Here is a real treat for lovers of English - the very first dictionary in our language. Contrary to popular opinion, this honour goes not to Samuel Johnson, whose definitive tome appeared in 1755, but to Robert Cawdrey, who published his Table Alphabeticall in 1604. Written for the benefit of Ladies, Gentlewomen or any other unskilfull persons, this was not a book for scholars but was aimed squarely at the non-fiction best-seller list of its day. It is a treasure-house of meaning, bristling with arresting and eminently quotable definitions. For example geometrie is the 'art of measuring the earth', and hecticke is 'inflaming the hart, and soundest parts of the bodie', while barbarian is 'a rude person', and a concubine is a 'harlot, or light huswife'. Cawdrey did set out to create an exhaustive catalogue of the language but rather a guide which would unlock the mystery of hard usual English wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French for educated gentlefolk encountering new words which English was then absorbing at a phenomenal rate. Every entry in this list of 2,543 words sheds interesting light on early modern life and the development of the language. This edition, prepared from the sole surviving copy of the first edition, now in the Bodleian Library, also includes an extensive introduction setting the dictionary in its historical, social and literary context, and exploring the unusual and interesting career of its little-known author. Published eight years ahead of the first of the first Italian dictionary and 35 years ahead of the first French dictionary, this work shows Cawdrey as a man ahead of his time and foreshadows the phenomenal growth of English and its eventual triumph as the new global lingua franca.

Scotland is a nation of dramatic weather and breathtaking landscapes - of nature resplendent. And, over the centuries, the people who have lived, explored and thrived in this country have developed a rich language to describe their surroundings: a uniquely Scottish lexicon shaped by the very environment itself. A Scots Dictionary of Nature brings together - for the first time - the deeply expressive vocabulary customarily used to describe land, wood, weather, birds, water and walking in Scotland. Artist Amanda Thomson collates and celebrates these traditional Scots words, which reveal ways of seeing and being in the world that are in danger of disappearing forever. What emerges is a vivid evocation of the nature and people of Scotland, past and present; of lives lived between the mountains and the sky.

In the 1990s federal laws were created to encourage the teaching and speaking of American Indian languages. The "Dictionary of Jicarilla Apache," developed within the auspices of the Jicarilla Apache Nation Cultural Preservation Program with support from the Jicarilla Apache Nation Tribal Council and funding from the National Science Foundation, provides documentation of Jicarilla Apache, an Eastern Apachean language, and is intended to provide the basis for classroom and home teaching of the language. This is the first large-scale dictionary of any of the Eastern Apachean languages.

The editors are scholars specializing in Native American languages who worked with Wilhelmina Phone, Maureen Olson, and Matilda Martinez, native Jicarilla speakers. Together they created this dictionary, which will be a valuable teaching and learning tool for instructing children and young adults in the Jicarilla Apache community who otherwise have no sustained contact with their heritage language. Today there are fewer than three hundred native speakers of Jicarilla Apache, and the majority of them are elderly. The school-age population is in the hundreds and this dictionary has been specifically developed to support language learning in their schools. Other Apachean peoples, as well as linguists and anthropologists, will find the dictionary useful as well.

Included here are over five thousand entries organized both alphabetically and by semantic field. The "Dictionary" also includes a grammatical sketch of the language and a guide to using the dictionary, in addition to the Jicarilla Apache to English dictionary, an English to Jicarilla index, and a lexicon organized according to semantic domainssuch as plants, animals, household items, etc., and for nouns and for verbs and semantic and grammatical groupings such as descriptions, activities, and motion verbs.

Learn to read, write, and speak everyday Japanese with manga stories! If you enjoy manga, you'll love learning Japanese with this book. The language lessons are interspersed with entertaining manga comic strips, making it easy to learn and remember all the key vocabulary and grammar. With a focus on the casual speech used by young people in Japan, you'll find yourself feeling confident with speaking, reading, and writing Japanese quickly! Designed for self-study use by adult learners, this book is a fun resource for beginners--no prior knowledge of Japanese required! Readers will find: Help with learning to write and pronounce the 92 Hiragana and Katakana letters plus 160 basic Kanji characters Hundreds of useful words and phrases--from numbers and greetings to expletives and insults! Seven manga stories woven throughout the book, reinforcing your grasp of the language The basic vocabulary and grammar needed to communicate in Japanese! Hundreds of exercises with free online audio recordings by Japanese native speakers A bidirectional dictionary and answer keys for all the exercises **Recommended for language learners 16 year old & up. Not intended for high school classroom use due to adult content.**

Costa Rica has been largely recognized as a democratic and politically stable country in a region (Central America) characterized by instability, dictatorships, and social inequality. Several social and institutional problems have risen during the last decades, but the country still maintains good social and health indicators. Historical Dictionary of Costa Rica contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 1,000 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Costa Rica.

An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, a two volume set written by Egyptian expert E.A. Wallis Budge, is quite simply one of the most comprehensive and detailed dictionaries of Egyptian hieroglyphs with English to accompany it. The series includes a detailed Introduction by the author with key words and glyphs, a bibliography of works used to help with translation and research, glyphs organized alphabetically by the Egyptian alphabet with accompanying words and English translations, tables of hieroglyphs with phonetic and numeric values and accompanying translations, and an Index of both English and Egyptian words. Volume I includes the introduction, bibliography, a list of characters separated by subject and organized by table, and letters "A" through "KH" or "KHA" of hieroglyphs and translations. SIR ERNEST ALFRED THOMPSON WALLIS BUDGE (1857-1934) was born in Bodmin, Cornwall in the UK and discovered an interest in languages at a very early age. Budge spent all his free time learning and discovering Semitic languages, including Assyrian, Syriac, and Hebrew. Eventually, through a close contact, he was able to acquire a job working with Egyptian and Iraqi artifacts at the British Museum. Budge excavated and deciphered numerous cuneiform and hieroglyphic documents, contributing vastly to the museum's collection. Eventually, he became the Keeper of his department, specializing in Egyptology. Budge wrote many books during his lifetime, most specializing in Egyptian life, religion, and language.

