Globally, we find ourselves in a novel set of circumstances where our individual and collective relationships with leisure have changed dramatically and are being dictated less by personal preferences or even affluence, but rather by health, legal, and societal factors. There is very little published work on changed practices in leisure due to the pandemic, especially focusing on activities that were previously considered ordinary and perhaps even mundane. Contribute to the compilation of a historic record of the way the pandemic has transformed various leisure behaviours in diverse cultural and national contexts at this unprecedented time.

* A guide to experience marketing within the Tourism, Hospitality, Events and Food (THEF) industries; * Looks at the specific nature of marketing within these industries using international examples and theories to evaluate the ways in which experiences; * Fully supported with a route map to guide the reader through the book; * Contains end of chapter review questions and case studies to consolidate learning. Targeted at second year undergraduate students through to master's level post-graduate, 'Marketing Tourism, Events and Food 2nd edition' takes the reader through a logical examination of key marketing debates, theories and approaches and encourages them to explore their own thoughts, ideas and opinions. It analyses areas such as marketplace value and value creation, consumers and consumption, taste and identity, sustainability and power, as well as semiotics and commercial myth making, and offers a contemporary examination of these industry sectors with experiential aspects of marketing and productive consumption playing an important role throughout. Divided into 10 chapters for easy semester teaching it covers issues such as: * Traditional Approaches to Marketing in THEF (Parts 1 & 2) * Marketing Perspectives and Value Creation * Consumers and Consumption of THEF; Making sense of your marketing audience * Semiotics and Meaning in THEF Marketing * THEF Experiences * Taste, taste makers and THEF Marketing * Social media marketing, brand community and communities of consumption * Sustainable Marketing in THEF It concludes by offering a fresh approach to marketing within Tourism, Hospitality, Events & Food, synthesising the experiential approach offered within this book and traditional approaches to marketing within the sector.

Tourism in Asia is growing faster than anywhere else in the world, driven by the increasing wealth of countries like Taiwan, South Korea and Malaysia, and by the huge populations of China, India and Indonesia -the first second and fourth biggest countries in the works. Despite the significance of the tourism industry in this area it is still under researched.
Asian Tourism is a unique book and the first to addresses this imbalance by providing a high quality edited collection of chapters which explore the domestic and intraregional tourism in Asia. Divided into three sections it explores:
* Policy aspects of tourism development and the role of the public sector exploring issues such as: Cross-national tourism collaboration in Asia, The growth of aviation in Asia and Economic Corridors and Ecotourism.
* Changing markets exploring issues such as: The role of Japanese popular culture in Asian tourism, Management Challenges for Bali's Tourism Industry and religious tourism in North India.
* Destination and industry responses exploring issues such as: Tourism-Generated Employment in Cambodia, sex workers and tourism in India and responsible destination development in the Philippines.
With contributions from well respected and eminent names in the field, Asian Tourism provides a ground breaking insight into topical, industry focused issues while benefiting from academic depth and rigour and an awareness of tourism history in this region.

In order to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism in different countries and destinations, it is vital to examine and analyse emerging trends in today’s international tourism industry. International Tourism Futures: The Drivers and Impacts of Change examines influential factors such as the demographic, political, economic and technological changes, which will affect the nature, trends and participation in tourism, hospitality and events. It discusses contemporary concepts associated with the tourism, hospitality and event sector, generating plausible ideas and identifying future trends. The COVID-19 crisis outbreak reinforces the vulnerability of the international tourism industry operating as an open system and some of these impacts of change on future industry development are highlighted. A multi-disciplinary text, International Tourism Futures: The Drivers and Impacts of Change covers a range of inter-related trends which include: • Tourists of the Future • Hospitality of the Future • The Future of Visitor Attractions • Events of the Future • The Future of Film Tourism • Health and Wellness Tourism • Sustainable Development and Responsible Tourism • Future Proofing a Crisis • Building Future Scenarios Using a considered pedagogic structure, each chapter uses international case studies to contextualise the theory, including: Chinese outbound travel, the ‘personalisation’ of the travel experience, robotic hospitality in Asia, the 2028 LA Summer Olympics, Wellness Spa Tourism in Thailand, France’s ‘International Action Against Terrorism’ initiative and many more. This research textbook is perfect for tourism, hospitality and event education and courses that focus on the future direction of the T,H and E sectors and industry in general.

