This book describes the state-of-the-art in energy efficient, fault-tolerant embedded systems. It covers the entire product lifecycle of electronic systems design, analysis and testing and includes discussion of both circuit and system-level approaches. Readers will be enabled to meet the conflicting design objectives of energy efficiency and fault-tolerance for reliability, given the up-to-date techniques presented.

This book is devoted to experimental and theoretical investigations on intimate interrelations between morphology, intra-gap and near-band-gap electron spectrum N(E), and macroscopic properties of polycrystalline and spatially non-homogeneous amorphous semiconductors and insulators.

This book provides new research on polycrystalline films. Chapter One reviews the characterisation of polycrystalline Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 thin-films and solar-cells. Chapter Two explains the chemical vapor deposition process accelerated by the fragments of monomethylsilane. Chapter Three studies the regularities of formation of the nanostructured films of polycrystalline silicon doped with germanium as isovalent impurity.

As the rules of global Internet develop and evolve, digital trade has risen in prominence on the global trade and economic agenda, but multilateral trade agreements have not kept pace with the complexities of the digital economy. The economic impact of the Internet is estimated to be $4.2 trillion in 2016, making it the equivalent of the fifth-largest national economy. According to one source, the volume of global data flows grew 45-fold from 2005 to 2014, faster than international trade or financial flows. Congress has an important role to play in shaping global digital trade policy, from oversight of agencies charged with regulating cross-border data flows to shaping and considering legislation to implement new trade rules and disciplines through ongoing trade negotiations, and also working with the executive branch to identify the right balance between digital trade and other policy objectives, including privacy and national security. This book discusses the role of digital trade in the U.S. economy, barriers to digital trade, digital trade agreement provisions, and other selected policy issues. It also discusses the digital economy and cross-border trade, and U.S. semiconductor manufacturing.

High temperature superconductors have received a great deal of attention in recent years, due to their potential in device and power applications. This book summarises the materials science and physics of all the most important high temperature superconductors as well as discussing material growth, properties and applications. Part one covers fundamental characteristics of high temperature superconductors and high TC films such as deposition technologies, growth, transport properties and optical conductivity. Part two is concerned with growth techniques and properties of high temperature superconductors, including YBCO, BSCCO and HTSC high TC films, and electron-doped cuprates. Finally, part three describes the various applications of high temperature superconductors, from Josephson junctons and dc-superconductive quantum inference devices (dc-SQUIDs) to microwave filters. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, this book is an invaluable resource for those researching high temperature superconductors, in industry and academia. In light of the many recent advances in high temperature superconductors, it will benefit physicists, materials scientists and engineers working in this field, as well as in areas of industrial application, such as electronic devices and power transmission.

Students and researchers looking for a comprehensive textbook on magnetism, magnetic materials and related applications will find in this book an excellent explanation of the field. Chapters progress logically from the physics of magnetism, to magnetic phenomena in materials, to size and dimensionality effects, to applications. Beginning with a description of magnetic phenomena and measurements on a macroscopic scale, the book then presents discussions of intrinsic and phenomenological concepts of magnetism such as electronic magnetic moments and classical, quantum, and band theories of magnetic behavior. It then covers ordered magnetic materials (emphasizing their structure-sensitive properties) and magnetic phenomena, including magnetic anisotropy, magnetostriction, and magnetic domain structures and dynamics. What follows is a comprehensive description of imaging methods to resolve magnetic microstructures (domains) along with an introduction to micromagnetic modeling. The book then explores in detail size (small particles) and dimensionality (surface and interfaces) effects - the underpinnings of nanoscience and nanotechnology that are brought into sharp focus by magnetism. The hallmark of modern science is its interdisciplinarity, and the second half of the book offers interdisciplinary discussions of information technology, magnetoelectronics and the future of biomedicine via recent developments in magnetism. Modern materials with tailored properties require careful synthetic and characterization strategies. The book also includes relevant details of the chemical synthesis of small particles and the physical deposition of ultra thin films. In addition, the book presents details of state-of-the-art characterization methods and summaries of representative families of materials, including tables of properties. CGS equivalents (to SI) are included.

