This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications AMORPHOUS POLYMERS AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS is in part the proceedings of a workshop which was an integral part of the 1984-85 IMA program on CONTINUUM PHYSICS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS We are grateful to the Scientific Committee: Haim Brezis Constantine Dafermos Jerry Ericksen David Kinderlehrer for planning and implementing an exciting and stimulating year-long program. We espe cially thank the Program Organizers, Jerry Ericksen, David Kinderlehrer, Stephen Prager and Matthew Tirrell for organizing a workshop which brought together scientists and mathematicians in a variety of areas for a fruitful exchange of ideas. George R. Sell Hans Weinberger Preface Experiences with amorphous polymers have supplied much of the motivation for developing novel kinds of molecular theory, to try to deal with the more significant features of systems involving very large molecules with many degrees offreedom. Similarly, the observations of many unusual macroscopic phenomena has stimulated efforts to develop linear and nonlinear theories of viscoelasticity to describe them. In either event, we are confronted not with a well-established, specific set of equations, but with a variety of equations, conforming to a loose pattern and suggested by general kinds of reasoning. One challenge is to devise techniques for finding equations capable of delivering definite and reliable predictions. Related to this is the issue of discovering ways to better grasp the nature of solutions ofthose equations showing some promise."

In the last decade parallel computing has been put forward as the only computational answer to the increasing computational needs arising from very large and complex fluid dynamic problems. Considerable efforts are being made to use parallel computers efficiently to solve several fluid dynamic problems originating in aerospace, climate modelling and environmental applications.

Parallel CFD Conferences are international and aim to increase discussion among researchers worldwide.

Topics covered in this particular book include typical CFD areas such as turbulence, Navier-Stokes and Euler solvers, reactive flows, with a good balance between both university and industrial applications. In addition, other applications making extensive use of CFD such as climate modelling and environmental applications are also included.

Anyone involved in the challenging field of Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics will find this volume useful in their daily work.

This thesis, which won one of the six 2015 ATLAS Thesis Awards, concerns the study of the charmonium and bottomonium bound heavy quark bound states. The first section of the thesis describes the observation of a candidate for the chi_b(3P) bottomonium states. This represented the first observation of a new particle at the LHC and its existence was subsequently confirmed by D0 and LHCb experiments. The second part of the thesis presents measurements of the prompt and non-prompt production of the chi_c1 and chi_c2 charmonium states in proton-proton collisions. These measurements are compared to several theoretical predictions and can be used to inform the development of theoretical models of quarkonium production.

Providing the first comprehensive treatment, this book covers all aspects of the laser Doppler and phase Doppler measurement techniques, including light scattering from small particles, fundamental optics, system design, signal and data processing, tracer particle generation, and applications in single and two-phase flows. The book is intended as both a reference book for more experienced users as well as an instructional book for students. It provides ample material as a basis for a lecture course on the subject and represents one of the most comprehensive treatments of the phase Doppler technique to date. The book will serve as a valuable reference book in any fluid mechanics laboratory where the laser Doppler or phase Doppler techniques are used. This work reflects the authors' long practical experience in the development of the techniques and equipment, as the many examples confirm.

The sine-Gordon model is a ubiquitous model of Mathematical Physics with a wide range of applications extending from coupled torsion pendula and Josephson junction arrays to gravitational and high-energy physics models. The purpose of this book is to present a summary of recent developments in this field, incorporating both introductory background material, but also with a strong view towards modern applications, recent experiments, developments regarding the existence, stability, dynamics and asymptotics of nonlinear waves that arise in the model. This book is of particular interest to a wide range of researchers in this field, but serves as an introductory text for young researchers and students interested in the topic. The book consists of well-selected thematic chapters on diverse mathematical and physical aspects of the equation carefully chosen and assigned.

This volume contains twenty contributions of work, conducted since 1996 in the French- German Research Programme "Numerical Flow Simulation" of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The main purpose of this publication is to give an overview over the work conducted in this programme, and to make the results obtained available to the pUblic. The reports are grouped under the four headings "Development of Solution Techniques", "Crystal Growth and Melts", "Flows of Reacting Gases" and "Turbulent Flows". AIl contributions to this publica- tion were reviewed by a board consisting of T. Alziary de Roquefort (Poitiers, France), P. Bontoux (Marseille, France), JA Desideri (Sophia-Antipolis, France), W. Kordulla (G6t- tingen, Germany), R. Peyret (Nice, France), R. Rannacher (Heidelberg, Germany), G. War- necke (Magdeburg, ,Germany), and the editor. The responsibility for the contents of the reports nevertheless lies with the authors. E. H. Hirschel Editor Preface The Colloquium on "Numerical Simulation of Flows", Marseille, November 21 and 22, th 1997, was the 6 Joint CNRS-DFG Colloquium organized in the frame of the French- German Research Collaboration on Computational Fluid Dynamics. This Collaborative Program was elaborated progressively since 1991, when the two major research groups were brought together: the Priority Program "Flow Simulation with Super Computers" from the DFG in Germany and the Groupement de Recherche de "Mecanique des Fluides NumCrique" (GDR MFN) from the CNRS in France.

