Polymeric products are used widely in the construction industry, because they offer a range of desirable performance properties not available from traditional materials. Development of these products continues in a number of major research and development programmes within the construction materials sector, aimed at improving the performance, durability and applicational properties of these materials. It seems certain that their use will increase as their overall performance is developed and as the industry becomes more familiar with the techniques required to apply these materials and the benefits they offer. The purpose of this book is to familiarise the reader with the range of thermosetting polymeric materials available for construction applications, and to provide sound information on the properties and applications of these important materials. Professional engineers involved in the specification, application and testing of these materials will find this book a compact, authoritative and comprehensive source of information on these materials. Chemists and technologists involved in developing new or improved formulations will find in this book much to inform their work, particularly in the important area of applicational properties.

Application-oriented book on magnetic recording, focussing on the underlying physical mechanisms that play crucial roles in medium and transducer development for high areal density disk drives.

This conference is the second on the Science and Technology of Thin Film Superconductors. It proved to be an excellent forum for these specialists in thin film superconductivity. The conference, held April 30-May 4, 1990, in Denver, Colorado, hosted 170 researchers from 17 countries. The response to the conference again emphasized the need for a meeting devoted to the science and technology of thin film superconductors. The breadth of artic1es and advances made in this technology since the first conference in November 1988, reflect on the maturity of the topic. These proceedings contain artic1es on deposition methods by sputtering, e1ectron beam evaporation, resistive evaporation, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition and electrodeposition, and on other studies related to substrates, thermodynamics of formation, grain boundaries and weak links, characterization, and some practical applications. The program committee was pleased with the quality of the publications and contributed articles. This conference was highlighted by a fuU day dedicated to presentations from the federallaboratories, discussing a wide range of topics on the fabrication, characterization, and theory of high-temperature superconductor thin films. Other highlights at the conference dealt with (1) critical parameters or problems in measuring critical current density and other important parameters, and (2) problems of scale-up, reproducibility, and amenability to device fabrication. It became evident from the presentations that three issues were developing into critical issues for the ultimate practical application of high temperature superconductor thin films."

Rail integrity is a current application of engineering fracture mechanics at a practical level. Although railroad rails have been manufactured and used for more than a century, it is only in the last ten years that the effects of their crack propagation and fracture characteristics have been considered from a rational viewpoint. The J, Jractical objectives are to develop damage tolerance delines for rail inspection and to improve the fracture resistance of new rail productiOn. Rail fatigue crack propagation rates and fracture resistance are strongly influenced by residual stresses, which are introduced into the rail both during proouction and in service. Therefore, the rail residual stress field must be well understood before fracture mechanics can be usefully applied to the subject of rail integrity. The three-dintensional character of rail and its stress fields make it essential to apply both experimental and analytical methods in order to twderstand the effects of pro duction and service variables on residual stress and the effects of the stress on fatigue crack propagation and fracture. This volume brings to ether field observations and experimental stress analysis of railroad rails in the Umted States and Europe. The ongoing search for an efficient and accurate technique is emphasized. A companion volume brings together several analytical investigations, based on advanced compu tational mechanics methods, for correlation of the experimental data as well as eval uation of the effects of residual stress on rail integrity."

* Much progress has been made in the last 8 years in understanding the theory and practice of silane coupling agents. A major advance in this direction was the measurement of true equilibrium constants for the hydroly sis and formation of siloxane bonds. Equilibrium constants for bond reten tion are so favorable that a silane coupling agent on silica has a thousandfold advantage for bond retention in the presence of water over an alkoxysilane bond formed from hydroxy-functional polymers and silica. In practice, the bonds of certain epoxies to silane-primed glass resist debonding by water about a thousand times as long as the epoxy bond to unprimed glass. Oxane bonds of silane coupling agents to metal oxides seem to follow the same mechanism of equilibrium hydrolysis and rebonding, although equilibrium constants have not been measured for individual metal-oxygen silicon bonds. This suggests, however, that methods of improving bond retention to glass will also improve the water resistance of bonds to metals. of standard coupling agents with a hydrophobic silane or one Modification with extra siloxane cross-linking have improved the water resistance of bonds to glass and metals another hundredfold over that obtained with single coupling agents."

