Since the discovery by Bednorz and Muller of Cu-O alloys displaying high temperature superconductivity, great energy has been put into research in this field. One of the most important and interesting issues, and the subject of this volume, is the clarification of the microscopic origin and mechanism of high temperature superconductivity. This book discusses the latest experimental results on magnetic, optical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of the Cu-O and Bi-O superconductors, as well as proposed theoretical models of the mechanisms. The participants in the symposium agreed that for the high Tc Cu-O superconductors electron correlation effects are of central importance. For the Bi-O superconductors the main topic was whether the mechanism of superconductivity is the same as that of high Tc Cu-O superconductors. What was and what was not resolved at the symposium is summarized at the end of the volume.

A collection of articles on different approaches to the investigation of surface effects on nanosized magnetic materials, with special emphasis on magnetic nanoparticles. The book provides an overview of progress in the field through recent results.

High temperature superconductivity is still one of the most discussed topicsin physics. "The Physics and Chemistry of Oxide Superconductors " collects together more than one hundred original contributions presented during the 2nd International Symposium of the Institute for Solid State Physics of the University of Tokyo. The main topics cover new insights into the basic mechanism of high temperature superconductivity, recent developments of new superconducting materials, the state of the art of thin film production, theoretical understanding of the electronic structures in this kind of material, theories for strongly correlated electron systems, and many physical and chemical effects.

Compound semiconductor devices form the foundation of solid-state microwave and optoelectronic technologies used in many modern communication systems. In common with their low frequency counterparts, these devices are often represented using equivalent circuit models, but it is often necessary to resort to physical models in order to gain insight into the detailed operation of compound semiconductor devices. Many of the earliest physical models were indeed developed to understand the 'unusual' phenomena which occur at high frequencies. Such was the case with the Gunn and IMPATI diodes, which led to an increased interest in using numerical simulation methods. Contemporary devices often have feature sizes so small that they no longer operate within the familiar traditional framework, and hot electron or even quantum mechanical models are required. The need for accurate and efficient models suitable for computer aided design has increased with the demand for a wider range of integrated devices for operation at microwave, millimetre and optical frequencies. The apparent complexity of equivalent circuit and physics-based models distinguishes high frequency devices from their low frequency counterparts . . Over the past twenty years a wide range of modelling techniques have emerged suitable for describing the operation of compound semiconductor devices. This book brings together for the first time the most popular techniques in everyday use by engineers and scientists. The book specifically addresses the requirements and techniques suitable for modelling GaAs, InP. ternary and quaternary semiconductor devices found in modern technology."

This book should fill a gap which has existed in the literature on supercon ductivity. There have been a number of excellent textbooks available on the phenomenon of superconductivity, which describe in detail the variety of ef fects connected with it and the mathematical techniques to deal with them properly. However, until now there has not been a textbook available in English which concentrates on the mate ial aspects of superconductivity. This is a major shortcoming since most physicists working in the field of superconduc tivity are mainly concerned with specific materials and subsequently often need to know more about the interplay of superconductivity and material prop erties. On the other hand, people working in the field know that a competent and well-written book by S. V. Vonsovsky, V. A. Izyumov, and E. Z. Kurmaev has been available in Russian. It presents a thorough discussion of superconducting transition-metal alloys and compounds. This volume is a translation of an updated version of the Russian edition. The translation was done by A. P. Zavarnitsyn of the authors' institution and by Dr. E. H. Brandt of the Max-Planck-Institut fur Metallforschung in Stuttgart. The master manuscript was ably typed by Mrs. C. Pendl. I would like to take this opportunity to thank each of them. I sincerely hope that the book will turn out to be useful to physicists working in the field of superconductivity as well as to nonspecialists and interested graduate students."

The study of the spontaneous formation of nanostructures in single crystals of several compounds is now a major area of research in strongly correlated electrons. These structures appear to originate in the competition of phases. The book addresses nanoscale phase separation, focusing on the manganese oxides known as manganites that have the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect of potential relevance for device applications. It is argued that the nanostructures are at the heart of the CMR phenomenon. The book contains updated information on manganite research directed to experts, both theorists and experimentalists. However, graduate students or postdocs will find considerable introductory material, including elements of computational physics.

An invaluable introduction to nanomaterials and their applications

Offering the unique approach of applying traditional physics concepts to explain new phenomena, Introduction to Nanomaterials and Devices provides readers with a solid foundation on the subject of quantum mechanics and introduces the basic concepts of nanomaterials and the devices fabricated from them. Discussion begins with the basis for understanding the basic properties of semiconductors and gradually evolves to cover quantum structures--including single, multiple, and quantum wells--and the properties of nanomaterial systems, such as quantum wires and dots.

Written by a renowned specialist in the field, this book features:

An introduction to the growth of bulk semiconductors, semiconductor thin films, and semiconductor nanomaterials

Information on the application of quantum mechanics to nanomaterial structures and quantum transport

Extensive coverage of Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein stastistics

An in-depth look at optical, electrical, and transport properties

Coverage of electronic devices and optoelectronic devices

Calculations of the energy levels in periodic potentials, quantum wells, and quantum dots

Introduction to Nanomaterials and Devices provides essential groundwork for understanding the behavior and growth of nanomaterials and is a valuable resource for students and practitioners in a field full of possibilities for innovation and invention.

