The Atlas of Robotic Urologic Surgery provides a detailed, step-by-step guide to common robotic urologic procedures for the purpose of helping novice surgeons in their transition to robotic surgery and seasoned robotic surgeons to refine their surgical technique and expand their repertoire of robotic procedures. In addition, less commonly performed robotic procedures such as those for male infertility, pelvic organ prolapse, urinary tract reconstruction and pediatrics are included. Each chapter is written by the thought leaders in robotic urologic surgery with descriptive step-by-step text, complimented by figures and intraoperative photographs detailing the nuances of each procedure. Emphasis is placed on operative setup, instrument and equipment needs and surgical techniques for both the primary surgeon as well as the operative assistant. The use of ancillary equipment and robotic instrument and endoscope exchanges are highlighted throughout the procedural text by tables designed to aid surgeons and their teams in improving efficiency. This volume will provide unique insights into robotic urologic surgery and reduce the learning curve of accomplishing these increasingly popular procedures.

There is no single certification system available Nationally or Internationally for Urological Laparoscopy. Skill training and certification are needed to protect both patients and doctors from the pitfalls of uncertified practice. The book focuses on the details of training within this field. The next step will be to agree nationally and internationally how to assess and certify the skills attained through training in Laparoscopic Urology. The Training Courses of Urological Laparoscopy takes experts in Laparoscopic Urology together from across the world to share their ideas and experience of training, from basic stems in the dry lab through to hints and tricks for problem solving in complex scenarios. The editors want to make this contribution to the literature with the aim to shortly establish robust assessment and certification globally for Laparoscopic Urologists.

Master new procedures and improve outcomes with Operative Techniques in Vitreoretinal Surgery. This easy-to-read, "how-to" surgical atlas offers expert, step-by-step guidance on how to successfully perform basic retina and vitreous surgery as well as more involved complex and advanced procedures. Edited by Abdhish R. Bhavsar, MD, this unique resource focuses on the essentials of operative technique, helping both the novice and advanced retina surgeon make the most of the latest, most effective procedures in this fast-moving field. Covers commonly performed and more complex vitreoretinal surgical techniques as well as surgical approaches to specific disorders-all using up-to-date methods and technology. Contains more than 300 high-quality clinical photographs and illustrations with clear explanations. Includes key topics such as scleral buckle surgery, vitrectomy surgery including 27 gauge, managing intraocular tumors, iris and scleral fixation of dislocated intraocular lenses, including the Yamane technique, the latest ROP surgical management, and modern vitreous implant surgical approaches. Discusses the latest techniques for repairing very large or failed macular holes, robotic retina and vitreous surgery, artificial retinal prosthesis surgery, and delivery of subretinal gene therapy. Highlights clinical pearls, pitfalls, and potential complications throughout. Features more than 60 video clips that demonstrate key procedures and techniques. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Robotic Renal Surgery: Benign and Malignant Surgery for the Kidneys and Ureters provides a comprehensive review of the role of and technical considerations regarding robotic surgery for conditions of the kidney and associated conditions of the upper urinary tract. In addition to serving as a reference regarding indications, preoperative and postoperative management, complications, and evidence-based outcomes, this text also serves as a practical guide for surgeons in how to perform the complete array of robotic kidney and upper tract surgery. Included are detailed descriptions of positioning, instrumentation, and surgical steps for the surgeon newly adopting robotic surgery or for those refining their techniques. All chapters are written by recognized and published experts in the various techniques, creating an authoritative text on the subject. Robotic Renal Surgery: Benign and Malignant Surgery for the Kidneys and Ureters will be of great value to urologists, robotic surgeons, fellows in urologic oncology or endourology as well as urology residents in training and surgical nurses and other surgery team members involved in these procedures.

