This book introduces comprehensive fundamentals, numerical simulations and experimental methods of electrification of particulates entrained multiphase flows. The electrifications of two particulate forms, liquid droplets and solid particles, are firstly described together. Liquid droplets can be charged under preset or associated electric fields, while solid particles can be charged through contact. Different charging ways in gas (liquid)-liquid or gas-solid multiphase flows are summarized, including ones that are beneficial to industrial processes, such as electrostatic precipitation, electrostatic spraying, and electrostatic separation, etc., ones harmful for shipping and powder industry, and ones occurring in natural phenomenon, such as wind-blown sand and thunderstorm. This book offers theoretical references to the control and utilization of the charging or charged particulates in multiphase flows as well.

This book reviews the current status of semiconductor materials for conversion of sunlight to electricity, and highlights advances in both basic science and manufacturing. Photovoltaic (PV) solar electric technology will be a significant contributor to world energy supplies when reliable, efficient PV power products are manufactured in large volumes at low cost. Expert chapters cover the full range of semiconductor materials for solar-to-electricity conversion, from crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon to cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium sulfide selenides, dye sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and environmentally friendly copper zinc tin sulfide selenides. The latest methods for synthesis and characterization of solar cell materials are described, together with techniques for measuring solar cell efficiency. Semiconductor Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cells presents the current state of the art as well as key details about future strategies to increase the efficiency and reduce costs, with particular focus on how to reduce the gap between laboratory scale efficiency and commercial module efficiency. This book will aid materials scientists and engineers in identifying research priorities to fulfill energy needs, and will also enable researchers to understand novel semiconductor materials that are emerging in the solar market. This integrated approach also gives science and engineering students a sense of the excitement and relevance of materials science in the development of novel semiconductor materials. * Provides a comprehensive introduction to solar PV cell materials * Reviews current and future status of solar cells with respect to cost and efficiency * Covers the full range of solar cell materials, from silicon and thin films to dye sensitized and organic solar cells * Offers an in-depth account of the semiconductor material strategies and directions for further research * Features detailed tables on the world leaders in efficiency demonstrations * Edited by scientists with experience in both research and industry

Lecturers: Quantum Symmetries in 2D Massive Field Theories; D. Bernard. On Knot and Manifold Invariants; R. Bott. The Metric Aspect of Noncommutative Geometry; A. Connes, J. Lott. Observables, Superselection Sectors, and Gauge Groups; C. Fredenhagen. Non-Compact WZW Conformal Field Theories; K. Gawedzki. S-Matrix Theory for Black Holes; G. 't Hooft. Whitman Theory for Integrable Systems and Topological Quantum Field Theories; I. Krichever. Quantum Groups in Lattice Models; V. Pasquier. Lagrangian Conformal Models; R. Stora. Seminar Speakers: Integrability Properties of the Collective String Field Theory; J. Avan. Correlational Functions of Local Operators in 2D Gravity Coupled to Minimal Matter; Vl.S. Dotsenko. W-Algebras and Langlands-Drinfeld Correspondence; E. Frenkel. Aspects of Quantizing Lorentz Symmetry; A. Schirrmacher. 11 additional articles. Index.

This volume comprises the expert contributions from the invited speakers at the 17th International Conference on Thin Films (ICTF 2017), held at CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, India. Thin film research has become increasingly important over the last few decades owing to the applications in latest technologies and devices. The book focuses on current advances in thin film deposition processes and characterization including thin film measurements. The chapters cover different types of thin films like metal, dielectric, organic and inorganic, and their diverse applications across transistors, resistors, capacitors, memory elements for computers, optical filters and mirrors, sensors, solar cells, LED's, transparent conducting coatings for liquid crystal display, printed circuit board, and automobile headlamp covers. This book can be a useful reference for students, researchers as well as industry professionals by providing an up-to-date knowledge on thin films and coatings.