This book aims to be a showcase for cutting edge research offering a high-edited selection of the best paper submitted to the 2006 tourism conference at the University of Surrey, which itself is a celebration of 40 years of tourism education at the University. The emphasis of the book is on contributions, which offer new insights and approaches to tourism research rather than case studies or applications of existing research methods to new contexts, and this is where the book is unique. Chapters are carefully themed and juxtaposed to expose the key directions and challenges that confront researchers in tourism.

Today, tourism is an important component of development, not only in economic terms but also for knowledge and human welfare. Tourism today is an activity accessible to a growing number of people. The phenomenon has many more advantages than disadvantages. New forms of economic development and increasing wealth of human societies depend on tourism. Our knowledge of the world now includes a strong component due to tourism. Human welfare has physiological and psychological elements, which tourism promotes, both because of the enjoyment of knowing new territories and increasing contacts with near or far away societies and cultures. The tourism industry has nevertheless given rise to some serious concerns, including social costs and ecological impacts. Many ancient local cultures have practically lost their identity. Their societies have orientated their economy only to this industry. Both the natural and cultural – rural or urban - landscapes have also paid a high price for certain forms of tourism. These problems will persist if the economic benefit is the only target, leading to economic gains that eventually become ruinous. It is also important to consider that visitors nowadays are increasingly demanding in cultural and environmental terms. Never before have transport and communication links been so important as today. Natural ecosystems are now a rarity on the planet and ecologists talk today about ‘socio-ecosystems’. Given this, tourism and environmental education are facing a major challenge. The 9th International Conference on Sustainable Tourism had the aim of finding ways to protect the natural and cultural landscape through the development of new solutions which minimise the adverse effects of tourism. A selection of the papers presented at the meeting form this volume.

Travel to exotic places is fascinating, and equally so are infections and other dangers of exotic travel. Moreover, one need not be traveling to suffer these maladies; sometimes they travel to you. The enormous global mobility demands a public health response. The result is the concept of 'travel medicine' as a separate discipline. This book describes the evolution of travel medicine, travel vaccines, malaria prophylaxis and infections of adventure and leisure.
This book is unique and different to the standard textbooks on travel medicine. It provides rare insights into many of the behind-the-scenes in travel medicine, personal stories of failures and successes of travel medicine practitioners, the 'real life' tales that unravel the science behind travel medicine. We believe that the best lessons are learned from personal stories.
Not every travel is fun. Some travel is for a cause, be it religious or humanitarian, or be it to escape certain political systems. We have added stories on the tragedies of so-called 'undocumented refugees', and stories written by colleagues who were involved in humanitarian care. Pilgrimages attract large number of 'travelers' and yet we know so little about these pilgrimages. Chapters on the Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, and Christian pilgrimages aim to correct this.
Diseases also travel. The spread of global diseases and pandemics is fascinating. This book provides an overview of the pandemics, in particular that of cholera, yellow fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza. Globalization, migration and health lead to a history of disease and disparity in the global village - our world. And what about the revised International HealthRegulations- what do we need to know about them in the context of travel medicine?
In the next millennium, our world will have inherited further global movement. It may even include travel to aerospace. The 'Epilogue' awakes some of our old dreams - the last frontier, space travel...
Annelies Wilder-Smith has lived in China, Papua New Guinea, Nepal, New Zealand, and Switzerland. She is currently based in Singapore from where she continues to travel extensively throughout Asia. She is the Head of the Travellers Health' Vaccination Centre in Singapore, one of the largest travel clinics in Asia. She was in a unique position to do research on W135 meningococcal disease in Hajj pilgrims during the outbreak. She 'lived through' the SARS epidemic in Singapore.
Eli Schwartz is the Director of the Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases at Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Eli is a 'real' tropical medicine specialist. He obtained all his experience in the field, including Nepal, Tibet, and numerous adventure travels to Africa where he prefers to do his studies on the sides of the Omo River.
Marc Shaw is a passionate traveler, doctor, actor and observer of fine humor. His favorite pastime is to be an expedition doctor. This has taken him to exotic places such as Namibia, Mongolia, Pitcairn Islands, and to the Amazon. He is the Director of WORLDWIDE Travellers' Health Centres in New Zealand.
* Unique and rare insights into the behind-the-scenes world of travel medicine including personal stories of both successes and failures from practitioners
* Studies the development of Travel Medicine as a new discipline in response to the overwhelminginterest in travel and its ramifications for health
* Provides a history of the International Society of Travel Medicine