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery is a relatively new specialty and the vast majority of patients present initially outside tertiary referral centres. Many conditions such as gallstones, acute and chronic pancreatitis, obstructive jaundice and malignancies of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas are still managed outside specialist centres or are not suitable for referral. Many general surgeons continue to manage these problems and in some parts of the world the geography and distances involved makes referral for specialist care difficult or impossible. The relative scarcity of specialist centres for the management of these difficult conditions also means that the majority of trainees do not get sufficient exposure prior their definitive appointment to equip them with the tools needed to confidently manage many of the problems they may face.
Operative Solutions in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery combines clearly written, practical text with over 200 illustrations and numerous flow charts which take the reader through the management of all the commonly encountered hepatobiliary and pancreatic pathologies and procedures. All aspects of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery are discussed in a clear and consistent style, while the flow charts are designed to be modified by the reader to adapt them to local practice and the facilities and expertise available. This book is invaluable for the senior trainee or newly appointed specialist who requires clear, practical advice on how to manage the wide range of problems that present to surgeons outside specialist centres.

Destined to be the definitive reference in this complex surgical area, Endoscopic Craniosynostosis Surgery is the first single resource to offer complete coverage of techniques, outcomes, complications, and results when treating patients with craniosynostosis endoscopically. Dr. David F. Jimenez, a pioneer in the field who has developed minimally invasive endoscopic surgeries to treat very young infants with this condition, provides all appropriate data and detailed guidance on every aspect of the management of craniosynostosis using endoscopic techniques. Covers the surgical management of every type of single suture synostosis as well as multiple and complex synostosis. Presents surgical techniques in depth, with a complete review of short- and long-term outcomes and results. Provides detailed information on patient anesthesia and how to set up the operating room for surgery. Includes detailed descriptions of helmets and their management. Features hundreds of radiographs, clinical photos, and procedural illustrations, as well as procedural videos. Discusses complication avoidance, provides surgical pearls throughout, and supplies patient information online. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access bonus images plus all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

This publication is intended as a guide to common diagnostic, operative and percutaneous techniques used in creating and maintaining vascular access for hemodialysis. When writing the text, the authors have focused on surgeons in training, fellows, interventional radiologists and clinically active nephrologists. Dialysis nurses and other clinicians involved in the care of end stage renal disease and dialysis patients will also greatly benefit from this handbook. This 2nd edition of the text contains expanded sections on ESRD, access surveillance and surgical and diagnostic devices, as well as new sections on peritoneal and dual lumen catheter placement, commonly used drugs and dialysis, hemo- and peritoneal dialysis techniques and CPT and ICD coding for statistical and billing purposes. These changes reflect the highly technical nature of clinical management in this evolving specialty.

Attachment of dissimilar materials in engineering and surgical practice is a perennial challenge. Bimaterial attachment sites are common locations for injury, repeated injury, and mechanical failure. Nature presents several highly effective solutions to the challenge of bimaterial attachment that differ from those found in engineering practice. "Structural Interfaces and Attachments in Biology "describes the attachment of dissimilar materials from multiple perspectives. The text will simultaneously elucidate natural bimaterial attachments and outline engineering principles underlying successful attachments to the communities of tissue engineers and surgeons. Included an in-depth analysis of the biology of attachments in the body and mechanisms by which robust attachments are formed, a review of current concepts of attaching dissimilar materials in surgical practice and a discussion of bioengineering approaches that are currently being developed.

This volume focuses on the biomechanical modeling of biological tissues in the context of Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS). More specifically, deformable soft tissues are addressed since they are the subject of the most recent developments in this field. The pioneering works on this CAS topic date from the 1980's, with applications in orthopaedics and biomechanical models of bones. More recently, however, biomechanical models of soft tissues have been proposed since most of the human body is made of soft organs that can be deformed by the surgical gesture. Such models are much more complicated to handle since the tissues can be subject to large deformations (non-linear geometrical framework) as well as complex stress/strain relationships (non-linear mechanical framework).

Part 1 of the volume presents biomechanical models that have been developed in a CAS context and used during surgery. This is particularly new since most of the soft tissues models already proposed concern Computer Assisted Planning, with a pre-operative use of the models. Then, the volume addresses the two key issues raised for an intra-operative use of soft tissues models, namely (Part 2) "how to estimate the in vivo mechanical behavior of the tissues?" (i.e. what are the values of the mechanical parameters that can deliver realistic patient-specific behavior?) and (Part 3) "how to build a modeling platform that provides generic real-time (or at least interactive-time) numerical simulations?"