Introduction to Fragment-Based Drug Discovery, by Daniel A. Erlanson

Fragment Screening Using X-Ray Crystallography, by Thomas G. Davies and Ian J. Tickle

Hsp90 Inhibitors and Drugs from Fragment and Virtual Screening, by Stephen Roughley, Lisa Wright, Paul Brough, Andrew Massey and Roderick E. Hubbard

Combining NMR and X-ray Crystallography in Fragment-Based Drug Discovery: Discovery of Highly Potent and Selective BACE-1 Inhibitors, by Daniel F. Wyss, Yu-Sen Wang, Hugh L. Eaton, Corey Strickland, Johannes H. Voigt, Zhaoning Zhu and Andrew W. Stamford

Combining Biophysical Screening and X-Ray Crystallography for Fragment-Based Drug Discovery, by Michael Hennig, Armin Ruf and Walter Huber

Targeting Protein Protein Interactions and Fragment-Based Drug Discovery, by Eugene Valkov, Tim Sharpe, May Marsh, Sandra Greive and Marko Hyvonen

Fragment Screening and HIV Therapeutics, by Joseph D. Bauman, Disha Patel and Eddy Arnold

Fragment-Based Approaches and Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, by Didier Rognan"

Surfaces and interfaces play an increasingly important role in today's solid state devices. In this book the reader is introduced, in a didactic manner, to the essential theoretical aspects of the atomic and electronic structure of surfaces and interfaces. The book does not pretend to give a complete overview of contemporary problems and methods. Instead, the authors strive to provide simple but qualitatively useful arguments that apply to a wide variety of cases. The emphasis of the book is on semiconductor surfaces and interfaces but it also includes a thorough treatment of transition metals, a general discussion of phonon dispersion curves, and examples of large computational calculations. The exercises accompanying every chapter will be of great benefit to the student.

The great interest in photonic crystals and their applications in the last 15 years is being expressed in the publishing of a large number of monographs, collections, textbooks and tutorials, where existing knowledge concerning - eration principles of photonic crystal devices and microstructured ?bers, their mathematicaldescription,well-knownandnovelapplicationsofsuchtechno- gies in photonics and optical communications are presented. They challenges authors of new books to cover the gaps still existing in the literature and highlight and popularize of already known material in a new and original manner. Authorsofthisbookbelievethatthenextsteptowardswideapplicationof photoniccrystalsisthesolutionofmanypracticalproblemsofdesignandc- putation of the speci?c photonic crystal-based devices aimed at the speci?c technicalapplication.Inordertomakethisstep,itisnecessarytoincreasethe number of practitioners who can solve such problems independently. The aim of this book is to extend the group of researchers, developers and students, who could practically use the knowledge on the physics of photonic crystals together with the knowledge and skills of independent calculation of basic characteristics of photonic crystals and modeling of various elements of - tegrated circuits and optical communication systems created on the basis of photonic crystals. The book is intended for quali?ed readers, specialists in the ?eld of optics and photonics, students of higher courses, master degree students and PhD students. As an introduction to the snopest, the book contains the basics of wave optics and radiation propagation in simple guiding media such as planar waveguides and step-index ?bers.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), time differential perturbed angular correlations (TDPAC), and the Mossbauer effect (ME) have been applied to the study of charge density wave (CDW) systems. These hyperfine techniques provide unique tools to probe the structure and symmetry of commensurate CDWs, give a clear fingerprint of incommensurate CDWs, and are ideally suited for CDW dynamics. This book represents a new attempt in the series Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Low-dimensional Structures' to bring together a consistent group of scientific results obtained by nuclear spectroscopy related to CDW phenomena in pseudo-one- and two-dimensional systems. The individual chapters contain: the theory of CDWs in chain-like transition metal tetrachalcogenides; NMR, NQR, TDPAC, and ME investigations of layered transition metal dichalcogenides; NMR studies of CDW-transport in chain-like NbSe3 and molybdenum bronzes; multinuclear NMR of KCP; high resolution NMR of organic conductors. This book is of interest to graduate students and all scientists who want to acquire a broader knowledge of nuclear spectroscopy techniques applied to CDW systems. "