Discusses silicon oxidation in a tutorial fashion from both experimental and theoretical viewpoints. The authors report on the state of the art both at Lucent Technology and in academic research. The book will appeal to researchers and advanced students.

There is a certain fascination associated with words. The manipulation of strings of symbols according to mutually accepted rules allows a language to express history as well as to formulate challenges for the future. But language changes as old words are used in a new context and new words are created to describe changing situations. How many words has the computer revolution alone added to languages? "Inorganometallic" is a word you probably have never encountered before. It is one created from old words to express a new presence. A strange sounding word, it is also a term fraught with internal contradiction caused by the accepted meanings of its constituent parts. "In organic" is the name of a discipline of chemistry while "metallic" refers to a set of elements constituting a subsection of that discipline. Why then this Carrollian approach to entitling a set of serious academic papers? Organic, the acknowledged doyenne of chemistry, is distinguished from her brother, inorganic, by the prefix "in," i. e. , he gets everything not organic. Organometallic refers to compounds with carbon-metal bonds. It is simple! Inorganometallic is everything else, i. e. , compounds with noncarbon-metal element bonds. But why a new term? Is not inorganic sufficient? By virtue of training, limited time, resources, co-workers, and so on, chemists tend to work on a specific element class, on a particular compound type, or in a particular phase. Thus, one finds element-oriented chemists (e. g.