Given the new technological advances and their influence and imprint in the design and development of dictionaries and lexicographic resources, it seems important to put together a series of publications that address this new situation, dealing in particular with multilingual and electronic lexicography in an increasingly digital, multilingual and multicultural society. This is the main objective of this volume, which is structured in two central aspects. In the first of them the concept of multilingual lexicography is discussed in regard to the influence that the Internet and the application of digital technologies have exercised and continue to exercise both in the conception and design of dictionaries and new lexicographic application tools as well as the emergence of new types of users and forms of consultation. The role of the dictionary must necessarily be related to social development and changes. In the second thematic section, different dictionaries and resources that focus on a multilingual and electronic approach to the linguistic data for their lexicographical treatment and consultation are presented.

"To Be Virtuous, Second Edition" is a reference book, textbook and workbook in one. It contains "The Human Virtues Dictionary," a definitive record of 4,900 definitions representing the character fruits of all virtuous thoughts, beliefs and values. Each definition represents a human virtue. This book is well suited to all those capable of learning virtue, beginning with the very young. This book is for those who want to "Be what's best " HARDBOUND with COLOR INTERIOR] To learn more visit myhumanprogress.com.

The home of trusted Spanish dictionaries for everyday language learning. A handy and affordable Spanish to English and English to Spanish reference for every day, including short grammars of Spanish and English. The clear layout allows for fast and easy access when you most need it. Ideal for use on the go, at home, in the office, classroom or on holiday. Over 40,000 words and phrases and 60,000 translations. Designed for all those studying Spanish who need maximum information in a handy travel format. Offers comprehensive and up-to-the-minute coverage of Spanish and English, with additional notes warning the user of those words which are easily confused. Delivers the accuracy and reliability you expect from the Collins name. With natural, idiomatic example phrases, in-depth treatment of the most important core vocabulary and help to find the exact translation you want.

The Oxford English Dictionary occupies a special place in the history of English, cultural as well as linguistic. Lexicography and the OED sets out to explore the pioneering endeavours in both lexicography and lexicology which led to the making of its first edition. Making use of much unpublished archive material, this collection of twelve essays brings a wide variety of perspectives to bear upon the OED, and the particular problems posed by the attempt to break new ground in its formation.

"The Language of Human Character" is a reference book, textbook and workbook in one. It contains "The Human Character Dictionary," a definitive record of the language of human character with more than 27,000 definitions of virtues, vices and other human characteristics that represent the character fruits of all human thoughts, beliefs and values. This book is for those who can use enlightened reason and can safely examine vice to better understand and build virtue. This book is for those who want to "Know what's best " HARDBOUND with COLOR INTERIOR] To learn more visit myhumanprogress.com."

The Dictionary of Homeland Security and Defense confronts the scourge of terrorism with the greatest weapon of all: knowledge. The Dictionary of Homeland Security and Defense adds value to the world's terrorism literature by collecting, organizing, and defining for the first time in one place thousands of high-profile words and terms. These words and terms cover the gamut of concepts, places, individuals, groups, organizations, and programs involved in securing and defending the American homeland from terrorism's explosive intrusion. Author Dr. Margaret R. O'Leary brings over twenty years of experience as an educator, dictionary editor, and physician to the compilation of The Dictionary of Homeland Security and Defense. Terrorism touches everyone's lives. The Dictionary of Homeland Security and Defense brings to life * Spine-tingling concepts, such as breeder documents, demonstration effect, postulated threat, and taqiya. * Notorious terrorists, such as Sayyid Qtub and Ayman Zawahiri. * Infamous terrorist groups, such as Hezbollah, Islamic Egyptian Jihad, and al-Qaeda. Prevention, the US Northern Command, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. * Secure defense locations, such as Cheyenne Mountain. * Innovative counter-terrorism programs, such as TOPOFF 3 and BioWatch programs. The Dictionary of Homeland Security and Defense is the seminal lexical resource for students, homeland security and defense professionals, and all concerned American citizens searching for word tools to defeat the hostile and destructive forces that threaten the security and freedom of Americans in their homeland. Visit our website at: www.semp.us.

Few people who use the word 'Renaissance' today realize that it is a comparatively recent historical idea, or that it is a 'myth' or story constructed by writers to explain the past. In this innovative and wide-ranging study, J. B. Bullen traces the genesis of that myth back to the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The seeds of the idea are to be found in Voltaire, but Dr Bullen shows how it was taken up by French art historians and Gothic revivalists as an important element in the acrimonious political and religious debates within French historiography. The book's main focus, however, is on English intellectual life and the ways in which writers like Pugin, Ruskin, Browning, and George Eliot took up the terms established by Hugo, Rio, and Michelet in France and adapted a reading of fifteenth-century Italy to suit the special conditions of Victorian England. Ultimately, in the work of Swinburne, Arnold, Pater, and Symonds the Renaissance became a key factor in relating ethics and, in its aesthetics and late nineteenth-century phase, the myth figures prominently in an important discussion about the relationship between power, authority, and individualism. The Myth of the Renaissance in Nineteenth-Century Writing is a major contribution to the analysis of a neglected aspect of Victorian intellectual life and will be essential reading for all scholars and students of the nineteenth century.

No matter which specific needs you have in a dictionary, every question associated with dictionaries and dictionary purchasing is addressed in Kister's Best Dictionaries for Adults and Young People. The book features the author's authoritative reviews and expert commentary as he evaluates 300 separate publications.