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When doctors first look at sutureless anastomosis devices created by new technologies, the most frequent comment is how amazingly easy it is to create a vascular anastomosis and, as a direct consequence, they believe anybody could play the role of the cardiovascular surgeon. Pessimistic c- diovascular surgeons, on their side, think that creating a machine capable of perfectly reproducing their core activity, which consists in making an- tomosis, will kill their profession. Actually, no medical specialty's demise has been more often predicted and, at the same time, more greatly ex- gerated than that of cardiovascular surgery. According to its detractors, - ginning in the late 1980s with the angioplasty boom, continuing in the mid-1990s with the introduction of bare metal stents, and then more - cently with the introduction of drug-eluting stents, cardiovascular surgery has been on life support for nearly 15 years. This specialty's claimed collapse has generally been attributed to recent advantages in percutaneous procedures and devices that give the oppor- nity to non-surgeon doctors to accomplish the surgeon's work. The reality is different. Data suggest that cardiac surgery continues to survive and has not suffered the precipitous decline that was predicted. From the economical standpoint, CABG is much more of a mature market and the size of the opportunity remains impressive and relatively stable, with around 1,500,000 procedures performed annually worldwide, at a total cost approaching 2. 5 billion US$.

The nineteenth century saw a complete transformation of the practice and reputation of surgery. Crucial Interventions follows its increasingly optimistic evolution, drawing from the very best examples of rare surgical textbooks with a focus on the extraordinary visual materials of the mid-nineteenth century. Unnerving and graphic, yet beautifully rendered, these fascinating illustrations include step-by-step surgical techniques paired with medical instruments and painted depictions of operations in progress. Arranged for the layman from head to toe, and accompanied by an authoritative, eloquent and inspiring narrative from medical historian Richard Barnett, author of 2014 bestseller The Sick Rose, Crucial Interventions is a unique and captivating book on one of the world's most mysterious and macabre professions, and promises to be another success.

Ultrasound and Endoscopic Surgery in Obstetrics and Gynaecology focuses and highlights the pivotal role these two techniques play in modern obstetrics and gynaecology. Taking a problem-orientated approach, the book includes sections on menorrhagia, postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial malignancy, urogynaecology, ovarian masses, endometriosis, early pregnancy complications and infertility. A multi-contributed book with short, practical chapters, the book is well illustrated with more than 60 colour illustrations. Ultrasound and Endoscopic Surgery in Obstetrics and Gynaecology uniquely combines these two fields to demonstrate management of common gynaecological conditions based on accurate ultrasound diagnosis and minimal access treatment. An authoritative practical 'how-to' guide, this book will be invaluable for practitioners to learn and perfect both techniques and use them to their maximum potential.

In Children's Rights Under the Law, Professor Samuel M. Davis examines ways in which the law relates to children, from private law (torts, contracts, property, child labor, and emancipation) to public law (First Amendment rights of children in school, abortion decision-making for children, school discipline, compulsory school attendance, and regulation of obscenity). Professor Davis discusses the major Supreme Court decisions involving the parent-child-state relationship. He describes issues of medical decision-making for children, personal freedoms of children, and property entitlements of children, and addresses issues that arise in the educational context, or "school law." Professor Davis also covers child neglect and abuse, and summarizes major Supreme Court cases in the juvenile justice area, discussing the broad jurisdiction of the juvenile court, arrest and search and seizure as they apply to children, and police interrogation of children. Finally, he examines how some cases are prosecuted as criminal cases in adult court, issues related to the adjudicatory process (akin to the trial in adult court), and issues related to disposition in juvenile court (akin to the sentencing phase of criminal proceedings).

Aimed at consultant colorectal surgeons and those in training who wish to expand their practice into pelvic floor pathology- a complex and developing area of surgery- Pelvic Floor Disorders for the Colorectal Surgeon provides a modern, thought-provoking approach to pelvic floor disorders written by emerging young leaders in the field. These conditions are of high importance and interest to colorectal surgeons, but also gynaecologists, gastroenterologists and general gastrointestinal surgeons.
The layout of the text book is in 3 sections. The first provides an organizational and diagnostic approach to pelvic floor problems that is conceptual in scope, the second details the patho-anatomical and physiological entities that this diagnostic approach will bring to light and describes their management, while the third is more technical, covering key new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and their results. The textbook aims to encourage the reader to critically analyze some of their own cherished views, and those more widely established, on colorectal pelvic floor practice.

