The Fifteenth Midwest Conference on Endocrinology and Metabolism, held at the University of Missouri-Columbia on October 11 and 12th, 1979, hosted the most prominent active researchers in the world on the subject of the hormone relaxin. Each speaker presented an in-depth coverage of his chosen topic and area of expertise. Some of the data presented in this book are findings which have not been pub lished in a scientific journal. The topic of this conference is especially timely in light of the fact that this is a first confer ence devoted specifically to the hormone relaxin. Progress on this hormone has been exceedingly rapid in recent years and many signif icant breakthroughs are documented in these pages. Lively discus sions following each presentation attest to the enthusiastic research effort being pursued at the present time concerning relaxin. Traditionally the Midwest Conferences on Endocrinology and Metabolism have emphasized breadth as well as depth of coverage. The present Conference has covered the many active areas of research in relaxin, including morphological aspects of the hormone's origin, chemical purification and chemical structure, bioassays, radioimmuno assays, receptors, mechanism of biochemical action and physiological responses to the hormone. Advances in relaxin were slow since its discovery by Dr. Frederick Hisaw, Sr. in 1926 until the availability of homogenous preparations some seven years ago. In the suceeding seven years, activity in the subject has accelerated remarkably."

The manuscripts in this volume were contributed by the speakers invited to the Acromegaly Centennial Symposium held in San Francisco, California in July 1986. The meeting was organized to commemorate the description of acromegaly by the French physician Pierre Marie, in 1886. The members of the Scientific Committee spent many hours assisting us in ensuring an outstanding meeting. The support of Serono Symposia, USA in all phases of the planning and execution of the meeting was sincerely appreciated and was highly professional. Special recognition roust be extended to Professor Roger Guillemin of the Salk Institute, whosp interest in medical history led him to devote a great deal of time and personal expense in obtaining information about the life of Pierre Marie. Dr. GuilIemin's presentation on the life and times of Marie was an extraordinary overview of the cultural, social, and scientific backgrounds in which Marie came to describe the disease, acromegaly. Dr. Guillemin' s findings, which were presented at the main banquet in a splendid audiovisual presentation, were clearly the highlight of the meeting and will long be remembered by the attendees. We were also honored by the presence of Dr. Martine Pierre Marie Granier, the great-granddaughter of Pierre Harie. In her address at the banquet, Dr. Granier provided several delightful and intimate vignettes concerning Pierre Marie, using old family records and photographs. The Scientific Committee wishes to extend its gratitude to Dr. Granier for adding immeasurably to the historical atmosphere of the meeting.

The past two decades have witnessed an unprecedented growth in the field ofneuroendocrinology. The conjoint research contributions by clinicians and basic scientists have promulgated revolutionary concepts at a breakneck speed. This first volume in Clinical Surveys in Endocrinology, The Pituitary Gland, has been written with but one purpose in mind: to integrate the current knowledge in this dynamic field with the existing body of information already available to the clinician. The chapters in this book attempt to portray current research information seen through the eyes of a clinician. The contributions of pioneers in each field have been placed in a perspective relevant to the practicing endocrinologist. The selection of the almost 1500 references from a bewil of literature has been inftuenced by the degree to which these dering body articles-original as weil as review papers-contributed to the growth of pi tuitary endocrinology. Despite the most scrutinizing attempts, it is inevitable and regrettable that works of importance must be excluded due to the practical limitations of any comprehensive work. Nevertheless, to the researcher these references are complete enough to serve as a significant resource. To the reader who wishes to gain an indepth clinical perspective of pituitary disor ders, this work is written precisely from that vantage point. The single authorship of this work notwithstanding, several friends have been instrumental in the completion of this work. I deeply appreciate the incessant zeal and excellent assistance of Ms."

Early embryonic loss is a continuing social and economic global problem. In human populations the estimates of interruptions early in pregnancy range from 35-60%. In animal husbandry (swine, ruminants) fully 30% of pregnancies fail to survive early events of gestation. The futility associated with this persistant high risk is even more unsettling because of advances made in assisted reproductive technology which, although this very selective methodology has added to our knowledge of embryo-endometrial interactions, has resulted in a birth rate of only 14%. These studies have instigated comparisons of the live relative contributions of the embryo and the uterus to the outcome of pregnancy. These analyses have shown that we have learned significantly less about the role of the uterus in deciding the outcome of either natural or assisted pregnancies. In 1979 a quotation by George Corner was used to set the tone of a meeting that was devoted to discussion of the cellular and molecular aspects of implantation. In spite of the proliferation in research activity which occurred in the following 15 years our real understanding of the embryo transfer process has fallen short of our expectations. We use the Corner quotation, once again, to preface this symposium so that we may recall that the fundamental nature of the process which regulates embryo-endometrial interactions still escapes us.

