4 Water Sources ........................................ 149 Criteria ............................................. 149 Major types .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................ 152 5 Water Treatment ...................................... 155 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials ............................................ 155 Treatment options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 . . . . . . . . . . . System design ........................................ 169 System monitoring and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 . . . . . . . . Environmental considerations .............................. 174 Summary ............................................ 174 6 Culture Units ......................................... 175 Considerations in choosing culture units ...................... 175 Characteristics of culture units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 . . . . . . . . Applications of culture units .............................. 191 Hatchery design " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................ 210 7 Obtaining Fish for Stocking . ............................. 211 Stock from the wild .................................... 211 Stock from the hatchery ................................. 211 Spermatogenesis (sperm formation) ....................... 232 Oogenesis (egg formation) ............................. 232 Oocyte maturation ................................... 233 Endocrine control of oocyte maturation and ovulation .......... 237 fuduced ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 . . . . . . . . . . Timing and egg quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 . . . . . . . . . Artificial fertilization ................................. 265 Care of eggs ....................................... 267 Storage of gametes ................. ' .................. 269 Natural ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 . . . . . . . . . . Care of broodfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 . . . . . . . . . . Egg collection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 . . . . . . . . . . fuduced vs natural ovulation ............................ 290 Broodfish adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 . . . . . . . . . . Examples ............................................ 291 Genetic considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 . . . . . . . . . . Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 . . . . . . . . . . . . Sex control .......................................... 296 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi 8 Nutrition of Larval Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 . . . . . . . . . . Feeding criteria ....................................... 299 Choice and culture of foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 . . . . . . . . . General feeding practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 . . . . . . . . . . Specific feeding practices ................................ 352 General methods used in our hatchery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 . . . . . . . Industrial-scale larval food processing in Italian hatcheries ......... 373 Summary ............................................ 374 9 Nutrition of Juvenile and Adult Fish ...................... 375 ............................. 375 Requirements and components Broodstock nutrition .................................... 407 Nutritional disorders .................................... 408 Environmental considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 . . . . . . . . . Feed studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 . . . . . . . . . . . . Suggested feed formulas ................................. 460 Making and storing feeds ................................ 461 Feeding methods ...................................... 464 Summary ............................................ 467 10 Energetics ............................................ 469 Energy budget components and influencing factors . . . . . . . . . . . 469 . . . .

The first edition of this book was published by Chapman and Hall Ltd. in 1996. The first edition contained nine chapters and, for all except one chapter, the original chapter authors agreed to update their chapter. Comparing these chapters gives the reader an idea of the development over a time span of more than 10 years between the two editions. In the preparation of the second edition we decided to add more chapters reflecting some important fields with significant contributions to present day fishery research. These are the use of internet for searching of information (Chapter 2), and the present state and use of remote sensing (Chapter 5), ecosystem modeling (Chapter 8) and visualization of data (Chapter 10). This second edition provides a valuable sampling of contemporary applications. Scientists have an opportunity to evaluate the suitability of different computer technology applications to their particular research situation thereby taking advantage of the experience of others. The chapters that follow are the fruition of this idea. The history behind this book started in 1989 when we were asked by Dr. Vidar Wespestad (previously: Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, USA) to prepare and convene a session at the 1992 World Fishery Congress in Athens, Greece on computer applications in fisheries. We agreed that the idea was a good one and the computer session in 1992 turned out to be very successful.

This is a study on the sessile species of the intertidal zone which attempts to portray the intricate interplay of structural, physiological and behavioural adaptations that enable one animal to live where its congeners cannot. After outlining the physical and biotic conditions on the shore, each of the successful littoral groups is described in the order in which they appear, starting with those at the highest level and progressing to the sublittoral. Only such structures and physiological modifications are described as are necessary to understand how they are able to live on the shore. Aspects of propagation, dispersal, colonization and interaction between species are discussed in relation to community composition and distribution of animals on the shore.