An examination of systematic techniques for the design of sustainable processes and products, this book covers reducing energy consumption, preventing pollution, developing new pathways for biofuels, and producing environmentally friendly and high-quality products. It discusses innovative design approaches and technological pathways that impact energy and environmental issues of new and existing processes. Highlights include design for sustainability and energy efficiency, emerging technologies and processes for energy and the environment, design of biofuels, biological processes and biorefineries, energy systems design and alternative energy sources, multi-scale systems uncertain and complex systems, and product design.

Foreword Looking back the past 30 years. we have seen steady progress made in the area of speech science and technology. I still remember the excitement in the late seventies when Texas Instruments came up with a toy named "Speak-and-Spell" which was based on a VLSI chip containing the state-of-the-art linear prediction synthesizer. This caused a speech technology fever among the electronics industry. Particularly. applications of automatic speech recognition were rigorously attempt ed by many companies. some of which were start-ups founded just for this purpose. Unfortunately. it did not take long before they realized that automatic speech rec ognition technology was not mature enough to satisfy the need of customers. The fever gradually faded away. In the meantime. constant efforts have been made by many researchers and engi neers to improve the automatic speech recognition technology. Hardware capabilities have advanced impressively since that time. In the past few years. we have been witnessing and experiencing the advent of the "Information Revolution." What might be called the second surge of interest to com mercialize speech technology as a natural interface for man-machine communication began in much better shape than the first one. With computers much more powerful and faster. many applications look realistic this time. However. there are still tremendous practical issues to be overcome in order for speech to be truly the most natural interface between humans and machines."

This short but complicated book is very demanding of any reader. The scope and style employed preserve the nature of its subject: the turbulence phe nomena in gas and liquid flows which are believed to occur at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers. Since at first glance the field of interest is chaotic, time-dependent and three-dimensional, spread over a wide range of scales, sta tistical treatment is convenient rather than a description of fine details which are not of importance in the first place. When coupled to the basic conserva tion laws of fluid flow, such treatment, however, leads to an unclosed system of equations: a consequence termed, in the scientific community, the closure problem. This is the central and still unresolved issue of turbulence which emphasizes its chief peculiarity: our inability to do reliable predictions even on the global flow behavior. The book attempts to cope with this difficult task by introducing promising mathematical tools which permit an insight into the basic mechanisms involved. The prime objective is to shed enough light, but not necessarily the entire truth, on the turbulence closure problem. For many applications it is sufficient to know the direction in which to go and what to do in order to arrive at a fast and practical solution at minimum cost. The book is not written for easy and attractive reading."

In the signal-processing research community, a great deal of progress in higher-order statistics (HOS) began in the mid-1980s. These last fifteen years have witnessed a large number of theoretical developments as well as real applications. Blind Estimation Using Higher-Order Statistics focuses on the blind estimation area and records some of the major developments in this field. Blind Estimation Using Higher-Order Statistics is a welcome addition to the few books on the subject of HOS and is the first major publication devoted to covering blind estimation using HOS. The book provides the reader with an introduction to HOS and goes on to illustrate its use in blind signal equalisation (which has many applications including (mobile) communications), blind system identification, and blind sources separation (a generic problem in signal processing with many applications including radar, sonar and communications). There is also a chapter devoted to robust cumulant estimation, an important problem where HOS results have been encouraging. Blind Estimation Using Higher-Order Statistics is an invaluable reference for researchers, professionals and graduate students working in signal processing and related areas.

Whatdoasupernovaexplosioninouterspace, ?owaroundanairfoil and knocking in combustion engines have in common? The physical and chemical mechanisms as well as the sizes of these processes are quite di?erent. So are the motivations for studying them scienti?cally. The super- 8 nova is a thermo-nuclear explosion on a scale of 10 cm. Astrophysicists try to understand them in order to get insight into fundamental properties of the universe. In ?ows around airfoils of commercial airliners at the scale of 3 10 cm shock waves occur that in?uence the stability of the wings as well as fuel consumption in ?ight. This requires appropriate design of the shape and structure of airfoils by engineers. Knocking occurs in combustion, a chemical 1 process, and must be avoided since it damages motors. The scale is 10 cm and these processes must be optimized for e?ciency and environmental conside- tions. The common thread is that the underlying ?uid ?ows may at a certain scale of observation be described by basically the same type of hyperbolic s- tems of partial di?erential equations in divergence form, called conservation laws. Astrophysicists, engineers and mathematicians share a common interest in scienti?c progress on theory for these equations and the development of computational methods for solutions of the equations. Due to their wide applicability in modeling of continua, partial di?erential equationsareamajor?eldofresearchinmathematics. Asubstantialportionof mathematical research is related to the analysis and numerical approximation of solutions to such equations. Hyperbolic conservation laws in two or more spacedimensionsstillposeoneofthemainchallengestomodernmathematics