This book is part of a series dedicated to recent advances on preventive, predictive and personalised medicine (PPPM). It focuses on the theme of "Drug delivery systems: advanced technologies potentially applicable in personalised treatments". The critical topics involving the development and preparation of effective drug delivery systems, such as: polymers available, self-assembly, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical formulations, three dimensional structures, molecular modeling, tailor-made solutions and technological tendencies, are carefully discussed. The understanding of these areas constitutes a paramount route to establish personalised and effective solutions for specific diseases and individuals.

To obey the precepts of therapeutic rationality, we should avoid treating the "effect" when there is a way to attack the cause. But what is the cause of diabetes? Diabetes is a molecular disease, that is, a disease in which important cellular components are seriously impaired. Eventually, the activities or the products arising from the impairment find expression in various ways, finally culminating in the abnormalities of diabetes. How early is early enough to attempt to delay this sequence of events? What will provide us with the basis to explore ways and means of halting the progression of the pathological process? What are the new approaches for the treatment of early diabetes? The Fourth International Symposium on Early Diabetes, sponsored by the Diabetes Center of the New York Medical College, held in Algarve, Portugal in November 1978, from which this book evolved, attempted to answer some of these questions. A list of the participants, including their affiliations, will be found preceding the index. Rafael A. Camerini-Davalos v Acknowledgments To our sponsors, U.S.V. Pharmaceutical Corp., Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Ames Company, Hoechst, Frankfurt; supporters, Boehringer, Manheim, Laboratoires Servier, Nordisk Laboratory, The Upjohn Company, Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffman La Roche; and contributors, Bayer A. G. Leverkusen, McNeil, Novo Research Institute, ICI Belgium, Hope for Diabetics Foundation, New York, we express our appreciation for the financial support which made possible the Fourth International Symposium on Early Diabetes. THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Rafael A. Camerini-Davalos, M.D.

Even a brief scan of the table of contents of the present volume is enough to disclose the diversity of research interests and opinions in the field of lipidology. It is precisely this diversity that is the strength of our field and that was showcased by the XII International Symposium of DRUGS AFFECTING LIPID METABOLISM (DALM). The papers published here from these proceedings may be divided into three categories: those that define-and refine---our understanding ofthe clinical benefit of aggressive lipid management, those that develop our knowledge of ris!. assessment, and those that discuss the genetic, bio~hemical, and biophysical mechanisms underlying the pathology of coronary heart disease. On the clinical front, further analysis of the results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) has indicated the cost-effectiveness of therapy in patients with established coronary heart disease. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), whose methodology was described at the DALM XII symposium, has demonstrated in a mostly primary-prevention population what 4S demonstrated for secondary prevention the year before: aggressive lipid-regulating therapy reduces coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality rates without concurrently increasing mortality from noncardiovascular causes. In the future, important considerations will be to develop protocols that maximize benefit in groups underrepresented in traditional clinical research for example, women and the elderly-and to improve compliance to existing treatment regimens. Furthermore, antioxidant, omega-3 fatty acid, and gene therapies warrant further investigation.

This volume contains the edited proceedings of the Totts Gap Colloquium on Diabetes Mellitus, DILEMMAS IN DIABETES. The Collo- quium, lasting two and a half days, was organized mainly as a dia- logue among experts in the field with different disciplinary back- grounds and, to some extent, differing points of view. The effort was to synthesize existing knowledge, reconciling disparate data and interpretation, and pointing up important areas of ignorance. Thus, the book should serve not only as a summary of recent information on diabetes, but as a reliable guide to the practicing physician as he wades through often conflicting etiologic dogmas and therapeutic practices. The Colloquium was made possible through the generous support of the Geigy Pharmaceutical Company and the conscientious and expert coordination of Mr. Oscar Swarth. The participants were: Dr. George F. Cahill, Boston, Massachusetts Dr. Harvey C. Knowles, Cincinnati, Ohio Dr. Rachmiel Levine, Duarte, California Dr. Lelio Orci, Geneva, Switzerland Dr. Norton Spritz, New York, New York Dr. Roger Unger, Dallas, Texas Dr. Robert Williams, Seattle, Washington Dr. Stewart Wolf, Galveston, Texas Dr. Arnold Lazarow and Dr. I. Arthur Mirsky were to have partici- pated, but unfortunately were ill at the time of the meeting. Others in attendance included five medical students, especially selected from medical schools in the Philadelphia/New York area.