Design, build, and test LED-based projects using the Raspberry Pi About This Book Implement real LED-based projects for Raspberry Pi Learn to interface various LED modules such as LEDs, 7-segment, 4-digits 7 segment, and dot matrix to Raspberry Pi Get hands-on experience by exploring real-time LEDs with this project-based book Who This Book Is For This book is for those who want to learn how to build Raspberry Pi projects utilising LEDs, 7 segment, 4-digits 7 segment, and dot matrix modules. You also will learn to implement those modules in real applications, including interfacing with wireless modules and the Android mobile app. However, you don't need to have any previous experience with the Raspberry Pi or Android platforms. What You Will Learn Control LEDs, 7 segments, and 4-digits 7 segment from a Raspberry Pi Expand Raspberry Pi's GPIO Build a countdown timer Build a digital clock display Display numbers and characters on dot matrix displays Build a traffic light controller Build a remote home light control with a Bluetooth low energy module and Android Build mobile Internet-controlled lamps with a wireless module and Android In Detail Blinking LED is a popular application when getting started in embedded development. By customizing and utilising LED-based modules into the Raspberry Pi board, exciting projects can be obtained. A countdown timer, a digital clock, a traffic light controller, and a remote light controller are a list of LED-based inspired project samples for Raspberry Pi. An LED is a simple actuator device that displays lighting and can be controlled easily from a Raspberry Pi. This book will provide you with the ability to control LEDs from Raspberry Pi, starting from describing an idea through designing and implementing several projects based on LEDs, such as, 7-segments, 4-digits 7 segment, and dot matrix displays. Beginning with step-by-step instructions on installation and configuration, this book can either be read from cover to cover or treated as an essential reference companion to your Raspberry Pi. Samples for the project application are provided such as a countdown timer, a digital clock, a traffic light controller, a remote light controller, and an LED-based Internet of Things, so you get more practice in the art of Raspberry Pi development. Raspberry Pi LED Blueprints is an essential reference guide full of practical solutions to help you build LED-based applications. Style and approach This book follows a step-by-step approach to LED-based development for Raspberry Pi, explained in a conversational and easy-to-follow style. Each topic is explained sequentially in the process of building an application, and detailed explanations of the basic and advanced features are included.

This is an overview of different models and mechanisms developed to describe the capture and relaxation of carriers in quantum-dot systems. Despite their undisputed importance, the mechanisms leading to population and energy exchanges between a quantum dot and its environment are not yet fully understood. The authors develop a first-order approach to such effects, using elementary quantum mechanics and an introduction to the physics of semiconductors. The book results from a series of lectures given by the authors at the Master's level.

This book consists of sixteen chapters, each covering in depth a particular subject and surveying recent developments in the field. Challenging issues, like high quality control, uniform superconducting bulk materials production by infiltration growth (IG) process, flux pinning, mechanical properties, Maglev, bearing and flywheel, trapped field magnets, magnetic shielding, and pulsed field magnetization will appear in this book. Some other issues will be Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) based on cryogenic current compartments and its utilization in particle accelerators in scientific or medical applications, cryogenic system requirements and design considerations for superconducting devices. Additionally, vortex pinning by artificial pinning centers in thin films and coated conductors, development of new class of superconductors by low cost, high performance thick film technology by solid state (REBa2O4) and liquid phase (BaCuO2) reaction are discussed. Finally, MgB2 superconductor fabrication by sintering, spark plasma sintering, flux pinning, the electric and magnetic characterization, trapped field performance and wires towards commercial applications are presented for the reader to analyze. The team of authors and the editor hope that the presented ideas and information in this book will be helpful for interested readers, scientists, upcoming young researchers, and master and bachelor students, and will encourage further development in the field.

This book presents research on superconductivity. The first chapter discusses the physical properties of two nonmagnetic noncentrosymmetric superconductors, LaRhSi3 and LaIrSi3. Chapter two reviews the SrFe2As2 and FeTe0.8S0.2 compounds, which are perspective for developing new superconducting materials on their basis. The possibility of selective excitation of the nonlinear lattice vibrations in high-temperature superconductors formed from layers or thin films opens the new perspectives in the manipulations and control of quantum field in superconducting phase, which is further discussed in chapter three. Chapter four begins with a detailed derivation of the three coupled integral equations associated with the so-called generalised Bose-Einstein condensation formalism of a many-fermion system. Finally, chapter five proposes a microscopic theory of superconductivity based on the spinfluctuation mechanism of pairing.

Modern electronics is being transformed as device size decreases to a size where the dimensions are significantly smaller than the constituent electron's mean free path. In such systems the electron motion is strongly confined resulting in dramatic changes of behaviour compared to the bulk. This book introduces the physics and applications of transport in such mesoscopic and nanoscale electronic systems and devices. The behaviour of these novel devices is influenced by numerous effects not seen in bulk semiconductors, such as the Aharonov-Bohm Effect, disorder and localization, energy quantization, electron wave interference, spin splitting, tunnelling and the quantum hall effect to name a few. Including coverage of recent developments, and with a chapter on carbon-based nanoelectronics, this book will provide a good course text for advanced students or as a handy reference for researchers or those entering this interdisciplinary area.

Mixed-valence manganites have attracted considerable attention since the late 19th century. The intriguing interplay of charge, spin and orbital ordering in the manganites systems superimposed by interface/surface effects provides a scientific platform beneficial for both fundamental and application-oriented research. The fundamental basis for understanding physical properties and designing new functionalities of manganites is the concept of the symmetry of order parameters which can be manipulated artificially by controlling the interplay of electronic degrees of freedom. This book explores the possibility of externally modifying the properties of manganite based thin films and heterojunctions by epitaxial strain or artificial boundaries, which could give us new insights to generating properties at the interface between film and heterointerface. The book describes some of the sophisticated concepts concerning manganite-based films and heterojunctions in clear detail, bringing us closer than ever to understanding the research progress and main trends. What we can learn from the book is highly thought-provoking: the explanation of the strain stabilisation and strain induced effects in manganite based films and heterointerfaces; the comparison between electrical transport in manganite based heterojunctions and semiconductor junctions; and, in particular, the interpretation of the photo-induced and photo-voltaic effect in manganite based films and heterojunctions. Furthermore, the magneto-tunability at the manganite based heterointerfaces leading to the design of new functionalities will be highlighted at last.