The technological means now exists for approaching the fundamentallimiting scales of solid state electronics in which a single carrier can, in principle, represent a single bit in an information flow. In this light, the prospect of chemically, or biologically, engineered molccular-scale structures which might support information processing functions has enticed workers for many years. The one common factor in all suggested molecular switches, ranging from the experimentally feasible proton-tunneling structure, to natural systems such as the micro-tubule, is that each proposed structure deals with individual information carrying entities. Whereas this future molecular electronics faces enormous technical challenges, the same Iimit is already appearing in existing semiconducting quantum wires and small tunneling structures, both superconducting and normal meta! devices, in which the motion of a single eh arge through the tunneling barrier can produce a sufficient voltage change to cut-off further tunneling current. We may compare the above situation with today's Si microelectronics, where each bit is encoded as a very !arge number, not necessarily fixed, of electrons within acharge pulse. The associated reservoirs and sinks of charge carriers may be profitably tapped and manipulated to proviele macro-currents which can be readily amplified or curtailed. On the other band, modern semiconductor ULSI has progressed by adopting a linear scaling principle to the down-sizing of individual semiconductor devices.

This book provides the theoretical basis and the relevant experimental knowledge underlying our present understanding of the electrical and optical properties of semiconductor heterostructures. Although such structures have been known since the 1940s, it was only in the 1980s that they moved to the forefront of research, largely due to technological developments that made it possible to grow several ultrathin layers of different materials _ down to a few atoms in thickness _ on top of a silicon or other substrates. The resulting structures have remarkable properties not shared by bulk materials. One can, for example, confine the motions of electrons to a single layer, making it possible to investigate effectively two-dimensional systems. One can also build materials with large-scale periodicities by alternating layers of different compositions, thereby modulating the optical and electronic properties of the resulting structure. The text begins with a description of the electronic properties of various types of heterostructures, including discussions of complex band-structure effects, localized states, tunneling phenomena, and excitonic states. The focus of most of the remainder of the book is on optical properties, including intraband absorption, luminescence and recombination, Raman scattering, subband optical transitions, nonlinear effects, and ultrafast optical phenomena. The concluding chapter presents an overview of some of the applications that make use of the physics discussed. Appendices provide ackground information on band structure theoy, kinetic theory, electromagnetic modes, and Coulomb effects. Intended for graduate students, physicists, and engineers beginning research onsemiconductor heterostructures or interested in their

Both experimental and theoretical investigations make it clear that mesoscale materials, that is, materials at scales intermediate between atomic and bulk matter, do not always behave in ways predicted by conventional theories of shock compression. At these scales, shock waves interact with local material properties and microstructure to produce a hierarchy of dissipative structures, such as inelastic deformation fields, randomly distributed lattice defects, and residual stresses. A macroscopically steady planar shock wave is neither plane nor steady at the mesoscale. The chapters in this book examine the assumptions underlying our understanding of shock phenomena and present new measurements, calculations, and theories that challenge these assumptions. They address such questions as: - What are the experimental data on mesoscale effects of shocks, and what are the implications? - Can one formulate new mesoscale theories of shock dynamics? - How would new mesoscale theories affect our understanding of shock-induced phase transitions or fracture? - What new computational models will be needed for investigating mesoscale shocks?

The control of optical modes in microcavities or in photonic bandgap (PBG) materials is coming of age Although these ideas could have been developed some time ago, it is only recently that they have emerged, due to advances in both atomic physics and in fabrication techniques, be it on the high-quality dielectric mirrors required for high-finesse Fabry Perot resonators or in semiconductor multilayer deposition methods. Initially the principles of quantum electro-dynamics (QED) were demonstrated in elegant atomic physics experiments. Now solid-state implementations are being investigated, with several subtle differences from the atomic case such as those due to their continuum of electronic states or the near Boson nature of their elementary excitations, the exciton. Research into quantum optics brings us ever newer concepts with potential to improve system performance such as photon squeezing, quantum cryptography, reversible taps, photonic de Broglie waves and quantum computers. The possibility of implementing these ideas with solid-state systems gives us hope that some could indeed find their way to the market, demonstrating the continuing importance of basic research for applications, be it in a somewhat more focused way than in earlier times for funding."