Written by a team of international contributors, from Australia, Europe and the USA, the text uses international case studies and examples to illustrate and highlight discussion.Contributors include: Paul Beedie, De Montfort University, UK; Kay Dimmock, Southern Cross University, Australia; Gary Easthope, University of Tasmania, Australia; Simon Hudson, University of Calgary, Canada; Gayle Jennings, Griffith University, Australia; Lilian Jonas, Jonas Consulting, USA; Les Killion, Central Queensland University, Australia; Gianna Moscardo, James Cook University, Australia; Harold Richins, Sierra Nevada College, USA; Chris Ryan, The University of Waikato, New Zealand.

Drawing from extended fieldwork in La Reunion, in the Indian Ocean, the author suggests an innovative re-reading of different concepts of magic that emerge in the global cultural economics of tourism. Following the making and unmaking of the tropical island tourism destination of La Reunion, he demonstrates how destinations are transformed into magical pleasure gardens in which human life is cultivated for tourist consumption. Like a gardener would cultivate flowers, local development policy, nature conservation, and museum initiatives dramatise local social life so as to evoke modernist paradigms of time, beauty and nature. Islanders who live in this 'human garden' are thus placed in the ambivalent role of 'human flowers', embodying ideas of authenticity and biblical innocence, but also of history and social life in perpetual creolisation.

Tourism and Politics aims to disseminate ideas on the critical discourse of tourism and tourists as they relate to politics, through a series of case studies from around the world written by specialists with an emphasis on linking theory to practice. That tourism is a profoundly important economic sector for most countries and regions of the world is widely accepted, even if some of the detail remains controversial. However, as tourism matures as a subject, the theories underpinning it necessarily need to be more sophisticated; tourism cannot be simply read as a business proposition with a series of impacts. Wider questions of politics, power and identity need to be articulated, investigated and answered. While the making and consuming of tourism takes place within complex political milieux with multiple stakeholders competing for benefit, the implications are not fully understood. Literature on tourism and politics is surprisingly limited. This book will make a substantial contribution to the theoretical framework of tourism.

Get an in-depth understanding of tourism educationworldwide! Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future extensively reviews tourism education on a global basis, focusing on the history, development, current status, challenges, and opportunities now present in various regions and countries. Leading international authorities discuss program administration, curriculum offering, faculty qualifications, and student learning in tourism higher education programs, exploring issues both specific to their own region as well as common to other areas around the world. This unique book offers educators and students a valuable informative view of the historical development, present situations, and future directions of tourism education. The main ingredient in successfully providing a quality tourism product is highly qualified, fully trained people. Global Tourism Higher Education compiles an impressive collection of interdisciplinary perspectives exploring various directions different countries are traveling on the road to quality tourism education. Chapters reveal the numerous challenges faced by developing regions as well as more mature tourism education locations. This book provides a useful overview of education strategies around the world, exploring educational issues that are common across borders. Countries and regions reviewed include Canada, the British Isles, Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Turkey, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Korea, and Australia. The book includes extensive references and graphs and tables to ensure understanding of research. Topics in Global Tourism Higher Education include: past, present, and future directions of tourism education in Canada, Hong Kong, and Taiwan five educational and tourism environments in the British Isles differences and similarities in tourism educational development in Switzerland and Austria accreditation processes of local academic programs in Israel reforms needed in Turkey's higher education system the hierarchy of educational programs in China with suggestions for the future the problem of the quality of tourism graduates in Thailand the distinctive niche of Australian tourism education much more! Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future is timely, horizon-expanding reading perfect for tourism researchers, educators, students, higher education administrators, government education departments, and anyone around the world interested in developing tourism education programs.

