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Books > Reference & Interdisciplinary > Communication studies > Decision theory
When making decisions, people naturally face uncertainty about the
potential consequences of their actions due in part to limits in
their capacity to represent, evaluate or deliberate. Nonetheless,
they aim to make the best decisions possible. In Decision Theory
with a Human Face, Richard Bradley develops new theories of agency
and rational decision-making, offering guidance on how 'real'
agents who are aware of their bounds should represent the
uncertainty they face, how they should revise their opinions as a
result of experience and how they should make decisions when
lacking full awareness of, or precise opinions on relevant
contingencies. He engages with the strengths and flaws of Bayesian
reasoning, and presents clear and comprehensive explorations of key
issues in decision theory, from belief and desire to semantics and
learning. His book draws on philosophy, economics, decision science
and psychology, and will appeal to readers in all of these
disciplines.
* How is science represented by the media?
* Who defines what counts as a risk, threat or hazard, and
why?
* In what ways do media images of science shape public
perceptions?
* What can cultural and media studies tell us about current
scientific controversies?
Media, Risk and Science is an exciting exploration into an array of
important issues, providing a much needed framework for
understanding key debates on how the media represent science and
risk. In a highly effective way, Stuart Allan weaves together
insights from multiple strands of research across diverse
disciplines. Among the themes he examines are: the role of science
in science fiction, such as Star Trek; the problem of
'pseudo-science' in The X-Files; and how science is displayed in
science museums. Science journalism receives particular attention,
with the processes by which science is made 'newsworthy' unravelled
for careful scrutiny. The book also includes individual chapters
devoted to how the media portray environmental risks, HIV-AIDS,
food scares (such as BSE or 'mad cow disease' and GM foods) and
human cloning. The result is a highly topical text that will be
invaluable for students and scholars in cultural and media studies,
science studies, journalism, sociology and politics.
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This book is for a broad audience of practitioners, policymakers,
scholars, and anyone interested in scenarios, simulations, and
disaster planning. Readers are led through several different
planning scenarios that have been developed over several years
under the auspices of the US Department of Energy, the US Air
Force, and continued work at GlobalInt LLC. These scenarios present
different security challenges and their potential cascading impacts
on global systems - from the melting of glaciers in the Andes, to
hurricanes in New York and Hawaii, and on to hybrid disasters,
cyberoperations and geoengineering. The book provides a concise and
up-to-date overview of the 'lessons learned', with a focus on
innovative solutions to the world's pressing energy and
environmental security challenges.
Studieren, Lehren und Forschen basieren heute weitgehend auf dem
Einsatz neuer Medien. Dabei werden das Sehen und das Klicken mit
der Maus als Selbstverstandlichkeit vorausgesetzt. Man nimmt an,
dass alle in normaler Schrift Dokumente lesen koennen. Wie koennen
aber Menschen mit visueller Beeintrachtigung bei den stark auf
Visualisierung ausgerichteten Lernprozessen wirklich partizipieren?
Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, Einblicke in komplexe Barrieren in der
visuellen Bildungslandschaft zu geben. Der Fokus liegt auf
Interaktionsprozessen zwischen sehenden und nicht (gut) sehenden
Lernenden. Wichtige Sachaspekte werden vermittelt und didaktische
Elemente reflektiert. Im Rahmen einer Aktionsforschung werden am
Beispiel der Universitat Zurich moegliche Loesungswege aufgezeigt.
In einem perspektivverschrankenden Ansatz untersuchen die
Autorinnen und der Autor die polyvalenten Wirkungen von
Bildungsurlaub. Ausserdem befassen sie sich mit den durch die
Gesetzesanderung evozierten Steuerungseffekten auf der Ebene der
Anbieter und Angebote. Es werden daruber hinaus die professionellen
Handlungsmodi der Programmplanung untersucht und die Interessens-
und Verwertungszusammenhange der Teilnehmenden. Hintergrund ist die
Tatsache, dass es in Deutschland nur wenige gesetzliche Regelungen
gibt, die ein Recht des Einzelnen auf Weiterbildung sichern. Ein
besonderes Beispiel sind die Landesgesetze zum Bildungsurlaub (auch
Bildungsfreistellungsgesetze). Das Bundesland Bremen hat sein
Bildungsurlaubsgesetz im Jahre 2010 novelliert und versucht die
Teilnahmequote zu erhoehen, indem es das Spektrum an
Bildungsurlaubsanbietern und Veranstaltungsformaten
ausdifferenziert und erweitert.