Market: Research scientists and students in materials science, physical metallurgy, and solid state physics. This detailed monograph presents the theory of reversible plasticity as a new direction of development in crystal physics. It features a unique integration of traditional concepts and new studies of high- temperature superconductors, plus in-depth analyses of various related phenomena. Among the topics discussed are elastic twinning (discovered by Dr. Garber), thermoelastic martensite transformation, superelasticity, shape memory effects, the domain structure of ferroelastics, and elastic aftereffect. Partial Contents: 1. Transformation of Dislocations. Dislocation Description of a Phase Transformation Front. 2. Dislocation Theory of Elastic Twinning. Twinning of Crystals: Principal Definitions. 3. Statics and Dynamics of Elastic Twinning. Discovery of Elastic Twinning. Verification of the Validity of the Static Theory in a Description of the Macroscopic Behavior of an Elastic Twin. 4. Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation. Martensitic Transformation: a Diffusionless Process of Rebuilding the Crystal Lattice. 5. Superelasticity and the Shape Memory Effect. Main Characteristics of Superelasticity and Shape Memory Effects. 6. Reversible Plasticity of Ferroelastics. Ferroelastics: Main Definitions. 7. Investigation of Reversible Plasticity of Crystals by the Acoustic Emission Method. Emission of Sound by Moving Dislocations andTheir Pileups. Methods Used in Experimental Investigations of the Acoustic Emission Generated by a SingleTwin. Acoustic Emission Associated with Elastic Twinning. 8. Influence of Reversible Plasticity of Superconductors on Their Physical Properties. Reversible Changes in the Parameters of Traditional Superconductors under the Action of Elastic Stresses. Influence of Magnetic Fields on Reversible Changes in the Parameters

I. Formal Methods.- Artificial Neural Networks that Learn Many-Body Physics.- Quantum Statistical Microdynamics and Critical Phenomena.- Quantum Spin Lattice Models: a Coupled-Cluster Treatment.- Time Dependent Mean Field Approximation in a Boson System.- Inhomogeneous Boson System Made Planar.- II. Quantum Fluids.- The Shape of Fluids.- Single Particle Properties of Atomic Deuterium.- Studies of the Critical Point of 4He.- The Spectral Function of Bose Superfluids: a Sum Rule Approach.- III. Electronic Systems, Atoms and Molecules.- Collective Spin Waves in Maxwellian Electron Plasma.- Test of Density Functional Approximation for an Atom in a Strong Magnetic Field.- Ionic Diffusion Phenomena in Superionic Conductors.- Electric Field Induced Solidification-Theory of Electro-Rheology Fluids.- Toward a Non-Born-Oppenheimer Density Functional Theory in the Context of Local-Scaling Transformations.- Bragg Intensities and Diffuse Scattering in Ag2Se: a Molecular Dynamics Study.- IV. High-Tc Superconductivity.- Dynamics of the Anderson Model for Dilute Magnetic Alloys: a Quantum Monte Carlo and Maximum Entropy Study.- High Temperature Superconductivity in an Exactly Solvable Model.- Cooper Pair Binding Energy and the BCS Gap Energy Revisited.- Coopers Pairs, Local Pairs, and TF-Scaled High-Tc Superconductivity.- Electron-Hole Liquid Model for High Tc-Superconductivity.- MEP Approach to the Anderson-Hubbard Model.- V. Lattice Theories.- Correlated Lattice Fermions in High Dimensions.- Cluster Gutzwiller Approximation.- The U(1)3 Lattice Gauge Vacuum.- Electronic Diamagnetism in Two-Dimensional Lattices.- Nuclear Physics and QCD.- Meson-Meson Scattering as a Many-Body Problem.- Alpha-Nucleus Interaction from an Inverse Scattering and Energy-Density Formalism.- Spin and Tensor Correlations in Model Nuclear Matter.- On Narrow ? Hypernuclear States with Positive Energy.- Electromagnetic Response in Nuclear Matter and Complex Nuclei.- Use of Correlated Hyperspherical Harmonic Basis for Strongly Interacting Systems.- Variational Cluster Methods in Coordinate Space for Small Systems: Center of Mass Corrections Made Easy.- Short-Range Correlations and Single-Particle Spectral Functions in Nuclear Matter.- Functional Techniques in the Many-Body Problem: the Longitudinal Nuclear Response function.- Contributors and Participants.