This book is a celebration of the humble gudgeon, the angler's favourite 'tiddler'. This much-loved little fish is long overdue a little book all of its own. Scientist, author and broadcaster Dr Mark Everard tells tales about the biology of the gudgeon, gudgeon fishing, and the diverse social quirks and values of this most popular of little fishes.

The African lakes are an extremely important ecosystem and the subject of much study relating to species introductions and loss of biodiversity. This book provides a thorough review of the whole subject and will be of great interest to fish biologists, fisheries workers, ecologists, environmental scientists and conservationists.

The Chapman and Hall Fish and Fisheries Series occasionally includes books devoted to a single taxon of fish that are of particular interest to fish and fisheries science. All three previous books of this type (Cichlid Fishes, Cyprinid Fishes, Sea Bass) have included important material on commercial fishery exploitation, but Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets, number 15 in the Series, is the first book that focuses on a major global fishery resource. This book brings together detailed analyses of the ocean habitats, biology, ecology, assessment and management of all the hake fisheries of the world for the first time. Globally, there are ten major world fisheries for 12 species of hake on both sides of the North and the South Atlantic, the Mediterra nean, the eastern North and South Pacific and New Zealand. The book includes an overview of industrial markets and products of hake. Hake fisheries are of particular economic interest as their location spans almost a complete spectrum of industrial development from major industrial countries like USA, Canada, Spain and Italy through New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and Chile to Morocco, Peru, Mauritania, Namibia and Angola.

In this work, several modelling approaches are explored to represent spatial pattern dynamics of aquatic populations in aquatic ecosystems by the combination of models, knowledge and data in different scales.

It is shown that including spatially distributed inputs retrieved from Remote Sensing images, a conventional physically-based Harmful Algal Bloom model can be enhanced. Also, Cellular Automata based models using high resolution photographs prove to be good in representing aquatic plant growth. Multi-Agent Systems can capture well the spatial patterns exhibited in GIS density maps. A synthesis modelling framework was developed to include biological/ecological growth and diffusive processes, and local effects in conventional modelling framework. The results of the complementary modelling paradigms investigated in this research can be of help in achieving a sustainable environmental management strategy.

Drawing on laboratory and farm studies, the book reviews in detail the current state-of-the-art scientific research knowledge of fish and crustacean nutrition, from larvae to juvenile fish, through to the final stages of harvesting. Topics covered include issues surrounding the formulation, manufacture and delivery of feedstuffs to fish farms and the text provides a dual focus on fish and shrimp feeding requirements addressing practical applications as appropriate for the European aqualculture industry.

A unique resource that describes the ingredients included in an aquaculture diet, species profiles, processing methods, impacts to environment and industry, and more! Aquaculture is and will remain a major food producing sector in the future. To become more efficient and successful in the aquaculture industry, operations need to provide good nutrition. Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets is a unique source describing the ingredients included in fish and crustacean diets, their nutrient compositions, species profiles, suitability for species, processing methods, and impacts of alternative ingredients on the environment and to the aquaculture industry. World-renowned nutritionists and feed technologists explore practical ways for the aquaculture industry to expand and remain competitive, and discuss ways to develop less expensive alternative sources or protein. Diet costs take up a huge chunk of operating expenditures, with fish meal being one of the most expensive ingredients in the aquaculture diet. Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets provides detailed knowledge on the use of alternative plant and animal protein sources, offering opportunities to either partially or completely replace fish meal. This comprehensive, up-to-date text discusses the most widely used ingredients as well as various previously under-utilized ingredients which could be of significant potential in the future. The book is extensively referenced and includes numerous helpful tables to clearly present data. Topics discussed in Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets (for finfish and crustacean species) include: * farmed fish diet requirements * reduction of waste through diet formulation * poultry by-product meal * meat packing by-products * soybean protein foodstuffs * cottonseed meal * lupins * unconventional plant protein supplements * and much, much more! Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets is an essential resource for aquaculturists, nutritionists, feed formulators, feed mill operators, extension specialists, fish farmers and producers, ingredient suppliers, and policymakers.

