AWS (The American Welding Society) is the worldwide leader in certification programs for the welding industry. Since the CWI (Certified Welding Inspectors) program inception in 1976, AWS has certified more than 100,000 welding inspectors alone, plus thousands more working professionals across other certification categories. AWS conducts exams in locations around the world, including 550 U.S. sites and 40 countries each year. Many candidates mistakenly assume their field experience is enough to obtain certification, only to end up frustrated when they fail to pass their exam. Certification exams are intentionally comprehensive to ensure the welding industry the high-quality personnel needed to handle these complex roles. The process requires almost everyone to prepare to some extent - even those with years of experience: How much preparation? It depends upon your current skills and knowledge. Are the rewards worth it? The rewards are often worth the time you invest: certification can boost your earnings significantly and expand your career opportunities. While there are a few books that can be purchased from the AWS and outside sources on the CWI exam, there are no publications dedicated to helping CWI candidates pass the exam. This title was written for that express purpose. This work is a comprehensive collection of preparatory exam questions and answers for welders, inspectors, students, or anyone interested in the welding metallurgical field. The work boasts appendices that include tables, formulas, lists of organizations and major corporations employing welders and inspectors.

This book covers all aspects and elements of rolling technology in one volume with even the most technical jargon being communicated in an easy to understand language. The book is exhaustive as topics ranging from rolls, rolls cooling, roll turning, roll reclamation, investigation of roll breakage, roll management and roll bearing all have been dealt in detail as these constitute the most important element of production cost. A separate chapter has been dedicated to operational management of a rolling mill, which includes safety and inventory. Packaging of the finished products and modern operating mill practices and technologies are also discussed in detail. This book will be a useful tool for shop floor personnel and for all senior management operating in the rolling mill industry; it is also a must read for all polytechnic / engineering students of metallurgical / mechanical / process engineering. This book may also be useful as reference book for students/professionals of rolling technology. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

The book covers recent advances and progress in understanding both the fundamental science of lasers interactions in materials science, as well as a special emphasis on emerging applications enabled by the irradiation of materials by pulsed laser systems. The different chapters illustrate how, by careful control of the processing conditions, laser irradiation can result in efficient material synthesis, characterization, and fabrication at various length scales from atomically-thin 2D materials to microstructured periodic surface structures. This book serves as an excellent resource for all who employ lasers in materials science, spanning such different disciplines as photonics, photovoltaics, and sensing, to biomedical applications.

This book explores the application of external physical fields to the solidification processing of metallic alloys. Leading academics from around the world present comprehensive and critical reviews on state-of-the-art research and discuss possible future directions. Major physical fields, including electromagnetic, electric, acoustic, and thermal, are considered. In addition, the most advanced synchrotron X-ray based real-time and in-situ studies and numerical modeling methodologies are reviewed and discussed, with a special emphasis on their applications to the solidification processes. Throughout, all chapters are illustrated with both historical and very recent research cases, including typical examples of in-situ studies, modeling, and simulation. This book contains essential knowledge and information suitable for a wide audience, from undergraduate and postgraduate students to academics, practicing researchers, and engineers in materials, metallurgy, and manufacturing.

Micro Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is a prominent technology for the fabrication of micro components in many fields. Nowadays, it is used like a conventional machine tool due to favorable characteristics. This book provides the fundamental knowledge of the principles of the process and its variants, the different process parameters, the role of machine components and systems, the challenges, and how to eliminate processing errors. It also includes real life applications of micro EDM in different areas with the most relevant examples.

This edited book contains extended research papers from AIMTDR 2014. This includes recent research work in the fields of friction stir welding, sheet forming, joining and forming, modeling and simulation, efficient prediction strategies, micro-manufacturing, sustainable and green manufacturing issues etc. This will prove useful to students, researchers and practitioners in the field of materials forming and manufacturing.

Within manufacturing, welding is by far the most widely used fabrication method used for production, leading to a rise in research and development activities pertaining to the welding and joining of different, similar, and dissimilar combinations of the metals. This book addresses recent advances in various welding processes across the domain, including arc welding and solid-state welding process, as well as experimental processes. The content is structured to update readers about the working principle, predicaments in existing process, innovations to overcome these problems, and direct industrial and practical applications. Key Features: Describes recent developments in welding technology, engineering, and science Discusses advanced computational techniques for procedure development Reviews recent trends of implementing DOE and meta-heuristics optimization techniques for setting accurate parameters Addresses related theoretical, practical, and industrial aspects Includes all the aspects of welding, such as arc welding, solid state welding, and weld overlay

This book provides knowledge on the finishing of substrates with a functionalising coating, emphasizing on technical textiles. The spectrum of topics covers different substrates and coating materials, process engineering and equipment components as well as complex machinery. The reader is presented with an overview of the technical capabilities of substrate coating, enabling the practitioner to design and implement new products. Furthermore the author goes into detail on various air pollution control procedures and economic issues of asset valuation.