This volume describes the proceedings of the Workshop Conference on The Human Testis which was held at Positano, Italy, April 23-25, 1970. The format of the book has been arranged according to topics discussed during the Conference. Each chapter includes individual contributions followed by discussion. Thus, this volume provides a current critical evaluation of the subjects discussed. The Editors assume responsibility for any shortcomings and wish to thank all par~ ticipants for their unprecedented cooperation in making this publi cation possible. The Editors are indebted to Miss Barbara Martin for her able secretarial and administrative assistance and to Mrs. Griff T. Ross who supervised the secretarial staff during the conference. Rec ognition is also due to Mrs. M. Flack for editorial assistance. The Workshop Conference could not have taken place but for the Serono Foundation, which supported this Meeting as well as the pub lication of the Proceedings of this Workshop. The physical as well as the technical arrangements were under the careful direction of Mr. Cesare Florimonte of the Serono Foundation. The support pro vided by the Serono Foundation is another proof of its generosity in stimulating scientific exchanges and a demonstration of its con tinuous efforts to support basic and applied studies in the field of human reproduction. We express our thanks to our Publisher, Plenum Press, for their fine cooperation and for ensuring the rapid publication of this vol ume.

Diabetes and Wellbeing presents a range of effective psychological principles proven to positively impact the emotional wellbeing of individuals with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The guide takes an explicitly CBT approach to motivate sufferers in essential self-care tasks. * Written in a practical style, for those newly diagnosed with diabetes, individuals managing its challenges for many years, and healthcare professionals * Reveals how the stress of daily diabetes management can affect an individual s ability to stay motivated and engaged in essential self-care tasks that are vital for good health * Presents proven techniques for improving emotional wellbeing * First book to take an explicitly CBT approach to diabetes, simultaneously drawing on solution-focused behavioural therapy and mindfulness approaches * Fills the gap information of this kind among healthcare professionals and individuals with diabetes

This volume, The Adrenal Gland, is the second in the Clinical Surveys in Endo crinology series. Like its predecessor on the pituitary gland, this work is written with one purpose in mind-to view the vast, relevant adrenal literature through a clinician's eyes. The intricate, and often complex, interrelationship between the clinical and research perspectives of "adrenology" poses a challenge. This is, in part, due to the commonly held belief that the milieux of steroid hormone research and clinical medicine are parallel phenomena, not destined to meet. But the twain do meet, and often with relative ease, when viewed as twin facets of the same gem. The view presented in this work is from the vantage point of the clinical endocrinologist who applies the research literature to understand adre nal diseases more clearly. Adrenal pathology is arguably the most fascinating of all endocrinopathies. The images of patients suffering from adrenal diseases are of kaleidoscopic quality: the newborn child with ambiguous genitalia, in whom the very first ritual of assigning sex becomes shrouded with uncertainty; the revitalized pa tient with hitherto undiagnosed Addison's disease, who but for the cognitive powers of the endocrinologist would have ultimately succumbed, undiagnosed; the virilized female with adrenal tumor and its attendant onslaught on the body and mind; the febrile patient with pheochromocytoma masquerading as fever of undetermined origin for months."

The International Foundation for Biochemical Endocrinology is incorporated as a nonprofit research and educational organization. It is dedicated to the dissemination of knowledge, cooperative research programs, and cultural interaction on an international basis. The Foundation is concerned with both basic research and practical applications of biological knowledge to the betterment of humanity. Among our interests are global resource management, human reproduction, hormonal regulation of normal and cancer cells, study of aging and degenerative diseases, brain peptides, peptide neurotransmitter compounds, mechanism of action of hormones, peptide hormone synthesis, and recombinant DNA techniques. This monograph is the ninth sponsored by the Foundation in the Biochemical Endocrinology series. The previous four have been: Hormonally Active Brain Peptides: Structure and Function (1982), K. W. McKerns and V. Pantie, eds.; Reproductive Processes and Contraception (1981), K. W. McKerns, ed.; Synthesis and Release of Adenohypophyseal Hormones (1980), M. Jutisz and K. W. McKerns, eds.; and Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins (1978), K. W. McKerns, ed. These have all been published by Plenum Press.