Thisvolumereportsthemajorpartofthescientificcontributionsofthefirstinternational workshoponSuperconductingNano-ElectronicsDevices(SNED)heldinNapoli,Italy,at theendofMay2001. Theaimoftheworkshopwastofocusonrecentexperimentalandtheoreticalresultsin thefieldofsuperconductingnano-electronicsdevices. Itcombinedphysicswithpresent andfuturetechnologicalapplications:bothfundamentalandappliedaspectswerecovered. SpecialemphasiswasgiventoquantumcoherenceandcomputationusingsmallJosephson junctions,noiseinultrasensitivenanodevicesandpossibilitiesofmakinguseofsupercon- ductivityinvariouson-chipdevices. Withtheseattributesandwithrecognizedinvited speakersintheirspecialtiestheworkshopmanagedtobringtogetheracollectionof scientistsfromnearbybutdistinctresearchcommunities. Thiswaytheatmosphereofthe workshopbecameveryopenanddiscussionswerelivelybothduringandoutsidethe sessions. Thisfreshdiscussionhopefullygaveeveryparticipantalotofnewideasfor furtherworkbackintheirhomeinstitutes. OneofthecentraltopicsintheworkshopwastheuseofdifferentJosephsonjunction configurationsasimplementationsofquantumbits. Atthetimeoftheworkshopwewere justwaitingforthesecondwaveofbreakthroughsinthisfield:theresultsemergingfrom theparticipatinglaboratoriesoftheworkshopjustatthetimeofthewritingofthispreface perhapsalsoprovetheusefulnessofourworkshop. Anotherfocuswasonvarioustopicsrelatedtoultrasensativedetectors. Theybring quantumlimitationstoapplications,andmanydeviceconceptsareresultsofunderstanding fundamentalandexcitingphenomenainsuperconductivity. Noiseandon-chipcooling wereexplicitlydiscussedinthedetectorsessionsaswell. ThechoiceofthelocationrecognizestheroleandthetraditionsofNapoliespeciallyin thefieldofmacroscopicquantumcoherence,oneofthemainissuesoftheworkshop. It furtherguaranteedtheparticipantsastimulatingatmosphereatthemeeting. Inconclusion,wewishtothanktheIstitutoItalianopergliStudiFilosofici,theIstituto diCiberneticadelConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche,theUniversityofJyviiskylii,the IstitutoNazionalediFisicaNucleare,theIstitutoNazionalediFisicadellaMateria,the DipartimentoScienzeFisiche,andtheRettoratodell'UniversitadiNapoli"FedericoII" fortheirsupport. ThanksarealsoduetoAirLiquide,CRY,Nanoway,OxfordInstruments, andRaith. ThisinitiativeisintheframeoftheinternationalactivityofMQC2Association on"MacroscopicQuantumCoherenceandComputing. "WeareindebtedtoC. Granata v vi PREFACE and V. Coratoforscientificassistance,andtoF. Caiazzo,E. DeGrazia,andA. M. Mazzarellafortheirvaluableassistanceinallthetasksconnectedtotheorganizationofthe Workshop. WearealsogratefultoL. Longobardi,A. Monaco,S. Piscitelli,andS. Rombetto forhintsandhelpduringtheWorkshop. ThanksareduetoL. DeFelice,S. Luongo,and V. Sindonifortheorganizationofthesocialevent. J. Pekola B. Ruggiero P. Silvestrini CONTENTS QuantumNondemolitionMeasurementsofaQubit . D. V. Averin BayesianQuantumMeasurementofaSingle-Cooper-PairQubit 11 A. Korotkov lIfNoiseinJosephsonQubits 15 E. Paladino, L. Faoro,G. Falci,and R. Fazio SwitchingCurrentsandQuasi-ParticlePoisoningintheSuperconducting SingleElectronTransistor 25 P. Agren,J. Walter,V. Sch611mann,andD. B. Haviland JosephsonSystemsforQuantumCoherenceExperiments 33 V. Corato,C. Granata, L. Longobardi,M. Russo,B. Ruggiero, andP. Silvestrini SolidStateAnalogueofDoubleSlitInterferometer...43 K. Yu. Arutyunov, T. T. Hongisto,andJ. P. Pekola NoiseandMicrowavePropertiesofSET-Transistors...53 M. Ejrnres,M. T. Savolainen,andJ. Mygind UseofSmallThnnelJunctionsOperatingatT=0. 3K 63 R. Leoni,M. G. Castellano,F. Chiarello,andG. Torrioli AHystericSingleCooperPairTransistorforSingleShotReadingof 73 aCharge-Qubit A. Cottet,D. Vion,P. Joyez,D. Esteve,andM. H. Devoret SingleCooperPairElectrometerBasedonaRadio-Frequency-SQUID Scheme 87 A. B. Zorin vii viii CONTENTS PossibilityofSingle-ElectronDevicesandSuperconductingCoherence 97 Yu. A. Pashkin, Y. Nakamura,T. Yamamoto,andJ. S. Tsai Frequency-LockedCurrentofCooperPairsinSuperconductingSingle ElectronTransistorwithOhmicResistor...105 S. V. Lotkhov,S. A. Bogoslovsky, A. B. Zorin,andJ. Niemeyer SetupforExperimentsontheSupercurrent-PhaseRelationinBloch Transistors-StatusandPossibleApplications 115 M. Gotz, V. V. Khanin, A. B. Zorin,E. Il'ichev,S. A. Bogoslovsky, andJ. Niemeyer Single-ElectronTransistorsintheRegimeofHighConductance...123 C. Wallisser,B;Limblach,P. yomStein,and R. Schiifer SuperconductingTransistor-EdgeSensorsforTime&EnergyResolved Single-PhotonCountersandforDarkMatterSearches 133 B. Cabrera OptimizationoftheHot-ElectronBolometerandaCascadeQuasiparticle 145 L. Kuzrnin NoiseinRefrigeratingTunnelJunctionsandinMicrobolometers...153 D. V. Anghel NonequilibriumQuasiparticlesandElectronCoolingbyNormalMetal- SuperconductorTunnelJunctions...165 D. Golubevand A. Vasenko MesoscopicJosephsonJunctionsCoupledtoWeakCoherentFields: AnExampleofReciprocalDetection 175 R. Miglioreand A. Messina DynamicsofSuperconductingInterferometersContainingPi-Junctions 183 V. K. Kornev, I. I. Soloviev, I. V. Borisenko,P. B. Mozhaev, andG. A.