In this book, originally published in 1929, Lammens is primarily concerned with the problem of Mohammad's personality and prophetic career - one of the central issues of Islamic history. He argues that Mohammad's career must be considered within the context of the urban and mercantile society of seventeenth century Mecca and rejects the idea that Islam was principally the creation of a nomadic environment.

The state of the Northeast Atlantic fisheries in recent years has highlighted - plementation as the Achilles heel of modern fisheries management: discards and unreported or misreported landings are in many cases recognised to effectively subvert sound conservation goals. Social science literature on fisheries mana- ment has tended to regard the implementation of resource conservation policies mainly as a question of effective enforcement. This literature regards surveillance and penalty as the key mechanism through which fishermen keep to catch restr- tions and loyally report their catches. This book emerged because several years of research on fishermen's compliance had made us uneasy about this rather narrow approach to the problem of implementation. This uneasiness motivated us to widen the approach to the question of implementing conservation policies in the fisheries. Taking Norway as an example, its fishing fleet consists of some 7,000 vessels spread along a coastline of more than 20,000 km, populated by less than 5 million people. The idea of ensuring desirable behaviour through surveillance and - forcement alone is almost absurd in such a context, as the task is impossible by any reasonable means. The Norwegian implementation system has thus had to rely heavily on the incentives provided by the rules and legitimacy created through a century of state/industry collaboration. Different coastal states face very different conditions in terms of solving typical implementation problems such as discards and misreporting.

Living Marine Resources provides a thorough, up-to-date introduction to all aspects of fisheries science. This clearly written text offers insight into a topic of increasing importance--the wise utilization and management of sea fisheries to maximize production without exceeding their carrying capacity. Adoption of the approaches presented will improve the conservation and management of the many world fisheries that are suffering from years of inefficient practices. The book is divided into five sections, beginning with an introduction to the ocean environment and the various resource species. Part two examines fisheries biology, including age, growth, fecundity, and mortality, enabling readers to appreciate yield models designed to give estimates of maximum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield. The third part covers gear, methods, and landings and includes material on the handling and processing of seafood as well as aquaculture. In part four, yield models are presented to introduce students to theories on population dynamics, stock assessment, and management. The book concludes with coverage of recreational fisheries, including socioeconomic importance, catch and effort research, management techniques, and their interface with commercial fisheries. Living Marine Resources is an invaluable introduction to the subject for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of fisheries science. In addition, the material presented will be valuable to fishery and social scientists, fishery officers and administrators, and students in biology, engineering, economics, and law.

Aquaculture pond managers measure water-quality variables and attempt to maintain them within optimal ranges for shrimp and fish, but surprisingly little attention is paid to pond soil condition. Soil-water interactions can strongly impact water quality, and soil factors should be considered in aquaculture pond management. The importance of soils in pond management will be illustrated with an example from pond fertilization and another from aeration. Pond fertilization may not produce phytoplankton blooms in acidic ponds. Total alkalinity is too low to provide adequate carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, and acidic soils adsorb phosphate added in fertilizer before phytoplankton can use it. Agricultural lime stone application can raise total alkalinity and neutralize soil acidity. The amount of limestone necessary to cause these changes in a pond depends on the base unsaturation and exchange acidity of the bottom soil. Two ponds with the same total alkalinity and soil pH may require vastly different quantities of limestone because they differ in exchange acidity. Aeration enhances dissolved oxygen concentrations in pond water and permits greater feed inputs to enhance fish or shrimp production. As feeding rates are raised, organic matter accumulates in pond soils. In ponds with very high feeding rates, aeration may supply enough dissolved oxygen in the water column for fish or shrimp, but it may be impossible to maintain aerobic conditions in the surface layers of pond soil. Toxic metabolites produced by microorganisms in anaerobic soils may enter the pond water and harm fish or shrimp."

Systems of producing food in safer ways, including the use of the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system are now being adopted widely throughout the world. The ever-growing global shrimp and prawn farming and processing industries are now beginning to realise the benefits of using HACCP and other food safety measures. However, until now, there has not been one single book bringing together full details of how to implement these systems, which are now seens as making an extremely important contribution to the safe production and processing of shrimps.