This authoritative, highly illustrated text and color atlas provides a systematic guide to commonly performed minor surgical and dermatology procedures. Accompanied by video clips, this critical resource on skin and minor surgery is designed for all trainees and practitioners, including experienced surgeons, dermatologists, family doctors, nurses, and the supporting healthcare team. Divided into four main color-coded sections, the book covers essential background information including postoperative management and aftercare, the key knowledge required for diagnosis and management, and the skills necessary to perform procedures step by step. Comprehensive coverage-Learn to perform a whole range of procedures from small skin surgical procedures to vasectomy Step-by-step techniques-See how to perform each technique with numerous color illustrations, animations and video clips Practical advice, boxes, tables, warnings, and indications of difficulty level-Achieve success and avoid common pitfalls Authoritative yet contemporary-Gain wisdom from this long-established, trusted book brought completely up to date by today's practitioners

Gynaecological practice has changed fundamentally in the last three decades and a large proportion of major pelvic operations has been replaced by minimally invasive approaches. This book will cover minimally invasive approaches in all aspects of gynaecology including general gynaecology, oncology, urogynaecology and reproductive medicine. The chapters are written at a level appropriate for trainees/residents and general gynaecology specialists but enough details and additional resources will be provided for those who require further information. Specific aim of the book is to provide direct to the point surgical pearls which can be adapted to the daily practice instantly by the target audience. The book includes chapters on relevant surgical anatomy, principles of MIS, management of camera systems, video/image editing, initiating a successful MIS practice, improving efficiency of current MIS program, how to develop successful teaching techniques in academic setting, avoiding & managing MIS related surgical complications and preoperative/postoperative care before covering MIS for individual conditions including intensive care managements. Chapters are written by world renown authorities. ACOG guideline recently published a statement recommending vaginal hysterectomy and endoscopic hysterectomy should be considered as a first step of surgical choice. Current practice has been shifting from open cases to laparoscopic/ robotic assisted cases while vaginal cases stays steady. This shift has created an urge among gynaecologists to learn, improve or adapt laparoscopic/ robotic techniques in their practice.

The majority of the obese population still does not take advantage of the available surgical possibilities. Clinical research should be oriented towards less invasive procedures that could be accepted by the mainstream. In 2012, most non-invasive bariatric techniques are still not standardized or sufficiently assessed, but they are being constantly upgraded. The purpose of this book is to spark a discussion between experts from around the world, and to gather relevant information on new technologies that will make it possible to enlarge the vision of bariatric care to a growing number of morbid obese and non-morbid obese patients.