This book provides readers with the fundamental, analytical, and quantitative knowledge of machining process planning and optimization based on advanced and practical understanding of machinery, mechanics, accuracy, dynamics, monitoring techniques, and control strategies that they need to understanding machining and machine tools. It is written for first-year graduate students in mechanical engineering, and is also appropriate for use as a reference book by practicing engineers. It covers topics such as single and multiple point cutting processes; grinding processes; machine tool components, accuracy, and metrology; shear stress in cutting, cutting temperature and thermal analysis, and machine tool chatter. The second section of the book is devoted to "Non-Traditional Machining," where readers can find chapters on electrical discharge machining, electrochemical machining, laser and electron beam machining, and biomedical machining. Examples of realistic problems that engineers are likely to face in the field are included, along with solutions and explanations that foster a didactic learning experience.

This book focuses exclusively on ergonomics in the design and use of hand tools. Hand tools have been an integral supplement to the human hand since the beginning of civilization. Recently, they have been pinpointed as a prominent cause of workplace disease. Cumulative Trauma Disorders such as Tendonitus, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, and Raynaud's Syndrome are caused by the specialization of motion employed when using a screw driver, the shock to the hand and wrist when a hammer strikes a nail, or the vibration of a power saw. Ergonomics and Safety in Hand Tool Design explores the relationship between Biomechanics, Safety, and Ergonomics allowing the reader to recognize, evaluate, and control ergonomic risk factors and improve hand tool design. After a history of hand tool use and design, the book is broken down by the various disciplines as they apply to hand tools, taking a broad approach. The author gives special attention to safe design and use, illustrated with detailed diagrams. The text serves as a guide to the human factors in safety and ergonomics for safety professionals.

This book lays out the fundamentals of friction stir welding and processing and builds toward practical perspectives. The authors describe the links between the thermo-mechanical aspects and the microstructural evolution and use of these for the development of the friction stir process as a broader metallurgical tool for microstructural modification and manufacturing. The fundamentals behind the practical aspects of tool design, process parameter selection and weld related defects are discussed. Local microstructural refinement has enabled new concepts of superplastic forming and enhanced low temperature forming. The collection of friction stir based technologies is a versatile set of solid state manufacturing tools.

This edited monograph presents a selection of research contributions on eco-factories of the future. The topical focus lies on cutting-edge solutions from academia and industry that enable and support companies in their efforts towards sustainable manufacturing. The authors provide an overview over recent developments, aiming at a comprehensive understanding of eco- and cost-efficient manufacturing from machine to factory level. The solutions contributed by leading research institutions and companies have been mostly implemented and evaluated in industrial pilot projects across Europe. The methodological approaches cover topics such as factory planning, manufacturing simulation, energy management as well as life cycle evaluation. The target audience comprises industry experts and decision makers as well as researchers in the field of sustainable manufacturing.

Geometry of Single-Point Turning Tools and Drills outlines clear objectives of cutting tool geometry selection and optimization, using multiple examples to provide a thorough explanation. It addresses several urgent problems that many present-day tool manufacturers, tool application specialists, and tool users, are facing. It is both a practical guide, offering useful, practical suggestions for the solution of common problems, and a useful reference on the most important aspects of cutting tool design, application, and troubleshooting practices.

Covering emerging trends in cutting tool design, cutting tool geometry, machining regimes, and optimization of machining operations, Geometry of Single-Point Turning Tools and Drills is an indispensable source of information for tool designers, manufacturing engineers, research workers, and students.

An expert in his field, Jerry Arnold provides invaluable lessons learned from decades of trial and error as a die maker, die designer, and die engineer. Written in an easy-to-read manner and heavily illustrated, Die Makers Handbook is the only book of its kind expressly intended to help avoid the pitfalls associated with stamping designs, die designs, and stamping die function. This compact and practical reference has been edited by a half-dozen die makers with nearly 200 years of combined experience. The Die Makers Handbook is a must-have for your toolbox, desk, or briefcase. Developed from more than 30 years of practical shop-learned information. Chock full of all the stamping design pitfalls you don't need. Includes a full chapter on exotic measuring methods, providing unique aids and hard-to-find-data. Devotes an entire chapter of illustrated step-by-step process for designing progressive dies. Especially designed for apprentices, young journeymen, and students of die design.

Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I provides a selection of key papers presented in The Second ASME/IFToMM International Conference on Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots (ReMAR 2012) held on 9th -11th July 2012 in Tianjin, China. This ongoing series of conferences will be covered in this ongoing collection of books. A total of seventy-eight papers are divided into seven parts to cover the topology, kinematics and design of reconfigurable mechanisms with the reconfiguration theory, analysis and synthesis, and present the current research and development in the field of reconfigurable mechanisms including reconfigurable parallel mechanisms. In this aspect, the recent study and development of reconfigurable robots are further presented with the analysis and design and with their control and development. The bio-inspired mechanisms and subsequent reconfiguration are explored in the challenging fields of rehabilitation and minimally invasive surgery. Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I further extends the study to deployable mechanisms and foldable devices and introduces applications of reconfigurable mechanisms and robots. The rich-content of Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I brings together new developments in reconfigurable mechanisms and robots and presents a new horizon for future development in the field of reconfigurable mechanisms and robots. A total of seventy-eight papers are divided into seven parts to cover the topology, kinematics and design of reconfigurable mechanisms with the reconfiguration theory, analysis and synthesis, and present the current research and development in the field of reconfigurable mechanisms including reconfigurable parallel mechanisms. In this aspect, the recent study and development of reconfigurable robots are further presented with the analysis and design and with their control and development. The bio-inspired mechanisms and subsequent reconfiguration are explored in the challenging fields of rehabilitation and minimally invasive surgery. Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I further extends the study to deployable mechanisms and foldable devices and introduces applications of reconfigurable mechanisms and robots. The rich-content of Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I brings together new developments in reconfigurable mechanisms and robots and presents a new horizon for future development in the field of reconfigurable mechanisms and robots. A total of seventy-eight papers are divided into seven parts to cover the topology, kinematics and design of reconfigurable mechanisms with the reconfiguration theory, analysis and synthesis, and present the current research and development in the field of reconfigurable mechanisms including reconfigurable parallel mechanisms. In this aspect, the recent study and development of reconfigurable robots are further presented with the analysis and design and with their control and development. The bio-inspired mechanisms and subsequent reconfiguration are explored in the challenging fields of rehabilitation and minimally invasive surgery. Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I further extends the study to deployable mechanisms and foldable devices and introduces applications of reconfigurable mechanisms and robots. The rich-content of Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I brings together new developments in reconfigurable mechanisms and robots and presents a new horizon for future development in the field of reconfigurable mechanisms and robots. A total of seventy-eight papers are divided into seven parts to cover the topology, kinematics and design of reconfigurable mechanisms with the reconfiguration theory, analysis and synthesis, and present the current research and development in the field of reconfigurable mechanisms including reconfigurable parallel mechanisms. In this aspect, the recent study and development of reconfigurable robots are further presented with the analysis and design and with their control and development. The bio-inspired mechanisms and subsequent reconfiguration are explored in the challenging fields of rehabilitation and minimally invasive surgery. Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I further extends the study to deployable mechanisms and foldable devices and introduces applications of reconfigurable mechanisms and robots. The rich-content of Advances in Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots I brings together new developments in reconfigurable mechanisms and robots and presents a new horizon for future development in the field of reconfigurable mechanisms and robots.

From car manufacturing to production of niche products, welding is one of the most widespread and successful applications of industrial robotics. This book is an overview of robotic welding at the beginning of this century. The last few years-worth of evolution in robotic welding are described, illustrating their rapid innovations and featuring: Welding Technology;Sensors and Sensing Techniques;Industrial robotic welding systems; andActual industrial application of modern-day robotic welding techniques. Containing worked examples and problems, this book will be of value to students of robotics and manufacturing engineering who wish to understand the latest robot welding technologies while also being a useful reference for active researchers and those working in industry. The book signposts future developments and aims to give readers the information they need to contribute to the next wave of development in the area of manufacturing technology.

Drawing on state-of-the-art research results, Resistance Welding: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition systematically presents fundamental aspects of important processes in resistance welding and discusses their implications on real-world welding applications. This updated edition describes progress made in resistance welding research and practice since the publication of the first edition. New to the Second Edition: Significant addition of the metallurgical aspects of materials involved in resistance welding, such as steels, aluminum and magnesium alloys, zinc, and copper Electric current waveforms commonly used in resistance welding, including single-phase AC, single-phase DC, three-phase DC, and MFDC Magnesium welding in terms of cracking and expulsion The effect of individual welding parameters 2-D and 3-D lobe diagrams New materials for the ultrasonic evaluation of welds, including A-scan, B-scan, and in-line A-scan The book begins with chapters on the metallurgical processes in resistance spot welding, the basics of welding schedule selection, and cracking in the nugget and heat-affected zone of alloys. The next several chapters discuss commonly conducted mechanical tests, the monitoring and control of a welding process, and the destructive and nondestructive evaluation of weld quality. The authors then analyze the mechanisms of expulsion-a process largely responsible for defect formation and other unwanted features-and explore an often overlooked topic in resistance welding-related research: the influence of mechanical aspects of welding machines. The final chapters explain how to numerically simulate a resistance welding process and apply statistical design and analysis approaches to welding research. To obtain a broad understanding of this area, readers previously had to scour large quantities of research on resistance welding and essential related subjects, such as statistical analysis. This book collects the necessary information in one source for students, researchers, and practitioners in the sheet metal industry. It thoroughly reviews state-of-the-art results in resistance welding research and gives you a solid foundation for solving practical problems in a scientific and systematic manner.