The authors of this book, who have a great deal of practical experience working with industry, and teaching food safety issues, have drawn together a wealth of information and guidance for the proper implementation of food safety measures, and the consequent processing of shrimps safely for the expanding market. Included in the book is an introduction to HACCP, how to implement sanitation programs and HACCP plans, and details of sampling procedures and monitoring plans for organoleptic, physical, chemical and microbiological quality.

"Food Safety in Shrimp Processing" is an essential purchase for all those involved in producing and processing shrimps throughout the world. Food scientists, micribiologists and technologists in the seafood processing industry, and government regulatory and public health personnel should have a copy of this book readily at hand. All libraries in universities, colleges and research establishments where food sciences, food technology and aquaculture are studied and taught should have copies of this book on their shelves.

This series is dedicated to serving the growing community of scholars and practitioners concerned with the principles and applications of environ mental management. Each volume is a thorough treatment of a specific topic of importance for proper management practices. A fundamental objective of these books is to help the reader discern and implement man's stewardship of our environment and the world's renewable re sources. For we must strive to understand the relationship between man and nature, act to bring harmony to it, and nurture an environment that is both stable and productive. These objectives have often eluded us because the pursuit of other individual and societal goals has diverted us from a course of living in balance with the environment. At times, therefore, the environmental manager may have to exert restrictive control, which is usually best applied to man, not nature. Attempts to alter or harness nature have often failed or backfired, as exemplified by the results of imprudent use of herbicides, fertilizers, water, and other agents. Each book in this series will shed light on the fundamental and applied aspects of environmental management. It is hoped that each will help solve a practical and serious environmental problem."

The collapse of many of the World's fisheries continues to be of major concern and the enhancement of fish stocks through techniques such as ranching is of huge importance and interest across the globe. This important book, which contains fully peer reviewed and carefully edited papers from the 2nd International Symposium in Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching is broadly divided into sections covering the following areas:

The present situation of stock enhancement
Seed quality and techniques for effective stocking
Health management of hatchery stocks
Methods for evaluating stocking effectiveness
Population management in stock enhancement and sea ranching
Management of stocked populations
Ecological interactions with wild stocks
Genetic management of hatchery and wild stocks
Socio-economics of stock enhancement
Case studies

"Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching" has been written and edited by some of the world's foremost authorities in fisheries science and related areas and is essential reading for all fisheries scientists throughout the World. Fish biologists, marine and aquatic scientists, environmental biologists, ecologists, conservationists, aquaculture personnel and oceanographers will all find much of use and interest within this book. All libraries within universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught should have copies of this book on their shelves.

Genetics and Fish Breeding provides a thorough review of this important subject, highlighting species which are bred commercially, such as salmon, trout, carp and goldfish. The author, who is an acknowledged expert in this subject, has drawn together a wealth of information, providing a book which should be bought by all fish biologists, fisheries scientists, geneticists and aquarists.

This book describes in general how the chemosensory systems of fish function at various levels. In many ways, fish are typical vertebrates differing only slightly from other vertebrates including humans. In other ways, their aquatic environment imposes strict requirements or offers unique opportunities which have resulted in some unusual functions having no counterpart in higher vertebrates. This new volume is necessitated by advances in many vital areas as the field of chemical senses continues to grow at a rapid pace. Most significant is the application of the contemporary electrophysiological technique of patch-clamping, recognition of a second messenger system in chemosensory transduction processes and the identification of hormonal pheromones in fish reproductive behaviour. The last major synthesis of our knowledge about fish chemoreception, Chemoreception in Fishes, was published ten years ago (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982). In that volume four aspects of fish chemoreception, Le. morphology of the peripheral chemoreceptors. primary sensory processes, roles in behaviour, and its interactions with environment, were discussed. This book is intended to be helpful to students, scientists and aquacul turists not only as a source book but also as a textbook on chemical senses."