This invaluable book provides a comprehensive treatment of design and applications of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). SOA is an important component for optical communication systems. It has applications as in-line amplifiers and as functional devices in evolving optical networks. The functional applications of SOAs were first studied in the early 1990's, since then the diversity and scope of such applications have been steadily growing. This is the second edition of a book on Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers first published in 2006 by the same authors. Several chapters and sections representing new developments in the chapters of the first edition have been added. The new chapters cover quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers (QD-SOA), reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOA) for passive optical network applications, two-photon absorption in amplifiers, and, applications of SOA as broadband sources. They represent advances in research, technology and commercial trends in the area of semiconductor optical amplifiers.Semiconductor Optical Amplifier is self-contained and unified in presentation. It can be used as an advanced text by graduate students and by practicing engineers. It is also suitable for non-experts who wish to have an overview of optical amplifiers. The treatments in the book are detailed enough to capture the interest of the curious reader and complete enough to provide the necessary background to explore the subject further.

This first book on pulsed magnet design deals with the design of pulsed, non-destructive coils for the generation of high magnetic fields. It provides readers with a concise and comprehensive text describing every aspect of coil construction.

This text presents an overview of the electronic transport phenomena including high-Tc superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. It concisely reviews all the conducting oxides, discussing in detail nine representative oxides. More than 1200 references serve as a convenient guidepost to proceed into this vast research field.

In contrast to research on the fundamental mechanisms of High-Temperature Superconductivity, in recent years we have seen enormous developments in the fabrication and application of High-Tc-superconductors. The two volumes of High Temperature Superconductivity provide a survey of the state of the technology and engineering applications of these materials. They comprise extended original research papers and technical review articles written by physicists, chemists, materials scientists and engineers, all of them noted experts in their fields. The interdisciplinary and strictly application-oriented coverage should benefit graduate students and academic researchers in the mentioned areas as well as industrial experts.

Volume 1 "Materials" focuses on major technical advancements in High-Tc materials processing for applications. Volume 2 "Engineering Applications" covers numerous application areas where High-Tc superconductors are making tremendous impact.

In contrast to research on the fundamental mechanisms of High-Temperature Superconductivity, in recent years we have seen enormous developments in the fabrication and application of High-Tc-superconductors. The two volumes of High Temperature Superconductivity provide a survey of the state of the technology and engineering applications of these materials. They comprise extended original research papers and technical review articles written by physicists, chemists, materials scientists and engineers, all of them noted experts in their fields. The interdisciplinary and strictly application-oriented coverage should benefit graduate students and academic researchers in the mentioned areas as well as industrial experts.

Volume 1 "Materials" focuses on major technical advancements in High-Tc materials processing for applications. Volume 2 "Engineering Applications" covers numerous application areas where High-Tc superconductors are making tremendous impact.

This research monograph discusses the close correlation between the magnetic and structural properties of thin films in the context of numerous examples of epitaxial metal films, while emphasis is laid on the stabilization of novel structures compared to the bulk material. Further options, possibilities, and limits for applications are given. Techniques for the characterization of thin films are addressed as well.

It has been almost thirty years since the publication of a book that is entirely dedicated to the theory, description, characterization and measurement of the thermal conductivity of solids. The recent discovery of new materials which possess more complex crystal structures and thus more complicated phonon scattering mechanisms have brought innovative challenges to the theory and experimental understanding of these new materials. With the development of new and novel solid materials and new measurement techniques, this book will serve as a current and extensive resource to the next generation researchers in the field of thermal conductivity. This book is a valuable resource for research groups and special topics courses (8-10 students), for 1st or 2nd year graduate level courses in Thermal Properties of Solids, special topics courses in Thermal Conductivity, Superconductors and Magnetic Materials, and to researchers in Thermoelectrics, Thermal Barrier Materials and Solid State Physics.

This book, featuring the most comprehensive treatment of Josephson junctions ever published, describes superconductor/two-dimensional-electron-gas (2DEG) structures, providing a better understanding of their transport properties. It also discusses the control of junctions using gate electrodes or injection currents, and the physical effects observed in these junctions.

This second edition has been brought up to date by the inclusion of an extensive new chapter on aspects relevant to high-temperature superconductors. The new edition provides researchers, engineers and other scientists with an introduction to the field and makes useful supplementary reading for graduate students in low-temperature physics.

Various experimental techniques for point contact production are described. Examples of point-contact spectra are presented for pure metals, alloys and compounds, as well as for semimetals and semiconductors, heavy fermion systems, Kond-lattices, mixed valence compounds and more. Superconducting point contacts are considered in respect to Andreev reflection and Josephson effects. Special attention is paid to contact conductance fluctuation, and new trends of research are outlined.