This book is devoted to the physics of electron-beam, ion-beam, optical, and x-ray lithography. The need for this book results from the following considerations. The astonishing achievements in microelectronics are in large part connected with successfully applying the relatively new technology of processing (changing the prop erties of) a material into a device whose component dimensions are submicron, called photolithography. In this method the device is imaged as a pattern on a metal film that has been deposited onto a transparent substrate and by means of a broad stream of light is transferred to a semiconductor wafer within which the physical structure of the devices and the integrated circuit connections are formed layer by layer. The smallest dimensions of the device components are limited by the diffraction of the light when the pattern is transferred and are approximately the same as the wavelength of the light. Photolithography by light having a wavelength of A ~ 0.4 flm has made it possible to serially produce integrated circuits having devices whose minimal size is 2-3 flm in the 4 pattern and having 10-105 transistors per circuit.

The research and its outcomes presented here is devoted to the use of x-ray scattering to study correlated electron systems and magnetism. Different x-ray based methods are provided to analyze three dimensional electron systems and the structure of transition-metal oxides. Finally the observation of multipole orderings with x-ray diffraction is shown.

The discovery of high temperature superconductivity has not only opened many possibilities for potential technical applications, but has also provided a unique, challenging research subject for condensed matter physics and material sciences. High temperature superconductivity appears in systems with strong electron correlation and constitutes one of the key issues in condensed matter physics. The understanding of its mechanism will therefore greatly promote the future developments of this branch of science.

During the last ten years great progress has been made in both fundamental and application-oriented research. Expanding knowledge of the physical properties in the superconducting as well as the normal state in preparing the way to an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The accumulated experience in materials processing enables technical applications. All these aspects of high-"T"c superconductivity and recent work on "traditional" superconductors have been exposed at the Beijing conference.

The present volume is a separate edition of part I of the extensive Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Materials and Mechanisms of Superconductivity - High Temperature Superconductors. It contains the plenary, tutorial and invited papers, and gives a comprehensive account of the state-of-the-art as of March 1997.

Volume III/48B continues the compilation of nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy (NQRS) data of solid substances, covering the literarure from 1995 to the end of 2006. It provides 1265 NQRS data sets (measurement method, nucleus, temperature, quadrupole coupling constant, asymmetry parameter, resonance frequeny, remarks, references) for substances with Hill formulae ranging from C10H16 to Zn. Included are the data for substances studied for the first time, as well as data for substances already present in previous volumes if the data published there could be completed or improved by the new studies.

This topical volume reviews applications of continuum mechanics to systems in geophysics and the environment. Part of the text is devoted to numerical simulations and modeling. The topics covered include soil mechanics and porous media, glacier and ice dynamics, climatology and lake physics, climate change as well as numerical algorithms. The book, written by well-known experts, addresses researchers and students interested in physical aspects of our environment.

The development of coherent radiation sources for sub-angstrom wavelengths - i.e. in the hard X-ray and gamma-ray range - is a challenging goal of modern physics. The availability of such sources will have many applications in basic science, technology and medicine and in particular, they may have a revolutionary impact on nuclear and solid state physics, as well as on the life sciences. The present state-of-the-art lasers are capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation from the infrared to the ultraviolet, while free electron lasers (X-FELs) are now entering the soft X-ray region. Moving further, i.e. into the hard X and/or gamma ray band, however, is not possible without new approaches and technologies.