Nineteen eighty-six is a most appropriate year in which to be writing about developments in the organ-specific, autoimmune endocrine diseases. It celebrates the publication 30 years ago in 1956 of the classic papers of Roitt and Doniach and their co-workers I , and of Rose and Witebsky2 and Adams 3 and Purves . These three sets of fundamental observations provided the initial building blocks upon which much of what has been established in the field in the last 30 years was built. No publication of this nature on endocrine autoimmune disease can cover every aspect of the subject. I have chosen to highlight the organs (thyroid and pancreeas) which have attracted the most attention, and the areas of work within these fields within which most research effort is currently focused. There are still some gaps; the insulin and TSH receptors are not considered, nor in any detail are the role of cytotoxic mechanisms in mediating gland destruction. Molecular biology will undoubtedly in the next few years clarify once and for all the controversy that surrounds the structure of the TSH receptor and T cell cloning, the role of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying autoimmunity are increasingly well understood and the search for the aetiology has begun.

The mechanisms by which animals regulate the volume and composition of their body fluids has long had a particular fascination for students of biology. As a consequence, the subject can lay claim to an impressive record of ground breaking scientific achievements as well as a provocative body of philosophical speculation concerning the role of the system in the origin and evolution of life. Indeed, the entire concept of homeostasis on which so much of o r current biologic thinking is based, derives from Claude Bernard's pioneering exploration of the forces that determine the composition of this 'internal sea'. Other seminal achievements credited to this area of inquiry include the first description of a genetically transmitted human disease (familial neurogenic diabetes insipidus); the first isolation sequencing and synthesis of a peptide hormone (vasopressin and oxytocin); the first demonstration of peptide hormone synthesis by way of a larger protein precursor; the first description of resistance to the biologic actions of a hormone (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus); and the conceptual realization of the unique counter-current mechanism that permits concentration of the urine. This record of far reaching and fundamental advances has been distinguished by many fruitful inter actions between clinical and basic science."

Although physiological and anatomical evidence had clearly indicated for many years that the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones is under control by the central nervous system, it is only recently that the isolation and determination of structure of three hypo- thalamic hypophysiotropic hormones have been accomplished. This has brought the concept of neurohormonal control of adenohypophyseal function into precise biochemical and chemical terms. The relative ease of synthesis of TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone), LH-RH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone), somatostatin and their analogues has opened a new era in the field of endocri- nology and has led to a rapid expansion of our knowl- ge of the control of anterior pituitary function. The rapid evolution of fundamental and clinical research on hypothalamic hormones and the many potential clinical applications indicate the importance of inte- grating the knowledge gained in recent years. This is well illustrated in the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hypothalamus and Endocrine Functions held in Quebec City on September 21-24th, 1975, which indi- cates that impressive progress has been made in large variety of aspects of hypothalamic hormone research.

A lot of time has been spent trying to convince health care providers and policy makers of the enormous importance of macrovascular disease in persons with type 2 diabetes. In this volume, we present facts that dem onstrate how important it is to recognize macrovascular disease in these patients in daily practice. This volume has been compiled to help those already involved in dia betes care, to be more involved in cardiovascular risk control, a task that is not easily achieved. The area of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes is heterogeneous. Trying to characterize it, we can only say: certainly we know more than we do, but for sure we do less than we could. Our challenge is to change this. Nicolae Htmcu Professor N. Hancu was born in Romania in 1940. He studied medicine at the Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, and obtained his speciality in internal medicine in 1970, and in diabetes, nutrition and metabolic disease in 1986. He was appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases of the same university in 1993. He has been a full member of the Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences since 1995. Professor Hancu's major interest is related to clinical lipidology, visceral obesity, and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. He has published over 200 papers and 14 books in this area. He has been invited as Visiting Professor at many universities in Madrid, Valladolid, Barcelona, and Los Angeles.