The book represents a state of the art review of key research on small firms in tourism in relation to European integration. It is, therefore, an essential resource for those engaged in research relating to tourism SMEs in transitional economies throughout the world. In addition, it is an essential purchase for the increasing number of students studying modules on small businesses as part of their final year undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes.
One of the key features of this book is its clear focus on breaking new ground by reporting recent research and theorising on small firms in tourism. In many cases, the analysis provided by contributors will carefully relate small business behaviour to issues of wider concern to tourism academics and policy-makers. It is also distinctive for its overt emphasis on contrasting European experiences.
These characteristics contrast with the existing literature on small firms in tourism and hospitality, particularly in Europe. Previous literature achieved their aims by providing valuable syntheses of existing literature. Now that such 'taking of stock' has been undertaken, there is a demand for more overtly research-based texts that are nevertheless accessible to a wide audience. This book does exactly that.
*Focuses on small firms in European tourism
*Breaks new ground by being a research-based text that remains accessible to a wide audience
*An excellent resource for those researching small business and tourism in transitional economies worldwide

Tourism and the social organization of leisure cause environmental problems for coastal communities which depend on tourism for their economic survival. Global-local linkages and power relations in the global political economy are directly responsible for many of the difficulties currently experienced by these remote areas. Drawing on research from the disciplines of global political economy, global environmental politics and political ecology, this book analyzes the consequences that social and economic policies in global institutions and industrialized countries have on particular locales, outside the centre. Focussing on the underlying structures of the political economy and its social and environmental consequences, Kutting shows that global linkages can have dramatically different results even in supposedly similar situations. Not only does this illustrate the importance of historical and socio-structural factors, but it also demonstrates how environmental values can be more significant than environmental law.

Get the latest research on new ways to measure innovation in the tourism value chain Until now, most available research on innovation in tourism product service and development has focused on concepts, rather than facts. Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism presents empirical studies that identify the major push and pull factors of innovation in hospitality and tourism, providing vital information on how to measure innovation in the control and sustainable management of new service development. This unique book examines the internal and external drivers of innovation in the market place, the difference between innovative firms and those that merely follow trends, and explanations and examples of innovations in special areas of the tourism value chain. With hospitality markets saturated and clients selecting services from all over the world, it's not enough to have an innovative idea for a new tourism productyour idea has to have the potential to be successfully marketed. Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism looks at methods of measuring the market-based applications of new processes, products, and forms of organization, the economic impact of innovation, innovation as a bipolar process between market and resources, and forms of cooperation that can strengthen and reinforce innovation. The book's contributors analyze the relationship between welfare services and tourism in Denmark, the innovation potential throughout the tourism value chain from the supply side focus, innovation as a competitive advantage in Alpine tourism and in the small- and medium-sized hotel industry, tourism innovation statistics across products, providers, markets, and geopolitical regions, and a case study of AltiraSPA, a wellness concept of the ArabellaSheraton group. Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism examines: product development measuring innovation consumer-based measurement of innovation innovation processes in hotel chains innovation performances in hotel chains and independent hotels mobile business solutions for tourist destinations Internet portals in tourism analyzing innovation potential leadership and innovation processes welfare services and tourism as a driving force for innovation SERVQUAL as a tool for developing innovations and much more Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism is an invaluable resource for academics, professionals, practitioners, and researchers working in the field of hospitality and tourism.