In this book we introduce and discuss one such novel approach -the radiation formed in a Crystalline Undulator -whereby electromagnetic radiation is generated by a bunch of ultra-relativistic particles channeling through a periodically bent crystalline structure. Under certain conditions, such a device can emit intensive spontaneous monochromatic radiation and even reach the coherence of laser light sources.

Readers will be presented with the underlying fundamental physics and be familiarized with the theoretical, experimental and technological advances made during the last one and a half decades in exploring the various features of investigations into crystalline undulators. This research draws upon knowledge from many research fields - such as materials science, beam physics, the physics of radiation, solid state physics and acoustics, to name but a few. Accordingly, much care has been taken by the authors to make the book as self-contained as possible in this respect, so as to also provide a usefulintroduction to this emerging field to a broad readership of researchers and scientist with various backgrounds.

This new edition has been revised and extended to take recent developments in the field into account."

This volume collects several in-depth articles giving lucid discussions on new developments in statistical and condensed matter physics. Many, though not all, contributors had been in touch with the late S-K Ma. Written by some of the world's experts and originators of new ideas in the field, this book is a must for all researchers in theoretical physics. Most of the articles should be accessible to diligent graduate students and experienced readers will gain from the wealth of materials contained herein.

The research of unitary concepts in solid state and molecular chemistry is of current interest for both chemist and physicist communities. It is clear that due to their relative simplicity, low dimensional materials have attracted most of the attention. Thus, many non-trivial problems were solved in chain systems, giving some insight into the behavior of real systems which would otherwise be untractable. The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Organic and Inorganic Low-Dimensional Crystalline Materials" was organized to review the most striking electronic properties exhibited by organic and inorganic sytems whose space dimensionality ranges from zero (Od) to one (1d), and to discuss related scientific and technological potentials. The initial objectives of this Workshop were, respectively: i) To research unitary concepts in solid state physics, in particular for one dimensional compounds, ii) To reinforce, through a close coupling between theory and experiment, the interplay between organic and inorganic chemistry, on the one hand, and solid state physics on the other, iii) To get a salient understanding of new low-dimensional materials showing "exotic" physical properties, in conjunction with structural features."

This book focuses on the thermophysical properties of Ge-Sb-Te alloys, which are the most widely used phase change materials, and the technique for measuring them. Describing the measuring procedure and parameter calibration in detail, it provides readers with an accurate method for determining the thermophysical properties of phase change materials and other related materials. Further, it discusses combining thermal and electrical conductivity data to analyze the conduction mechanism, allowing readers to gain an understanding of phase change materials and PCM industry simulation.

... "What do you call work?" "Why ain't that work?" Tom resumed his whitewashing, and answered carelessly: "Well. lI1a), he it is, and maybe it aill't. All I know, is, it suits Tom Sawvc/: " "Oil CO/lll , IIOW, Will do not mean to let 011 that you like it?" The brush continued to move. "Likc it? Well, I do not see wlzy I oughtn't to like it. Does a hoy get a chance to whitewash a fence every day?" That put the thing ill a Ilew light. Ben stopped nibhling the apple .... (From Mark Twain's Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Chapter II.) Mathematics can put quantitative phenomena in a new light; in turn applications may provide a vivid support for mathematical concepts. This volume illustrates some aspects of the mathematical treatment of phase transitions, namely, the classical Stefan problem and its generalizations. The in tended reader is a researcher in application-oriented mathematics. An effort has been made to make a part of the book accessible to beginners, as well as physicists and engineers with a mathematical background. Some room has also been devoted to illustrate analytical tools. This volume deals with research I initiated when I was affiliated with the Istituto di Analisi Numerica del C.N.R. in Pavia, and then continued at the Dipartimento di Matematica dell'Universita di Trento. It was typeset by the author in plain TEX."