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease together account for the largest portion of health care spending compared to all other diseases in Western society. This work seeks to provide an understanding of the causes of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. As this understanding becomes more widely appreciated, it will serve as a foundation for evidence-based care and wider acceptance of sound science. The International Conference on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, held in Winnipeg, in June 1999, was organized to bring together a multi-disciplinary group of researchers dedicated to further knowledge amongst researchers, care givers, and the managers of the health system. The invited speakers submitted their works for publication, which serves as the basis for this book. Major themes include: epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, metabolic risk factors in diabetes and cardiovascular disease, hypertension in diabetes mellitus, cardiac function in diabetes, glycemic control and improved cardiovascular function, diabetes management, and endothelial function in diabetes.

These four volumes comprlslng "GnRH Analogues in Cancer and Human Reproduction" are a distillation of the presentations of the invited speakers at a landmark International Symposium bearing the same name, organized by one of us (B. L. ) and held in Geneva, SwitLerland in February 1988. The Symposium was truly interdisciplinary spanning gonadal hormone dependent disease including various forms of cancer and ranging to control of fertility, both pro- and conception. The international flavor can be caught from the 480 participants and 259 contributors drawn from 14 countries. The Symposium, and therefore this book, would not have been possible without the backing of The International Commitlee for Research in Reproduction and the sponsorship of the International Society of Gynecologic Endocrinology, The Swiss Society of fertility and Sterility, The University of Geneva School of Medicine, The Swiss Society of Endocrinology and The US foundation for Studies in Reproduction Inc. , and help from the World Health Organization. B. H. Vickery B. Lunenfeld June 1989 xiii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SERIES A. Abbondante H. Bartermann First Institute of Obstetrics and Urologische Universitatsklinik Kiel Gynecology Arnold-Heller Strasse 7 University "La Sapienza" D-2300 Kiel 1, FRG Rome, Italy M. Bartholomew P. Abel Department of Medicine/Endocrinology Department of Urology Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hammersmith Hospital Pennsylvania State University DuCaneRoad PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA London W12 OHS, UK D. Beck H.

In this book on diabetes mellitus both the pathogenesis and treat ment of the disease will be discussed. Pathogenetic studies have led to the distinction between type I and type II diabetes. In type I hyperglycaemia is due predominantly to insulin deficiency; in type II insulin resistance is more important. Three pathogenetic factors are thought to play a role in the etiol ogy of type I diabetes: heredity, viral infections and immunity. There may be a relationship between these three aspects since genetic pre disposition changes the susceptibility to viral infections and/or the immunological defence against these infections. Insulitis ensues. Auto immune processes initiated by this chain of events may contribute to the destruction of the B cells in the islets of Langerhans and diabetes -may eventually follow. This means that at the time of the sudden out break of the disease, the destructive process has already been active for years."

CHARLES Y. c. PAK Major progress has been made in the pathophysiologic elucidation and management of nephrolithiasis during the past two decades. It is now possible to detect the cause of stone disease in more than 95% of patients, to prevent recurrent formation of stones in the majority of patients, and to remove most existing stones less invasively. The assumption of editorship of this book permits me to indulge in the discussion of this progress from my personal perspective. Three somewhat fortuitous events in my academic career dictated my directing major efforts in stone research. The first event occurred in 1963 when, after having completed medical training, I was faced with two years of military service as a participant of the Berry plan. Choices were limited and disconcerting for someone interested in a research career: a staff physician at a military installation or an indian reservation, or a member of a research team in a state penitentiary. An interesting article by Norman Gershfeld on phospholi pid monolayers prompted me to write him seeking a position in his laboratory of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, MD. Partly because of at the National Institutes my rudimentary exposure and publication in surface chemistry, I was offered a position as a staff scientist and a position in the Public Health Service which satisfied the requirements of a military service."

Montreal has had a longstanding interest in somatostatin. Two years ago when the final planning began for the International Con gress of Endocrinology in Quebec City in July 1984, we seized the op portunity for having a separate Satellite Symposium on somatostatin here in Montreal. We felt that after a decade of uniformly vigorous growth in somatostatin research, the opportune moment had arrived for a review of the most significant past developments and for setting the directions for the future. Knowing the futility of trying to cover every aspect of the burgeoning somatostatin field in a two day scientific program, we opted for a detailed analysis of selected areas which were reasonably mature and of areas of greatest new activity. To attain these objectives, 27 leading international experts actively involved in their fields were invited to present an indepth review of their work in one of five major categories of somatostatin research. Thirty minutes at the end of each session were assigned for a three way, comprehensive discussion of some of the core concepts between the session moderators, the panellists and the audience. The feedback that we have received from the particip ants leaves little doubt that the meeting was a scientific and social success. This book fulfills our final commitment towards the Meeting which was to record the proceedings in a timely publication.