This book, based on the author's Clarendon Lectures in Finance,
examines the empirical behavior of corporate default risk. A new
and unified statistical methodology for default prediction, based
on stochastic intensity modeling, is explained and implemented with
data on U.S. public corporations since 1980. Special attention is
given to the measurement of correlation of default risk across
firms. The underlying work was developed in a series of
collaborations over roughly the past decade with Sanjiv Das,
Andreas Eckner, Guillaume Horel, Nikunj Kapadia, Leandro Saita, and
Ke Wang. Where possible, the content based on methodology has been
separated from the substantive empirical findings, in order to
provide access to the latter for those less focused on the
mathematical foundations.
A key finding is that corporate defaults are more clustered in time
than would be suggested by their exposure to observable common or
correlated risk factors. The methodology allows for hidden sources
of default correlation, which are particularly important to include
when estimating the likelihood that a portfolio of corporate loans
will suffer large default losses. The data also reveal that a
substantial amount of power for predicting the default of a
corporation can be obtained from the firm's "distance to default,"
a volatility-adjusted measure of leverage that is the basis of the
theoretical models of corporate debt pricing of Black, Scholes, and
Merton. The findings are particularly relevant in the aftermath of
the financial crisis, which revealed a lack of attention to the
proper modelling of correlation of default risk across firms.
The concept of rationality is a common thread through the human and
social sciences -- from political science to philosophy, from
economics to sociology, and from management science to decision
analysis. But what counts as rational action and rational behavior?
Jose Luis Bermudez explores decision theory as a theory of
rationality. Decision theory is the mathematical theory of choice
and for many social scientists it makes the concept of rationality
mathematically tractable and scientifically legitimate.
Yet rationality is a concept with several dimensions and the theory
of rationality has different roles to play. It plays an
action-guiding role (prescribing what counts as a rational solution
of a given decision problem). It plays a normative role (giving us
the tools to pass judgment not just on how a decision problem was
solved, but also on how it was set up in the first place). And it
plays a predictive/explanatory role (telling us how rational agents
will behave, or why they did what they did).
This controversial but accessible book shows that decision theory
cannot play all of these roles simultaneously. And yet, it argues,
no theory of rationality can play one role without playing the
other two. The conclusion is that there is no hope of taking
decision theory as a theory of rationality.
The Handbook of Rational and Social Choice provides an overview of
issues arising in work on the foundations of decision theory and
social choice over the past three decades. Drawing on work by
economic theorists mainly, but also with contributions from
political science, philosophy and psychology, the collection shows
how the related areas of decision theory and social choice have
developed in their applications and moved well beyond the basic
models of expected utility and utilitarian approaches to welfare
economics.
Containing twenty-three contributions, in many cases by leading
figures in their fields, the handbook shows how the normative
foundations of economics have changed dramatically as more general
and explicit models of utility and group choice have been
developed. This is perhaps the first time these developments have
been brought together in a manner that seeks to identify and make
accessible the recent themes and developments that have been of
particular interest to researchers in recent years. The collection
will be of particular value to researchers in economics with
interests in utility or welfare but it will also be of interest to
any social scientist or philosopher interested in theories of
rationality or group decision-making.
Building on his highly original and always insightful earlier works
on collective activity, in Origins of Collective Decision Making
Andy Blunden turns his attention to the question of how groups make
decisions. Examining three paradigms - Counsel, Majority, and
Consensus based methods - Blunden discovers that each has unique
ethical foundations, deeply rooted in the historical experiences of
specific struggles.
Gibt es ein padagogisches Konzept, das in einer globalisierenden
Gesellschaft eine erfolgreiche Schuledukation gewahrleisten kann?
Dieser Frage nachzugehen, scheint nicht nur vor dem Hintergrund von
Pisastudien und ihren Ergebnissen aktuell und lohnenswert.
Ausgehend von globalen Interdependenzen kommt der Begriff
Burgergesellschaft mit seinen Moeglichkeiten zu aktivem,
handlungsorientiertem Lehren und Lernen ins Blickfeld. Es werden
Denkmuster und Ansatze der vormodernen, modernen und postmodernen
Padagogik befragt, die zur Loesung der Frage nach einem
padagogischen Konzept beitragen koennten. Ob die hier gefundenen
Ansatze sich auch fur eine Padagogik der Globalgesellschaft eignen,
soll am Beispiel Indien eine Untersuchung von Dokumenten indischer
Primarerziehung, national bedeutsamen reformpadagogischen Modellen
und aktuellen Projekten erbringen.
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