This book discusses the building blocks of electronic circuits - the microchips, transistors, resistors, condensers, and so forth, and the boards that support them - from the point of view of mechanics: What are the stresses that result from thermal expansion and contraction? What are the elastic parameters that determine whether a component will survive a certain acceleration? After an introduction to the elements of structural analysis and finite-element analysis, the author turns to components, data and testing. A discussion of leadless chip carriers leads to a detailed thermal analysis of pin grid arrays. For compliant leaded systems, both mechanical (bending and twisting) and thermal stresses are discussed in detail. The book concludes with discussions of the dynamic response of circuit cards, plated holes in cards and boards, and the final assembly of cards and boards.

The first U. S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center Atomic Force/Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (AFM/STM) Symposium was held on lune 8-10, 1993 in Natick, Massachusetts. This book represents the compilation of the papers presented at the meeting. The purpose ofthis symposium was to provide a forum where scientists from a number of diverse fields could interact with one another and exchange ideas. The various topics inc1uded application of AFM/STM in material sciences, polymers, physics, biology and biotechnology, along with recent developments inc1uding new probe microscopies and frontiers in this exciting area. The meeting's format was designed to encourage communication between members of the general scientific community and those individuals who are at the cutting edge of AFM, STM and other probe microscopies. It immediately became clear that this conference enabled interdisciplinary interactions among researchers from academia, industry and government, and set the tone for future collaborations. Expert scientists from diverse scientific areas including physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and electronics were invited to participate in the symposium. The agenda of the meeting was divided into three major sessions. In the first session, Biological Nanostructure, topics ranged from AFM ofDNA to STM imagmg ofthe biomoleeule tubulin and bacterialluciferase to the AFM of starch polymer double helices to AFM imaging of food surfaces.

Microwave testing has been paid only scant attention in the literature as a method for nondestructive testing of materials, yet it offers some attractive features, especially for the testing of composite and other non-metallic materials. Microwave techniques have been used in a large number of applications that can be classified as nondestructive testing applications, ranging from large scale remote sensing to detection of tumors in the body. This volume describes a unified approach to microwave nondestructive testing by presenting the three essential components of testing: theory, practice, and modelling. While recognizing that each of these subjects is wide enough to justify a volume of its own, the presentation of the three topics together shows that these are interrelated and should be practiced together. While few will argue against a good theoretical background, modelling and simulation of the testing environment is seldom part of the NDT training in any method, but particularly so in microwave testing. The text is devided in four parts. The first part presents the field theory background necessary for understanding the microwave domain. The second part treats microwave measurements as well as devices and sources and the third part discusses practical tests applicable to a variety of materials and geometries. The fourth part discusses modelling of microwave testing. Each chapter contains a bibliography intended to expand on the material given and, in particular, to point to subjects which could not be covered either as not appropriate or for lack of space. For engineers, applied physicsts, material scientists.

In an area as vast and important as rheology, it is essential that the experimentalist understands the underlying theories and shortcomings of the measurement technique used, that they are aware of the likely microstructure of the fluid under study and that from this they can appreciate how the fluid and the measuring system interact with each other. This major handbook, written by an international group of experts in the range of rheological techniques, presents the state of the art in rheological measurement, and concentrates on the techniques and underlying physical principles. The second edition, fully revised and updated to include new techniques is invaluable to polymer and materials scientists, engineers and technologists, and anyone else making rheological measurements on materials whether they be polymeric, biological, slurries, food or other complex fluids.

Considerably simplified models of macroscopic material behavior, such as the idealization for metals of elastic-time independent plastic response with a yield (onset) criterion, have served the engineering profession well for many years. They are still basic to the design and analysis of most structural applications. In the need to use materials more effectively, there are circumstances where those traditional models are not adequate, and constitutive laws that are more physically realistic have to be employed. This is especially relevant to conditions where the inherent time dependence of inelastic deformations, referred to as "viscoplasticity," is pronounced such as at elevated temperatures and for high strain rates. Unified theories of elastic-viscoplastic material behavior, which are primarily applicable for metals and metallic alloys, combine all aspects of inelastic response into a set of time dependent equations with a single inelastic strain rate variable. For such theories, creep under constant stress, stress relaxation under constant strain, and stress-strain relations at constant rates are each special cases of a general formulation. Those equations mayor may not include a yield criterion, but models which do not separate a fully elastic region from the overall response could be considered "unified" in a more general sense. The theories have reached a level of development and maturity where they are being used in a number of sophisticated engineering applications. However, they have not yet become a standard method of material representation for general engineering practice.