Get an in-depth understanding of tourism educationworldwide! Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future extensively reviews tourism education on a global basis, focusing on the history, development, current status, challenges, and opportunities now present in various regions and countries. Leading international authorities discuss program administration, curriculum offering, faculty qualifications, and student learning in tourism higher education programs, exploring issues both specific to their own region as well as common to other areas around the world. This unique book offers educators and students a valuable informative view of the historical development, present situations, and future directions of tourism education. The main ingredient in successfully providing a quality tourism product is highly qualified, fully trained people. Global Tourism Higher Education compiles an impressive collection of interdisciplinary perspectives exploring various directions different countries are traveling on the road to quality tourism education. Chapters reveal the numerous challenges faced by developing regions as well as more mature tourism education locations. This book provides a useful overview of education strategies around the world, exploring educational issues that are common across borders. Countries and regions reviewed include Canada, the British Isles, Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Turkey, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Korea, and Australia. The book includes extensive references and graphs and tables to ensure understanding of research. Topics in Global Tourism Higher Education include: past, present, and future directions of tourism education in Canada, Hong Kong, and Taiwan five educational and tourism environments in the British Isles differences and similarities in tourism educational development in Switzerland and Austria accreditation processes of local academic programs in Israel reforms needed in Turkey's higher education system the hierarchy of educational programs in China with suggestions for the future the problem of the quality of tourism graduates in Thailand the distinctive niche of Australian tourism education much more! Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future is timely, horizon-expanding reading perfect for tourism researchers, educators, students, higher education administrators, government education departments, and anyone around the world interested in developing tourism education programs.

As hyper-personalization has yet to be perfected, developing hyper-personalized strategies presents a critical challenge; due to this, optimizing hyper-personalization and designing new processes and business models takes center stage in tourism and hospitality to reach new levels of customer service and experience through the introduction and development of new solutions supported in the internet of things, software interfaces, artificial intelligence solutions, back-end and front-end management tools, and other emergent business intelligence strategies. Optimizing Digital Solutions for Hyper-Personalization in Tourism and Hospitality serves as an essential reference source that emphasizes the importance of hyper-personalization models, processes, strategies, and issues within tourism and hospitality fields with a particular focus on digital IT solutions. More than a simple starting point for a critical reflection on the state of the art of this sector, this book aims to contribute in an objective way to leveraging digital solutions to optimize the concept of hyper-personalization in the tourist experience. The content of this book covers research topics that include digital tourism and hospitality, consumer behavior, customer journey, and smart technologies and is ideal for professionals, executives, hotel managers, event coordinators, restaurateurs, travel agents, tour directors, policymakers, government officials, industry professionals, researchers, students, and academicians in the fields of tourism and hospitality management, marketing, and communications.

The first tourist destinations were primarily consolidated in the early twentieth century. Since then, tourism has undergone significant changes in its economic and social components. Over time, many of these destinations have now come to represent 'mass tourism' and are the subject of many studies on the impacts of tourism and competitiveness policies. The conclusions of these studies point to the need for new perspectives and strategies ranging from adaptation to new contexts to a radical change in targets. Concepts such as 'sustainability', 'nature', 'biodiversity' or 'climate change' have now been added to the tourism industry with varying degrees of knowledge and skill. These offer a great opportunity to improve a model of tourism previously oriented towards business and the institutional rhetoric of "sustainability" - a fact now recognised by tourists as representing the negative effects of conventional tourism. Management of these innovations should include among its aims environmental education and orient visitors towards awareness and respect for sustainability even outside their leisure time.To this end, the tourist needs to be made aware of all those involved and their commitment to managing the destination, as enjoying the territory should be based upon minimising the socio-ecological impacts of tourism, and on motivating nature conservation and participation of local populations in both these goals, as well as in the economic benefits obtained. The challenge entails the destination finding a good balance between economic and cultural benefits, landscape conservation and tourist satisfaction. This fifth volume of the Tourism Today Series presents a collection of papers addressing the how to manage new opportunities in tourism at a variety of destinations and in multiple contextual realities. These papers address important issues related to tourism as a tool for development which will give a better understanding of some of the current challenges.