Embryoimplantationisaremarkableandcomplexprocess. Approachesde- velopedfromthefieldsofcellanddevelopmentalbiology,immunology, andmolecularbiologyhavegreatlyenhancedourabilitytostudythe sharedaswellasuniquefeaturesofembryo-uterineinteractions. Impres- siveandcriticalgroundworkhasbeenlaidbyalargeanddedicatedarray ofendocrinologists,reproductivebiologists,andanatomists. Thesestudies havesetthestagetoutilizesensitiveandsophisticatedtechniquestode- tectandmodulateproteinandgeneexpression. Justasthesymbiosisofmother andfetusiscriticalforthemaintenanceofpregnancy,soisthesynergyamong investigatorsfrommanydisciplines,bothinbasicandclinicalarenas,keyto unravelingthemysteriesofimplantationandplacentation. Alargegroupof contributorsinthisfieldhadtheopportunitytomeetanddiscussthestateof thisartwiththesupportofSeronoSymposiaUSA,Inc. Whileitisneverpos- sibletobringtogethereveryonewhohasplayedanimportantrole,itwas, nonetheless,bothexcitingandgratifyingtohavesomanycolleaguestogether forthisevent. Inthechaptersthatfollow,thehighlightsofthismeetingarepresented assummarizedbytheindividualpresentersofsevendifferentsessions. The topichasbeenconsideredfromthebroadsocialandethicalimplications ofmoderninvitrofertilizationandassistedreproductivetechnologiesto detailedmolecularcontrolsovereventsthatoccurduringembryonicdevel- opment,uterinepreparationforimplantation,andplacentalorganogenesis. Thesechaptersdemonstratethesignificantandrapidprogressbeingmade inthisfieldofbiologyandmedicine. Atthesametime,theyshowthat muchmoreneedstobedonetounderstandandfullyappreciatethispro- cess. Lessonslearnedfromthiseffortcanbeexpectedtocontinuetopro- videinsightsintoother,relatedfields. Ofthemanycontributorstoour understandingoftheprocessofimplantation,nonehavehadalargerim- pactthanourcolleague,AllenEnders. Dr. Endershasplayedaparamount roleindevelopingthebasicunderstandingofthecellbiologicalprocesses vii VIII Preface underlyingimplantationandplacentationinmanyspecies,includinghu- mans. Hecontinuestocontributeandguidethoughtintheseareas. The participantsofthissymposiumrecognizedDr. Enders'impressivecontribu- tionsbyholdingthiseventinhishonor. DANIELD. CARSON * Contents Preface vii Contributors xiii PartI. Development and Future ofHuman In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Implantation I. ImplantationintheHumanasViewedbyCanonLaw, CivilLaw,andNaturalReason 3 HOWARDW. JONES, JR. , RICHARDA. MCCORMICK, AND SUSAN L. CROCKIN 2. TheImpactofMaternalAgeandOvarianAge onImplantationEfficiency...12 STEVEN SPANDORFER AND ZEV ROSENWAKS Part II. CellularAspects ofImplantation 3. VascularInvasionDuringImplantationandPlacentation 23 ALLEN C. ENDERS AND THOMASN. BLANKENSHIP 4. OxygenRegulatesHumanCytotrophoblastProliferation, Differentiation,andInvasion:Implicationsfor EndovascularInvasioninNormalPregnancy andPreeclampsia 39 OLGA GENBACEV,YAN ZHOU, MICHAEL T. McMASTER, JOHNW. LUDLOW, CAROLINEH. DAMSKY, AND SUSAN1. FISHER 5. Embryo-MaternalInteractionsafterDiapause inaMarsupial 54 MARILYNB. RENFREE AND GEOFFREY SHAW IX x Contents 6. CellularInteractionsandtheCysteineProteinases intheProcessofMouseImplantation 67 BRUCE BABIARZ, SUZANNE AFONSO, ANDLINDA ROMAGNANO Part III. HormonalRegulation 7. NovelSteroid-RegulatedMarkersofImplantation 83 INDRANIC. BAGCHI 8. MolecularSignalinginImplantation 92 SANJOYK. DAS, BIBHASHC. PARIA, AND SUDHANSU K. DEY 9. IdentificationofProgesterone-RegulatedGenes intheUterus 107 CINDEER. FUNK, BERTW. O'MALLEY, AND FRANCESCO1. DEMAYO PartIV. MolecularMarkersofReceptivity 10. MucinsProvideaBarriertoEmbryoImplantation 123 MARYM. DESOUZA, GULNARA. SURVEYOR, XINHUI ZHOU, JoANNE JULIAN, ANDDANIELD. CARSON II. PotentialInvolvementofTrophinin,Bystin, andTastininEmbryoImplantation 132 MICHIKON. FUKUDA, DAITA NADANO,NAO SUZUKJ, AND JUN NAKAYAMA 12. OsteopontininHumanEndometrium: ARoleinEndometrialReceptivityand EmbryoImplantation? 141 CHRISTOS COUTIFARJS,AKINYINKA OMIGBODUN, PIOTR ZIOLKIEWICZ, AND JOHN HOYER PartV. TrophoblastFactors 13. TheRabbitasaModelforImplantation: InVivoandInVitroStudies 151 LORENH. HOFFMAN,D. RACHEL BREINAN, AND GARETHL. BLAEUER 14. RegulationofTrophoblastEndocrineFunction: ThePlacentaDoesItsOwnThingTranscriptionally...161 JEROMEF. STRAUSSIII ANDLEE-CHUANKAo Contents XI 15. TranscriptionFactorsRegulatingtheDifferentiation oftheTrophoblastCellLineage 167 IANC. SCOTTANDJAMESC.

