenario accounts for various experimental findings such as nodes in the superconducting gap or extremely large upper critical magnetic fields. Spin-triplet pairing can occur in non-centrosymmetric superconductors in spite of Anderson's theorem that spin-triplet pairing requires a crystal structure that exhibits inversion symmetry. This book, authored and edited by leading researchers in the field, is both an introduction to and overview on this exciting branch of novel superconductors. Its self-contained and tutorial style makes it particularly suitable for self-study and as source of teaching material for special seminars and courses. At the same time it constitutes an up-to-date and authoritative reference for anyone working in this exciting field.

The original Russian edition is based on a lecture course given by the author and provides a modern treatment of the physics of superconductors with special attention paid to the physical interpretation of the phenomena. This revised English translation has been enlarged by the inclusion of such new developments as High Temperature Superconductivity, and, as such, is the most up-to-date textbook on the subject available.
The editor, Paul M ller, is himself a winner of the Walter Schottky Award for Solid State Research.

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is the analytical tool of choice for characterizing thin films during growth by molecular beam epitaxy, since it is very sensitive to surface structure and morphology. This book serves as an introduction to RHEED for beginners and describes detailed experimental and theoretical treatments for experts, explaining how to analyze RHEED patterns. For beginners the principles of electron diffraction are explained and many examples of the interpretation of RHEED patterns are described. The second part of the book contains detailed descriptions of RHEED theory. The third part applies RHEED to the determination of surface structures, gives detailed descriptions of the effects of disorder, and critically reviews the mechanisms contributing to RHEED intensity oscillations. This unified and coherent account will appeal to both graduate students and researchers in the study of molecular beam epitaxial growth.

Ultrafast Phenomena XVII presents the latest advances in ultrafast science, including both ultrafast optical technology and the study of ultrafast phenomena. It covers picosecond, femtosecond and attosecond processes relevant to applications in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. Ultrafast technology has a profound impact in a wide range of applications, amongst them biomedical imaging, chemical dynamics, frequency standards, material processing, and ultrahigh speed communications. This book summarizes the results presented at the 17th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena and provides an up-to-date view of this important and rapidly advancing field.

From semiconductor fundamentals to semiconductor devices used in the telecommunications and computing industries, this 2005 book provides a solid grounding in the most important devices used in the hottest areas of electronic engineering. The book includes coverage of future approaches to computing hardware and RF power amplifiers, and explains how emerging trends and system demands of computing and telecommunications systems influence the choice, design and operation of semiconductors. Next, the field effect devices are described, including MODFETs and MOSFETs. Short channel effects and the challenges faced by continuing miniaturisation are then addressed. The rest of the book discusses the structure, behaviour, and operating requirements of semiconductor devices used in lightwave and wireless telecommunications systems. This is both an excellent senior/graduate text, and a valuable reference for engineers and researchers in the field.

Thin film mechanical behavior and stress presents a technological challenge for materials scientists, physicists and engineers. This book provides a comprehensive coverage of the major issues and topics dealing with stress, defect formation, surface evolution and allied effects in thin film materials. Physical phenomena are examined from the continuum down to the sub-microscopic length scales, with the connections between the structure of the material and its behavior described. Theoretical concepts are underpinned by discussions on experimental methodology and observations. Fundamental scientific concepts are embedded through sample calculations, a broad range of case studies with practical applications, thorough referencing, and end of chapter problems. With solutions to problems available on-line, this book will be essential for graduate courses on thin films and the classic reference for researchers in the field.

A graduate textbook presenting the underlying physics behind devices that drive today's technologies. The book covers important details of structural properties, bandstructure, transport, optical and magnetic properties of semiconductor structures. Effects of low-dimensional physics and strain - two important driving forces in modern device technology - are also discussed. In addition to conventional semiconductor physics the book discusses self-assembled structures, mesoscopic structures and the developing field of spintronics. The book utilizes carefully chosen solved examples to convey important concepts and has over 250 figures and 200 homework exercises. Real-world applications are highlighted throughout the book, stressing the links between physical principles and actual devices. Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Structures provides engineering and physics students and practitioners with complete and coherent coverage of key modern semiconductor concepts. A solutions manual and set of viewgraphs for use in lectures are available for instructors, from [email protected].