Don't wait until it's too late to learn how to manage a crisis situation The impact of crises on tourism has increased in the last ten years in response to terrorism, war, health emergencies, and natural disasters. Tourism Crises presents the latest research on crisis management with in-depth analysis of tourism flows and the economic well-being of communities at the regional, national, and international levels. This timely book examines a range of conceptual issues, including crisis communication and the safety of employees of the industry, and features case studies of responses to the World Trade Center terrorist attacks, SARS, the 1999 Austrian avalanche disaster, and the epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom. As new crises emerge, it's essential that the tourism industry be prepared to minimize the impact on both hosts and guests. Tourism Crises identifies key issues that need to be addressed in dealing with future incidents, examining specific cases of management successand failurewith suggestions for improved responses. Academics, practitioners, and professionals discuss effective methods of maintaining yield during crisis situations, offering analysis, reflection, and new management strategies. Topics addressed in Tourism Crises include: the significance of communication in crisis situations keeping the media informed attracting business after the crisis has passed how alpine areas can respond to the dangers of avalanches the effect of the SARS epidemic on Hong Kong, Singapore, and Japan a typology of tourism crisis terms employee work stress in crisis situations quantifying the effects of tourism crises how tourism managers have re-tooled their promotional campaigns after 9/11 and much more Tourism Crises is a must-have for tourism professionals, practitioners, and academics as they develop new agendas for dealing with future crisis situations.

The making and consuming of tourism takes place within a complex social milieu, with competing actors drawing into the 'product' peoples' history, culture and lifestyles. Culture and people thus become part of the tourism product. The implications are not fully understood, though the literature ranges the arguments along a continuum with culture being described on one hand as vulnerable and fixed, waiting to be 'impacted' by tourism and on the other being seen as vibrant and perfectly well capable of dealing with globalization and modernity trends. Some of the answers are likely to focus around ideas of social identities. The intention of this book is to make a contribution to the theoretical framework of tourism through a series of international case studies. The overall purpose of the edited book is to assemble a series of essays enabling the dissemination of ideas on the critical discourse of tourism and tourists as they relate to social and cultural identities.

There is a complex relationship between the environment and the development of tourism, which this book discusses in a thorough and informative manner. Specialists from several disciplines pay attention to the challenges of sustainable tourism, devoting their full attention to cultural, regional and policy issues. This is a revised edition that has been expanded to 22 contributions, with inclusion of the cultural element. All chapters have been updated to include new data and information added to the existing body of literature in the last 7 years. It includes new developments and new insights into the relationship between tourism and the environment. An invaluable sequel to the first edition.

This book focuses on the role of networking, cooperation and partnership in destination management in response to the changing environment of the tourism industry.Firms and institutions are nowadays required to implement drastic management changes: they must adopt a systemic approach and become actively involved in formal and informal networks in order to increase efficiency and product quality, to gain a sustainable edge and face the competitive context.The work is dedicated to deepening the topics of the "Networking and Tourism Local System" session of the 12th ATLAS 2004 Annual Conference, "Networking & Partnership in Destination Development & Management," held in Naples. From a theoretical point of view, the papers included herein relate to two macro reference areas: applied economics and managerial sciences. The analysis range from national to local levels and focus on strategies, policies, and project experiences. Several cases from different areas (Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) are examined and provide features and issues that can be applied beyond the cultural and economic contexts.