This book provides surgeons and gastroenterologists with state-of-the-art techniques in terms of advanced colonoscopy. Chapters introduce methods of removing polyps that were not previously amenable to colonoscopic snare polypectomy. Advanced techniques such as closure of perforations and intestinal stenting are extensively covered. The text maintains a strong emphasis on surgical/endoscopic technique. Extensive discussion on equipment and skill acquisition is also covered. As many readers will never have seen these complex procedures before, extensive photographs and video clips are provided. The authors provide tips, tricks, and pitfalls that will help the reader incorporate these new techniques into their practice. Advanced Colonoscopy: Polypectomy and Beyond will be of great value to any surgeon or gastroenterologist currently performing colonoscopy and interested in advanced techniques.

Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment in Urinary Bladder Pathology: Handbook of Endourology contains five focused, review-oriented volumes that are ideal for students and clinicians looking for a comprehensive review rather than a whole course. Topics covered review both the endourological diagnosis and treatment of prostate, urethral, urinary bladder, upper urinary tract, and renal pathology. All chapters describe the most recent techniques, review the latest results, and analyze the most modern technologies. In the past ten years, the field of endourology has expanded beyond the urinary tract to include all urologic minimally invasive surgical procedures. Recent advancements in robotic and laparoscopic bladder surgery make this one of the fastest moving fields in medicine. As current textbooks are too time-consuming for busy urologists or trainees who also need to learn other areas of urology, this collection provides quick references and over 4000 images that are appropriate for fellows and those teaching in the field.

A collection of 25 thought provoking Essays which create a bridge between the Classical personification of values and link them to current training and education in Western Medicine. This readable and erudite text provides a framework for modern clinical values - with a particular emphasis on anesthesiology - set in the context of ageless dilemmas facing each generation of physicians. Medicine as a profession carries some specific obligations.The qualities of empathy, knowledge, generosity, respect, and scholarship provide a "family" of values that was personified by the Ancients in the family of Asklepios, and which form the basis of professional values today. Moreover, a substantial amount of professional growth should come from reflection based on the experience of caring for real patients - an appreciation of the human condition. Each essay within this beautifully crafted book illustrates the importance of expertise, skill, focus, mindfulness, and collaboration, all of which are integral to professionalism in medicine, and in particular to those working in the field of anesthesiology. Anesthesiologists, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists and Anesthesia Assistants will find much to enhance their professional understanding within this text. The principles, values and traits of professionalism are relevant to all medical specialties and these essays provide a lyrical understanding of the traits required for professional development.

The increasing prevalence of morbid obesity has led the World Health Organization to coin the descriptive term "globesity" to reflect the worldwide nature of the problem. Providing health care to these patients, especially when surgery is required, can be extremely challenging owing to the specific needs in respect of logistics, facilities, and professional expertise. Appropriate care has too often been unachievable and unaffordable outside of established bariatric centers, but such centers themselves usually have insufficient capacity and resources to cope with growing demand. This book aims to provide guidance and helpful tips and tricks on how to deal with obese patients within a general surgery setting. Epidemiology, organizational and logistical aspects, nursing issues, patient assessment, anesthesiology, and surgical practicalities are expertly covered in the opening chapters. Techniques of relevance to the general surgeon are described according to anatomic region, covering the head and neck; cardiothoracic and vascular system; upper and lower GI tract; pancreas, liver and adrenal glands; urinary tract and kidneys; the reproductive system; and the abdominal wall. Results achieved by bariatric surgery worldwide are reviewed, and the book closes with a chapter devoted to plastic and reconstructive surgery. The Globesity Challenge to General Surgery highlights a need for global rethinking on public health as regards resource allocation and patterns and standards of care, improving outcomes through greater affordability.

1. Clinical cases set out as questions that are mapped directly to the curriculum and following the order of the RCoA curriculum 2. A focus on clinical anaesthesia with common cases, that can be used in the clinical environment either for teaching or as a refresher 3. Short, quick-fire cases that enable learning and retention of information with a summary of key points to remember for each question

This is a user-friendly reference on all aspects of office-based anorectal surgery for general surgeons and surgeons in training. Well-illustrated, this practical manual shows step-by-step procedures for commonly performed anorectal procedures. The book includes ancillary considerations of ambulatory surgery with timely chapters on set-up of the facility, anesthetic considerations, selection of patients, pre-op and post-op management, nursing aspects, and coding and billing.