The idea for this book came from discussions among participants in a symposium on biotechnical applications at the "Pacifichem 89" meeting in Honolulu. It was the majority opinion of this group that a volume dedicated to biotechnical and biomedical applications of PEG chemistry would enhance research and development in this area. Though the book was conceived at the Honolulu meeting, it is not a proceedings of this symposium. Several groups who did not participate in this meeting are repre sented in the book, and the book incorporates much work done after the meeting. The book does not include contributions in all related areas to which PEG chemistry has been applied. Several invited researchers declined to parti.:ipate, and there is not enough space in this single volume to properly cover all submissions. Chapter I-an overview of the topic-discusses in brief applications not given detailed coverage in specifically devoted chapters. The following topics are covered: introduction to and fundamental properties of PEG and derivatives in Chapters 1-3; separations using aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning in Chapters 4-6; PEG-proteins as catalysts in biotechnical applications in Chapters 7 and 8; biomedical applications of PEG-proteins in Chapters 9-13; PEG modified surfaces for a variety of biomedical and biotechnical applications in Chapters 14-20; and synthesis of new PEG derivatives in Chapters 21 and 22.

This volume, SCIENCE OF SINTERING: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR MATERIALS PROCESSING AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CONTROL, contains the edited Proceedings of the Seventh World Round Table Conference on Sintering, held in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslavia, Aug. 28 - Sept. 1, 1989. It was organized by the International Institute for the Science of Sintering (IISS), headquartered in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Every fourth year since 1969, the Institute has organized such a Round Table Conference on Sintering; each has taken place at some selected location within Yugoslavia. A separate series of IISS Topical Sintering Symposia (Summer Schools) have also been held at four year intervals, but they have been offset by about two years, so they occur between the main Conferences. As a rule, the Topical Sintering Symposia have been devoted to more specific topics and they also take place in different countries. The aim of these Conferences and their related "Summer Schools" has been to bring together scientists from all over the world who work in various fields of science and technology concerned with sintering and sintered materials. A total of seven IISS Conferences have been held over the period 1969-1989, and they have been supplemented by the four Topical Sintering Symposia held in Yugoslavia, Poland, India and Japan (in 1975, 1979, 1983 and 1987, respectively). This most recent five day Conference addressed the fundamental scientific background as well as the technological state-of-the-art pertinent to science of sintering and high technology sintered materials.

Integrated Biomaterials Science provides an intriguing insight into the world of biomaterials. It explores the materials and technology which have brought advances in new biomaterials, highlighting the way in which modern biology and medicine are synergistically linked to other key scientific disciplines-physics, chemistry, and engineering. In doing so, Integrated Biomaterials Science contains chapters on tissue engineering and gene therapy, standards and parameters of biomaterials, applications and interactions within the industrial world, as well as potential aspects of patent regulations. Integrated Biomaterials Science serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding this dynamic field, yet is designed so that chapters may be read and understood independently, depending on the needs of the reader. Integrated Biomaterials Science is attractive to a broad audience interested in a deeper understanding of this evolving field, and serves as a key resource for researchers and students of biomaterials courses, providing all with an opportunity to probe further.

Striking a balance between the scientific and technological aspects of radiation curing, this work includes both a summary of current knowledge as well as many chapters which present the first comprehensive accounts of their subjects.