The concept of margins and limits is often referred to within the tourism academic literature and includes subjects as diverse as carrying capacities, peripheral economies, technological advancement, adventure tourism, dark tourism and socially marginalized communities. After identifying a number of ways in which 'limits' might be defined Taking Tourism to the Limits explores concepts and challenges facing contemporary tourism in five main sections, namely in tourism planning and management, nature based tourism, dark tourism, adventure and sport tourism and the accommodation industry.
Drawing upon case studies, current research and conceptualizations these different facets of the 'limits' are each introduced by the editors with commentaries that seek to identify themes and current practice and thinking in the respective domains. The picture that emerges is of an industry that reinvents itself in response to changing market parameters even while core issues of stakeholder equities and political processes remain problematic.
International in scale, the book links with its companion piece Indigenous Tourism - the commodification and management of culture (also published by Elsevier) as an outcome of the very highly successful conference, Taking Tourism to the Limits hosted by the University of Waikato' Department of Tourism Management in 2003.

Interest in tourism with a social imperative is gaining momentum not only amongst policy makers, but also researchers and the academy. This thought-provoking and timely Handbook considers the impact and challenges that social tourism has on people's lives. Integrating case studies from around the world, chapters showcase the latest research on social tourism and its potential role in tackling the challenges posed by modern, mass tourism development that can lead to sustainable alternatives and social equity in participation. Contributors explore tourism activities that are directed towards positive social and personal outcomes for people who would not be able to access leisure or holiday travel without such interventions and illustrate the social imperative of tourism as a force for good. The Handbook of Social Tourism enables academics and students from various disciplines, as well as practitioners in the tourism sector, to obtain a more holistic understanding of this phenomenon and offers an enlightening and stimulating read. Contributors include: C. Billen, N. Carr, J.D. Cisneros-Martinez, V. Cops, A. Diekmann, V. Eichhorn, A.E. Estrada-Gonzalez, C. Eusebio, A. Fernandez-Morales, J. Finniear, E. Herengodts, E. Hermans, P. Hunter Jones, L. Jolin, K.I. Kakoudakis, M. Kay Smith, R. Komppula, T. Kosar, J. Lima, S. McCabe, L. Minnaert, N. Morgan, B. Prideaux, S. Pyke, J. Pyke, G. Qiao, Y. Ram, A.C. Reyes Uribe, H. Schanzel, E. Schenkel, G. Shaw, L. Sie, E. Vento, M. Vilele de Almeida, M. Vincent, J. Wooton

This volume consists of specially invited chapters by leading researchers who have reviewed the original model in the light of their own and other conceptual and theoretical positions and models. The book is divided into five sections, the conceptual origins of the TALC, spatial relationships and the TALC, alternative conceptual approaches, renewing or retiring with the TALC, and predicting with the TALC. The book concludes with a review of the future potential of the model in the area of the destination development process.

The contributions contained in this volume deal with two perspectives of 'tourism and environment'; the 'role of the environment in tourism' and 'environmental tourism'. The same message would be expected in both cases. The environment comprises the set of biophysical and cultural events surrounding us and influences the activities developed depending on time and site. Among the environmental characteristics of a region, climate is usually the most relevant and conditions almost all other components. Climate defines much of the natural, as well as the urban cultural landscape and the countryside of an area. Seasonal environmental change affects the life and culture of each place and largely explains the choice of destination of travellers. Environment and landscape therefore give rise to an interesting and varying relationship over the year. Thus, coastal landscapes are not inherently more beautiful in summer than in other seasons but environmental conditions cause a greater demand in this season. Certain places in the world captivate visitors who flock to them in large numbers.Local people recognize the benefit of this, employers become interested in the economic aspects and so the tourism infrastructure develops. The appeal of 'good climate' has led to a change from a rural subsistence culture to a lucrative services economy in some areas. Unfortunately however in many cases short-sightedness and corruption can lead to the ruin of the natural landscape. Situations like this are now common throughout the world due to the environmental mismanagement of tourism. Local populations within emerging tourism-based economies should learn this lesson. The papers included in this volume address important issues related to tourism and the environment and offer a better understanding of some of the current challenges.