The scientists and engineers of today are relentless in their continuing study and analysis of the world about us from the microcosm to the macrocosm. A central purpose of this study is to gain sufficient scientific information and insight to enable the development of both representative and useful models of the superabundance of physical processes that surround us. The engineers need these models and the associated insight in order to build the information processing systems and control systems that comprise these new and emerging technologies. Much of the early modeling work that has been done on these systems has been based on the linear time-invariant system theory and its extensive use of Fourier transform theory for both continuous and discrete systems and signals. However many of the signals arising in nature and real systems are neither stationary nor linear but tend to be concentrated in both time and frequency. Hence a new methodology is needed to take these factors properly into account.

The rationale for publishing a second edition of this monograph is that this area of research continues to show remarkable advancement. The new generation of synthetic aperture radar satellites has provided unprecedented spatial resolution of sea surface features. In addition, satellites to measure sea surface salinity have been launched. Computational fluid dynamics models open new opportunities in understanding the processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean and their visibility from space. Passive acoustic methods for monitoring short surface waves have significantly progressed. Of importance for climate research, processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean contribute to errors in satellite estimates of sea surface temperature trends. Due to growing applications of near-surface science, it is anticipated that more students will be trained in this area of research. Therefore this second edition of the monograph is closer to a textbook format.

The near-field region within an order of 100 nm from the solid interface is an exciting and crucial arena where many important multiscale transport phenomena are physically characterized, such as flow mixing and drag, heat and mass transfer, near-wall behavior of nanoparticles, binding of bio-molecules, crystallization, surface deposition processes, just naming a few. This monograph presents a number of label-free experimental techniques developed and tested for near-field fluid flow characterization. Namely, these include Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM), Optical Serial Sectioning Microscopy (OSSM), Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy (SPRM), Interference Reflection Contrast Microscopy (IRCM), Thermal Near-Field Anemometry, Scanning Thermal Microscopy (STM), and Micro-Cantilever Near-Field Thermometry. Presentation on each of these is laid out for the working principle, how to implement the system, and its example applications, to promote the readers understanding and knowledge of the specific technique that can be applied for their own research interests.

This new edition of the near-legendary textbook by Schlichting and revised by Gersten presents a comprehensive overview of boundary-layer theory and its application to all areas of fluid mechanics, with particular emphasis on the flow past bodies (e.g. aircraft aerodynamics). The new edition features an updated reference list and over 100 additional changes throughout the book, reflecting the latest advances on the subject.

This book was written as a graduate student course--Shock Dynamics. Up to now, the first author has taught this course to the graduate students in the field of Fluid Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China for seven times. In the spring semester 1989, during his visit to the United States, the first author taught this course to the graduate students of Department of Mathemat ics, University of Colorado at Denver. At the same time, he gave a series of four lectures on Shock Dynamics to the graduate students of Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder. In 1991, during the first author's visit to Japan, he gave some lectures on Shock Dynamics in Tohoku University, University of Tokyo and Kyushu Uni versity. The dynamic phenomena of shock waves such as propagation, diffraction, reflection, refraction and interaction of shock waves may be studied by using experimental methods, numerical calculations and theoretical analyses. Although the detailed flow patterns of phenomena of shock motion can be obtained by using experimental methods and numerical calculations of solving Euler Equation or Navier-Stokes Equation, for example, the diffractions of shock waves by wedges form various phenomena of reflection--RR, SMR, CMR and DMR, we also need to analyse the process of the formation of shock waves in various phenomena of diffraction, reflection and interaction by using theoretical methods."

Quantum mechanics and the Schrodinger equation are the basis for the de scription of the properties of atoms, molecules, and nuclei. The development of reliable, meaningful solutions for the energy eigenfunctions of these many is a formidable problem. The usual approach for obtaining particle systems the eigenfunctions is based on their variational extremum property of the expectation values of the energy. However the complexity of these variational solutions does not allow a transparent, compact description of the physical structure. There are some properties of the wave functions in some specific, spatial domains, which depend on the general structure of the Schrodinger equation and the electromagnetic potential. These properties provide very useful guidelines in developing simple and accurate solutions for the wave functions of these systems, and provide significant insight into their physical structure. This point, though of considerable importance, has not received adequate attention. Here we present a description of the local properties of the wave functions of a collection of particles, in particular the asymptotic properties when one of the particles is far away from the others. The asymptotic behaviour of this wave function depends primarily on the separation energy of the outmost particle. The universal significance of the asymptotic behaviour of the wave functions should be appreciated at both research and pedagogic levels. This is the main aim of our presentation here."