The First Asilomar Conference on Electron- and Photon-Molecule Collisions was held August 1-4, 1978 in Pacific Grove, California. This meeting brought together forty scientists who are actively involved in theoretical studies of electron scattering by, and photoionization of, small molecules. In this volume, are collected the contributions of the invited speakers, as well as the roundtable and evening discussions condensed from taped recordings of the entire proceedings. The subject matter reflects current activity in the field and describes many of the techniques that are being developed and applied to molecular collision problems. We would like to thank the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) for providing the financial support that made this conference possible. Special thanks are due to Dr. Robert Junker of ONR and Dr. Ralph Kelley of AFOSR for the interest and encouragement they provided in all phases of this meeting. We also thank all the participants whose efforts and contributions made this conference a success. Finally, we thank Ms. Charlotte MacNaughton and Ms. Sara Jackson for the many hours they spent transcribing tapes and preparing this volume for publication.

An Advanced Study Institute on Radiative Processes in Discharge Plasmas was held at the Atholl Palace Hotel, Pitlochry, Perthshire, Scotland, June 23 through July 5, 1985. This publication is the Pro- ceedings from that Institute. The Institute was attended by eighty-five Participants and Lecturers representing the United States, Canada, France, West Germany, Greece, The Netherlands, Portugal, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland. A distinguished faculty of eighteen Lecturers was assembled and the topical program organized with the assistance of an Advisory Committee composed of: Dr. John Waymouth, USA; Dr. Timm Teich, Switzerland; Dr. Arthur Phelps, USA; Dr. Nicol Peacock, England; Professor Erich Kunhardt, USA; Dr. Anthony Hyder, USA; and Dr. Arthur Guenther, USA. The underlying theme and objective of the Institute was the enhance- ment of scientific communication and exchange among academic, industrial, and national laboratory groups having a common concern for radiative processes in discharge plasmas. The program was organized into four major sessions sequentially treating: the fundamental science of visible and near-visible radiation in plasmas; the technology of discharge light sources; recent and novel methods for the generation of plasmas; and an update on advances in laser-based diagnostics. Each major session culmi- nated in a panel discussion comprised of the Lecturers for that session.

The Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (FAMS), the organizers of SCANNING 98, sponsored its third annual Atomic Force Microscopy/Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Symposium at the Omni Inner Harbor Hotelin Baltimore, Maryland, from May 9 to 12, 1998. This book represents the compilation of papers that were presented at the AFM/STM Symposium as well as a few that were presented at SCANNING 96 and SCANNING 97 meetings that took place in Monterey, California. The purpose of the symposium was to provide an interface between scientists and engineers, representatives of industry, government and academia, all of whom have a common interest in probe microscopies. The meetings offered an ideal forum where ideas could easily be exchanged and where individuals from diverse fields who are on the cutting edge ofprobe microscopy research could communicate with one another. Experts in probe microscopy from around the world representing a wide range of disciplines including physics, biotechnology, nanotechnology, chemistry, material science, etc., were invited to participate. The format of the meeting was structured so as to encourage communication among these individuals. During the first day's sessions papers were presented on general topics such as application of scanning probe microscopy in materials science; STM and scanning tunneling spectroscopy of organic materials; fractal analysis in AFM; and nanomanipulation. Other papers presented included unexpected ordering of a molecule; synthesis ofpeptides and oligonucleotides; and analysis oflunar soils from Apollo 11.

There is a consistent trend towards miniaturization of deviees and systems in many fields of engineering, in order to achieve significant reductions in size, weight, power consumption and cost. This trend is especially evident in optics and optoelectronics, where recent years have seen rapid growth in such new or renewed areas as rnicrooptics, integrated optics, integrated optoelectronics, and diffractive optics. In November 1996, an international group of scientists convened in Eriee, Sicily, for a meeting on the subject of "Diffractive Opties and Optieal Mierosystems." This Conference was the 20th Course of the International School of Quantum Electronies, under the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture" and was directed by Prof. Franeo Gori of the Third University of Rome, Italy, and Prof. Giancarlo Righini of the "Nello Carrara" Institute of Research on Electromagnetic Waves (IROE-CNR) in Florence, Italy. This book presents the Proceedings of this Conference, providing a fundamental introduction to the topie as weIlas reports on recent research results.