Transconductance Thermal Noise Model For MOSFETs

Accurate expressions for MOSFET channel thermal noise in terms of transconductances are derived for long channel MOSFETs in both the strong and weak inversion regions. The transconductance form also allows us to formulate a thermal noise model which includes moderate inversion.

Part of the transconductance expressions being presented here, namely (8kT/3)(gm+gmbs+gds), have been in use before in SPICE simulators but (to our knowledge) its derivation has never been rigorously derived from the first principles of MOSFET theory. This derivation and others will be presented.

It will also be shown that the general form of the transconductance thermal noise model for long channels, derived for both the saturated and non-saturated (triode) regions, are accurate and equivalent to the inversion charge thermal noise model.

Finally, the thermal noise expression derived for long channel MOSFETs will be extended to cover the short channel case by treating velocity saturation. The excess thermal noise factor due to the higher electric fields in short channels is also included.

The world of semiconductor research is continuously expanding our knowledge of the physics governing phenomena at micro and nano scales, driving the development of new technologies and rapidly enhancing the quality of our everyday life. The huge amount of scientific papers published today in this field of research confirms the great interest of the scientific community in semiconductor science and its future applications. However, this enormous growth of available scientific information sometimes makes the familiar channels of communication considerably less effective, because of the difficulties for experts in a given field to keep up with the current literature. "Advances in Semiconductor Physics" Series has been conceived mainly to improve this situation. This monograph presents a collection of selected contributions reporting some of the most stimulating and challenging results obtained by recent researches in the field of semiconductor physics. About the same number of theoretical, experimental and simulative studies have been included in this book, driven by the basic idea that all these different types of investigations are equally important in increasing our understanding of the physics of semiconductors.

Since the 1980s, a general theme in the study of high-temperature superconductors has been to test the BCS theory and its predictions against new data. At the same time, this process has engendered new physics, new materials, and new theoretical frameworks. Remarkable advances have occurred in sample quality and in single crystals, in hole and electron doping in the development of sister compounds with lower transition temperatures, and in instruments to probe structure and dynamics. Handbook of High-Temperature Superconductvity is a comprehensive and in-depth treatment of both experimental and theoretical methodologies by the the world's top leaders in the field. The Editor, Nobel Laureate J. Robert Schrieffer, and Associate Editor James S. Brooks, have produced a unified, coherent work providing a global view of high-temperature superconductivity covering the materials, the relationships with heavy-fermion and organic systems, and the many formidable challenges that remain.

THE MOST ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR MISMATCH TECHNIQUES

These mismatch methods are the most advanced techniques in the Semiconductor field. All the practical matters of simulation, measurement, and mismatch model parameter generation (using random field theory) including multi-device co-correlation are handled in an accurate, practical, and comprehensive manner. This represents a true advance and technical progress in the matter of semiconductor mismatch simulation and measurement. If you're involved in any way with mismatch of semiconductor devices you've got to get this book. If not for yourself then for the modelers that create your semiconductor models for you.

TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY

PART I. DEVICE MISMATCH SIMULATION OVERVIEW How To Perform Monte-Carlo And Mismatch Simulation Parameters and Statistics Model Files Process & Mismatch Variation Mismatch vs Area Mismatch vs Distance and Other Effects (Mismatch Factor) Effective Mismatch Factor

PART II. MISMATCH MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Resistors, Diodes, Mosfets, Bipolar Transistors, JFETs Monte-Carlo Analysis of Correlated Variables Differential Mismatch Measurement Features: Far superior accuracy compared to past traditional methods. Differential method: Both devices are biased simultaneously, greatly reducing common mode noise and device thermal difference errors. Differential method avoids the errors of subtracting two large error prone, poor resolution measurements. Swapping of internal differential precision range resistors cancels internal instrumentation system errors resulting in even greater accuracy.

PART III. APPLYING RANDOM FIELD THEORY TO MISMATCH Random Field Theory ("Space" Series in More Than 1 Dimension) Random Field Correlation Function In 2 Dimensions (Our Semiconductor Case) How To Deal With Parametric Trends (Wafer Gradients) Simulating Correlated Devices In Two Dimensions (Using the Multivariate Normal Conditional Probability Density)

The purpose of this book is to illustrate the magnificence of the fabless semiconductor ecosystem, and to give credit where credit is due. We trace the history of the semiconductor industry from both a technical and business perspective. We argue that the development of the fabless business model was a key enabler of the growth in semiconductors since the mid-1980s. Because business models, as much as the technology, are what keep us thrilled with new gadgets year after year, we focus on the evolution of the electronics business. We also invited key players in the industry to contribute chapters. These "In Their Own Words" chapters allow the heavyweights of the industry to tell their corporate history for themselves, focusing on the industry developments (both in technology and business models) that made them successful, and how they in turn drive the further evolution of the semiconductor industry.