The book contains invited lectures and selected contributions presented at the Enzo Levi and XVII Annual Meeting of the Fluid Dynamic Division of the Mexican Physical Society in 2011. It is aimed to fourth year undergraduate and graduate students, and scientists in the field of physics, engineering and chemistry that have interest in Fluid Dynamics from the experimental and theoretical point of view. The invited lectures are introductory and avoid the use of complicate mathematics. The other selected contributions are also adequate to fourth year undergraduate and graduate students. The Fluid Dynamics applications include multiphase flow, convection, diffusion, heat transfer, rheology, granular material, viscous flow, porous media flow, geophysics and astrophysics. The material contained in the book includes recent advances in experimental and theoretical fluid dynamics and is adequate for both teaching and research.

This volume includes revised and extended versions of selected papers presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics held in Lisbon in July 2000.The papers describe instrumentation developments for velocity, scalar and multiphase flows and results of measurements of turbulent flows, and combustion and engines. Focus is placed on laser-Doppler anemometry, particle sizing and other methods for the measurement of velocity and scalars, such as particle image velocimetry and laser induced fluorescence. The application of laser techniques to scientific and engineering fluid flow research was emphasized, but contributions to the theory and practice of laser were also considered where they facilitate new improved fluid mechanic research.

The book presents an updated state-of-the-art overview of the general aspects and practical applications of the theories of thin structures, through the interaction of several topics, ranging from non-linear thin-films, shells, junctions, beams of different materials and in different contexts (elasticity, plasticity, etc.). Advanced problems like the optimal design and the modeling of thin films made of brittle or phase-transforming materials will be presented as well.

Speech and Audio Coding for Wireless and Network Applications contains 34 chapters, loosely grouped into six topical areas. The chapters in this volume reflect the progress and present the state of the art in low-bit-rate speech coding, primarily at bit rates from 2.4 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s. Together they represent important contributions from leading researchers in the speech coding community. Speech and Audio Coding for Wireless and Network Applications contains contributions describing technologies that are under consideration as standards for such applications as digital cellular communications (the half-rate American and European coding standards). A brief Introduction is followed by a section dedicated to low-delay speech coding, a research direction which emerged as a result of the CCITT requirement for a universal low-delay 16 kbit/s speech coding technology and now continues with the objective of achieving toll quality with moderate delay at a rate of 8 kbit/s. A section on the important topic of speech quality evaluation is then presented. This is followed by a section on speech coding for wireless transmission, and a section on audio coding which covers not only 7 kHz bandwidth speech, but also wideband coding applicable to high fidelity music. The book concludes with a section on speech coding for noisy transmission channels, followed by a section addressing future research directions. Speech and Audio Coding for Wireless and Network Applications presents a cross-section of the key contributions in speech and audio coding which have emerged recently. For this reason, the book is a valuable reference for all researchers and graduate students in the speech coding community.

Elements of Continuum Mechanics and Conservation Laws presents a systematization of different models in mathematical physics, a study of the structure of conservation laws, thermodynamical identities, and connection with criteria for well-posedness of the corresponding mathematical problems.
The theory presented in this book stems from research carried out by the authors concerning the formulations of differential equations describing explosive deformations of metals. In such processes, elasticity equations are used in some zones, whereas hydrodynamics equations are stated in other zones. Plastic deformations appear in transition zones, which leads to residual stresses. The suggested model contains some relaxation terms which simulate these plastic deformations. Certain laws of thermodynamics are used in order to describe and study differential equations simulating the physical processes. This leads to the special formulation of differential equations using generalized thermodynamical potentials. The structure of conservation laws and new ideas and methods of constructing mathematical models are presented.
The final chapter: Structure of Thermodynamically Compatible Systems reflects Godunov's latest research. It presents an approach to the formalization of equations of continuum mechanics, in particular, relationships between the structure of thermodynamical conservation laws and representations of the rotation group. The material covered in this chapter was written during the preparation of the English edition and intensively discussed with specialists in different countries and presented at lectures given by Godunov in 2002.
This book describes the theory developed byGodunov together with his former student Evgenii Romenskii which presents a systematization of different models of elastic media and related classification of hyperbolic equations.