A number of major advances in our understanding of how physiological processes, and related behaviour patterns, are controlled and integrated in fish are presented in this book. Such information is not merely of academic interest since it is also fundamental to the scientific basis of fish farming and fisheries. The contributors are acknowledged experts from Europe and North America. The major themes covered are the autonomic and central nervous systems, the control of digestion, respiration and circulation, kidney function, endocrinology, and control of metabolism. Particular attention is given to reproduction in chapters on trout and teleost reproduction. Each key chapter contains much up-to-date material which will interest specialist and general readers alike.

This new series on The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes grew out of the demand for state-of-the-art review articles in a rapidly expanding field of research. Up to the present, most research literature on biochemistry involved rats and humans, but new breakthroughs in the piscine setting have indicated that the field is ready for a review series of its own. Because of funding and experimental availability restrictions, most research in the field has dealt with fish and insects. Within the insect field, comparative biochemistry and comparative physiology have proceeded along independent paths as opposed to the piscine field, where the tendency has been for the latter to envelop the former.
This volume sets out to make comparative biochemistry and comparative physiology independent of each other within the piscine setting, another important rationale for this review series as well as detailing the phylogenetic evolution of fishes. The goal of the series is to provide researchers and students with an appropriate balance between experimental results and theoretical concepts.

This volume deals with various aspects of the biology and aquaculture of the sea urchin.

Molluscan Shellfish Aquaculture is a useable manual for all those interested in an up-to-date introduction to the field. Each of the major cultured species of commercial importance is covered, providing cutting-edge information of practical use to all those involved in shellfish aquaculture. The book's editor and chapter authors are among the most widely known and respected authorities working in the industry and academia. Species covered include mussels, clams, oysters (including pearl oysters), scallops, cephalopods, abalone and gastropods. Molluscan Shellfish Aquaculture contains a huge wealth of information of great use for personnel working in the industry, with chapters covering site selection, hatchery construction, disease, biofouling, best management practice and certification.

This publication looks at prawns and shrimps of the world, their ecology and consumption. It goes on to look at their physiology and feed as well as the technical aspects of prawn fishing.

Despite their importance in terms of employment and income generation, inshore fisheries have been a neglected area of study. The review of the common fisheries policy, especially in the light of the need to re-examine the derogation which reserves access to the inshore zone to coastal state vessels, provides an opportunity to redress the balance. With contributions from leading authorities on fisheries management, the book takes an in-depth look at seven European countries, examining the basis for the definition of inshore fisheries, evaluating their status, and describing the salient characteristics of their management. The national studies form the basis for cross-cultural analyses of the social organisation, cultural norms, economic objectives, and institutional structures of inshore fisheries in Europe. Finally, a number of key issues relating to the future of inshore fisheries management in a more integrated approach are examined. Overall the volume reaffirms the invaluable role played by inshore fisheries in the local and regional economies of Europe's complex coastline.

Nearly a decade ago I began planning this book with the goal of summarizing the existing body of knowledge on ecology of freshwater fishes in a way similar to that of H. B. N. Hynes' comprehensive treatise Ecology of Running Waters for streams. The time seemed appropriate, as there had been several recent volumes that synthesized much information on a range of topics important in fish ecology, from biogeographic to local scales. For example, the "Fish Atlas" (Lee et aI. , 1980) had provided range maps and basic entry to the original literature for all freshwater fishes in North America, and in 1986 Hocutt and Wiley's Zoogeography of North American Fishes provided a detailed synthesis of virtually everything known about distributional ecology of fishes on that continent. Tim Berra (1981) had summarized in convenient map form the worldwide distribution of all freshwater fish families, and Joe Nelson's 1976 and 1984 editions of Fishes of the World had appeared. To complement these "big picture" views of fish distributions, the volume on Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Freshwater Fishes, edited by David Heins and myself (Matthews and Heins, 1987), had provided an opportunity for more than 30 individuals or groups to summarize their work on stream fishes (albeit mostly for warmwater systems).