This book describes the properties and device applications of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. It covers the growth, the atomic and electronic structure, the properties of dopants and defects, the optical and electronic properties which result from the disordered structure and finally the applications of this technologically very important material. There is also an important chapter on contacts, interfaces and multilayers. The main emphasis of the book is on the new physical phenomena which result from the disorder of the atomic structure. The book will be of major importance to those who are researching or studying the properties and applications of a-Si:H. It will have a wider interest for anyone working in semiconductor physics and electronic engineering in general.

Dieses wichtige Referenzwerk behandelt die grundlegenden Konzepte der Photoleitfahigkeit und der photoleitenden Materialien. Mit Photoconductivity and Photoconductive Materials prasentiert Professor Kasap eine massgebliche Zusammenstellung der wesentlichen Grundsatze der Photoleitfahigkeit und stellt eine Auswahl aktueller photoleitfahiger Materialien vor. Der erste Band des zweibandigen Werks beginnt mit einer Darstellung der grundlegenden Konzepte und Definitionen. Es folgt eine Charakterisierung der verschiedenen Techniken auf Grundlage von stationarer, transienter und modulierter Photoleitfahigkeit, u.a. der neuen Methode der Ladungsextraktion durch linear steigende Spannung (CELIV). Auch die Physik der Terahertz-Photoleitfahigkeit sowie die Grundlagen der organischen Halbleiter LSoI werden behandelt. Der zweite Band beginnt mit einem umfassenden UEberblick uber eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher photoleitfahiger Materialien, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf einige der wichtigsten Photoleiter gelegt wird, darunter hydriertes amorphes Silizium, Cadmium-Quecksilber-Tellurid, verschiedene Roentgenphotoleiter, Diamantfilme, Metallhalogenidperowskite, Nanodrahte und Quantenpunkte. Auch die Anwendungen der photoleitenden Antenne werden eroertert. Das Werk, das zahlreiche Beitrage fuhrender Autoren auf diesem Fachgebiet enthalt, bietet den Leserinnen und Lesern ausserdem: * Eine grundliche Einfuhrung in die Charakterisierung von Halbleitern mit Hilfe von Techniken der Photoleitfahigkeit, insbesondere gleichmassiger Beleuchtung und Phototrager-Gittertechniken * Eine umfassende Darstellung organischer Photoleiter mitsamt Informationen zu Photoerzeugung, Transport und Anwendungen im Druckbereich * Praktische Eroerterungen der transienten Lichtleitfahigkeit im Flugzeitverfahren inklusive Experimentiertechniken und Interpretationshinweisen * Eine eingehende Betrachtung der transienten Photoleitfahigkeit organischer Halbleiterschichten und neuartiger Techniken der transienten Photoleitfahigkeit Photoconductivity and Photoconductive Materials ist nicht nur ein wichtiges Referenzwerk fur Physiker in der Forschung, Materialwissenschaftler und Elektroingenieure, sondern auch ein unverzichtbares Nachschlagewerk fur Doktoranden und Studierende hoeherer Semester, die sich mit dem Bereich der optoelektronischen Materialien beschaftigen, sowie fur Forschende in der Industrie. * Ein umfassendes zweibandiges Werk mit Beitragen fuhrender Fachautoren, herausgegeben von einem angesehenen Forscher auf dem Gebiet der Photoleitfahigkeit

From semiconductor fundamentals to semiconductor devices used in the telecommunications and computing industries, this 2005 book provides a solid grounding in the most important devices used in the hottest areas of electronic engineering. The book includes coverage of future approaches to computing hardware and RF power amplifiers, and explains how emerging trends and system demands of computing and telecommunications systems influence the choice, design and operation of semiconductors. Next, the field effect devices are described, including MODFETs and MOSFETs. Short channel effects and the challenges faced by continuing miniaturisation are then addressed. The rest of the book discusses the structure, behaviour, and operating requirements of semiconductor devices used in lightwave and wireless telecommunications systems. This is both an excellent senior/graduate text, and a valuable reference for engineers and researchers in the field.

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is the analytical tool of choice for characterizing thin films during growth by molecular beam epitaxy, since it is very sensitive to surface structure and morphology. This book serves as an introduction to RHEED for beginners and describes detailed experimental and theoretical treatments for experts, explaining how to analyze RHEED patterns. For beginners the principles of electron diffraction are explained and many examples of the interpretation of RHEED patterns are described. The second part of the book contains detailed descriptions of RHEED theory. The third part applies RHEED to the determination of surface structures, gives detailed descriptions of the effects of disorder, and critically reviews the mechanisms contributing to RHEED intensity oscillations. This unified and coherent account will appeal to both graduate students and researchers in the study of molecular beam epitaxial growth.