These Proceedinqs of the Midwest Conference on Endocrinology and Metabolism are being published by Plenum Press for the first time. Earlier Proceedings in the series Vlere published by the University of Missouri at Columbia. The shift to an internationally recognized pub lisher reflects the considerable growth in stature that the Midwest Con ferences have undergone since their inception nine years ago. Originally concerned only with the endocrinology of the thyroid, the Conferences now explore other endocrine areas. Efforts are made to assemble a panel of speakers selected from different sub-disciplines within endocrinology for the purpose of addressing a common problem. The Ninth Conference typifi es til i s approach. The format used in recent Conferences is not unique, but is unfor tunately encountered too rarely. A few prominent scholars are invited to come together to expound their findings and concepts in considerable depth, and to participate in a discussion which, together with the for mal presentation, is published in the Proceedings. The discussion, noted for its unhurried nature, permits wide participation by the audi ence. The subject of the Ninth Conference is one which is basic and im portant not only to endocrinology but also to biology in general. Many, possibly most, life processes change in a rhythmic fashion, with similar states recurring at regular time intervals. This rhythmic property of living systems expresses itself as a recognizable and definable pattern or "time-form" in a manner equivalent to the more customary spatial form."

Fresh insights into the pathogenic mechanisms by which hyperglycemia induces tissue and organ injurt are the basis for rapidly evolving promising therapies in diabetes. Especially promising as targets for intervention are products of oxidative stress, including kinins and growth factors. Improving results of renal replacement regimes now incorporating pancreatic islet transplants are able to delay and prevent end-organ damage in diabetic individuals. The evolving story of the taming of diabetes is of direct concern to nephrologists, endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, primary care physicians and medical students.

This volume is a collection of the most significant contributions to the 4th International Symposium on MULTIPLE RISK FACTORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: STRATEGIES OF PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE, CARDIAC F AlLURE, AND STROKE held in Washington, D. C. in April 1997. The meeting focused on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their interactions. The need for this symposium is based on the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence that individuals from industrialized countries often possess two or more risk factors which synergistically increase the global risk profile. This has become more evident in recent years with the increase in life expectancy of populations in the industrialized countries. The evidence that a combination of risk factors confers a very high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, is of pivotal interest in the process of detection of patients who will benefit the most from pharmacological treatment. Many recent epidemiological data identifying the intrinsic and environmental factors contributing to the development of atherosclerosis are discussed. These results, in parallel with basic and clinical research, underline atherosclerosis as a complex and multifactorial process involving the influences of lipids, including lipoprotein subfractions, blood pressure rheologic forces, carbohydrate tolerance, and thrombogenic factors, including fibrinogen, tissue factor, PAl-I, and homocysteine. Furthennore, the risk associated with anyone of these risk factors varies widely depending on the level of the associated atherogenic risk factors. Hyper cholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, for instance, are more common than would be expected by chance among hypertensive patients.

The tenth meeting of the International Foundation for Biochemical Endocrinology was held in Geilo, Norway near the end of September, 1982. The subject matter of the conference and the monograph was on "Regulation of Target Cell Respon- siveness." The local organizing committee was Asbj rn Aakvaag and Vidar Hansson. The scientific sessions covered a wide range of hormone action and cell response, including: peptide hormones and target cell response, regulation of insulin responsiveness, intracellular modulation of peptide hormone response, gonado- tropins and target cell responses, hypothalamic hormone- effects and regulation, steroid receptors and cellular control, hormones and growth regulation, and hormones and gene regulation. The chairpersons for the sessions were L. Birnbauer - A. Aakvaag, S. Taylor - R. S. Horn, F. Labrie - F. Rommerts, A. R. Means - K. W. McKerns, P. F. Hall - V. Hansson K. Griffiths - K. M. Gautvik, E. J. Peck, Jr. - E. Haug, F. S. French - W. T. Schrader, and E. M. Ritzen - B. Jegou. In addition to the scientific sessions in Geilo we were all delighted to sample some of the cultural and artistic attractions of Oslo, and to travel by train from Oslo via Geilo to Bergen. The scenery and hospitality were magnifi- cant.