The book develops a comprehensive understanding of the surface impedance of the oxide high-temperature superconductors in comparison with the conventional superconductor Nb3Sn. Linear and nonlinear microwave responses are treated separately, both in terms of models, theories or numerical approaches and in terms of experimental results. The theoretical treatment connects fundamental aspects of superconductivity to the specific high-frequency properties. The experimental data review the state of the art, as reported by many international groups. The book describes further the main features of appropriate preparation, handling, mounting, and refrigeration techniques, and finally discusses possible applications in passive and active microwave devices.

Presents a modern treatment of the physics of vortex matter, mainly applied to unconventional superconductors and superfluids but with extensions to other areas of physics.

The fact that magnetite (Fe304) was already known in the Greek era as a peculiar mineral is indicative of the long history of transition metal oxides as useful materials. The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in 1986 has renewed interest in transition metal oxides. High-temperature su perconductors are all cuprates. Why is it? To answer to this question, we must understand the electronic states in the cuprates. Transition metal oxides are also familiar as magnets. They might be found stuck on the door of your kitchen refrigerator. Magnetic materials are valuable not only as magnets but as electronics materials. Manganites have received special attention recently because of their extremely large magnetoresistance, an effect so large that it is called colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). What is the difference between high-temperature superconducting cuprates and CMR manganites? Elements with incomplete d shells in the periodic table are called tran sition elements. Among them, the following eight elements with the atomic numbers from 22 to 29, i. e., Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu are the most im portant. These elements make compounds with oxygen and present a variety of properties. High-temperature superconductivity and CMR are examples. Most of the textbooks on magnetism discuss the magnetic properties of transition metal oxides. However, when one studies magnetism using tradi tional textbooks, one finds that the transport properties are not introduced in the initial stages."

This is a benchmark reference work on Cryogenic Engineering which chronicles the major developments in the field. Starting with an historical background, this book reviews the development of data resources now available for cryogenic fields and properties of materials. It presents the latest changes in cryopreservation and the advances over the past 50 years. The book also highlights an exceptional reference listing to provide referral to more details.

This unified overview of recent progress in a growing, multi-disciplinary field places special emphasis on the industrial applications of magnetic multilayered materials. The text describes a wide range of physical aspects, together with experimental and theoretical methods.

The expansion of the application of ferroelectric crystals in engineering as well as of a number of fundamental problems of solid-state physics, which have not yet been solved and which bear a direct relation to ferro electricity, has lately stimulated much interest in the problem of ferroelectricity. In courses of solid-state physics ferroelectricity is studied today along with traditional disciplines, such as magnetism, superconductivity, and 'semiconducting phe nomena. Moreover, new specialities have been born concerned directly with the development and utilization of ferroelectric material in optics, acous tics, computer technology, and capacitor engineering. Special courses in the physics of ferroelectrics are read in a number of colleges and universities. The study of the nature of ferro electricity has currently reached such a level of development that we may speak of having gained a rather deep insight into the physical essence of a number of phenomena, which contribute to the generation of a spontaneous electric polarization in crystals. It is exactly at this level that it has become possible to single out that part of the problem, the physical picture of which can be depicted in a rather unsophisticated manner and which is the foundation for the construction of a building of "complete understanding.""

The 2001 Spring Meeting of the 65th Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft was held together with the 65. Physikertagung, in Hamburg, during the pe riod March 26 30 2001. With more than 3500 conference attendees, a record has again been achieved after several years of stabilisation in participation. This proves the continuing and now even increasing, attraction of solid state physics, especially for young colleagues who often discuss for the first time their scientific results in public at this meeting. More than 2600 scientific pa pers were presented orally, as well as posters, among them about 120 invited lectures from Germany and from abroad. This Volume 41 of "Advances in Solid State Physics" contains the written versions of half of the latter. We nevertheless hope that the book truly reflects the current state of the field. Amazingly enough, the majority of the papers as well as the discussions at the meeting, concentrated on the nanostructured solid state. This re flects the currently extremely intensive quest for developing the electronic and magnetic device generations of the future, which stimulates science be sides the challenge of the unknown as has always been the case since the very beginning of Solid State Physics about 100 years ago.

The last two years have witnessed a continuation in the breakthrough shift toward pulse tube cryocoolers for long-life, high-reliability cryocooler applications. New this year are papers de scribing the development of very large pulse tube cryocoolers to provide up to 1500 watts of cooling for industrial applications such as cooling the superconducting magnets of Mag-lev trains, coolmg superconducting cables for the power mdustry, and liquefymg natural gas. Pulse tube coolers can be driven by several competing compressor technologies. One class of pulse tube coolers is referred to as "Stirling type" because they are based on the linear Oxford Stirling-cooler type compressor; these generally provide coolmg m the 30 to 100 K temperature range and operate ^t frequencies from 30 to 60 Hz. A second type of pulse tube cooler is the so-called "Gifford-McMahon type. " Pulse tube coolers of this type use a G-M type compressor and lower frequency operation (~1 Hz) to achieve temperatures in the 2 to 10 K temperature range. The third type of pulse tube cooler is driven by a thermoacoustic oscillator, a heat engine that functions well in remote environments where electricity is not readily available. All three types are described, and in total, nearly half of this proceedings covers new developments in the pulse tube arena. Complementing the work on low-temperature pulse tube and Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers is substantial continued progress on rare earth regenerator materials.