This is the first comprehensive book covering the topic of materials science and its relationship to electrodeposition. It demonstrates how the principles of materials science can be used to explain various structures of electrodeposits and how these structures influence properties. Although the title sounds specific to electrodeposition, other coating technologies such as physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plasma spraying and ion implantation are also covered. The reason for this is that growth of coatings and their performance from a materials science viewpoint have a great deal of commonality regardless of the technique used to deposit the film. The fascinating field of electrodeposition allows one to "tailor" the surface properties of a bulk material or, in the case of electroforming, the entire part. Deposits can be produced to meet a variety of demands of the designer. For this reason and for the possibilities that exist in terms of "new materials" for a variety of applications, a thorough understanding of materials science and principles is of the utmost importance. This book is intended to provide some of that understanding. The sequence of chapters in the book takes the reader from the substrate to the outer surface of the coating. It starts with the substrate (Hydrogen Embrittlement), then proceeds to the substrate/coating interface (Adhesion, Diffusion), then the bulk of the coating (Structure, Properties, Additives, Stress, Porosity) and finally to the environmental interface of the coating (Corrosion, Wear).

The NABCEP PV Installation Professional (PVIP) Exam is the gold standard certification exam for PV professionals and is famously difficult to pass. As the industry grows and jobs have become more specialized, the Board has responded to this with NABCEP Specialist Certification Exams. As well as the content of the PVIP, this book also covers the material in the Design, Installer and Commissioning & Maintenance Specialist Certification Exams, and provides test-taking strategy that can be used to most effectively study for and pass these assessments. Code and theory is explained in the first half of this guide, acting as a useful background for the second half, which consists of practice exam questions and answers, complete with detailed explanations. It also contains essential strategy tools, short-term memory tips and recommended reading which will be invaluable for anyone studying for the exams. The material covered in this book is not limited to those taking the test, but will also act as a valuable tool for career progression, helping the reader to work safely with code-compliant PV systems. This second edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the new developments in solar and energy storage systems and new technologies.

The book is aimed at those wishing to gain a basic knowledge of the practical aspects of the four most widely used welding processes: manual metal arc (MMA), metal inert/active gas (MIG/AG), tungsten inert gas (TIG) and oxy-acetylene welding and cutting. In addition to a detailed treatment of these four methods, further sections deal with the various angles at which welding can be carried out, the effect of the different materials, and quality assessment. Important safety information is collected into a preliminary section whilst highlighted safety warnings carry the safety theme through the entire text. Features to aid comprehension include a glossary of welding terms and symbols, self-assessment questions and a guide to current welder qualifications in the light of recent European standardisation.

Welding handicraft is one of the most primordial and traditional technics, mainly by manpower and human experiences. Weld quality and ef?ciency are, therefore, straitly limited by the welder's skill. In the modern manufacturing, automatic and robotic welding is becoming an inevitable trend. However, it is dif?cult for au- matic and robotic welding to reach high quality due to the complexity, uncertainty and disturbance during welding process, especially for arc welding dynamics. The information acquirement and real-time control of arc weld pool dynamical process during automatic or robotic welding always are perplexing problems to both te- nologist in weld ?eld and scientists in automation. This book presents some application researches on intelligentized methodology in arc welding process, such as machine vision, image processing, fuzzy logical, neural networks, rough set, intelligent control and other arti?cial intelligence me- ods for sensing, modeling and intelligent control of arc welding dynamical process. The studies in the book indicate that the designed vision sensing and control s- tems are able to partially emulate a skilled welder's intelligent behaviors: observing, estimating, decision-making and operating, and show a great potential and prom- ing prospect of arti?cial intelligent technologies in the welding manufacturing.

This extraordinary seven-part book covers the processes of creating 13 projects -- from pencils to vases to bicycles -- for all personalities, skill levels and interests. It is specifically designed for students, beginning welders, hobbyists, and do-it-yourselfers. Many of the plans have been built multiple times by students and others. The plans are easy to read and the projects are meant to motivate the reader to want to learn the welding and fabrication processes. All plans include a list of materials, dimensions, special notes as needed., plus any commentaries about special equipment that might be necessary to compete the projects.Kristi Richardson McCoy is a self-taught welding instructor, with over 16 years of teaching and studying the welding process. Each year she has striven to learn something new about the field, weather it is the certification process, finishes and paints, or trying something new like underwater welding. She earned certification in SMAW and GMAW. Having an art background has helped her develop a creative teaching style that holds the interests of students who might otherwise be intimidated by the welding environment. McCoy teaches Computer-Aided Drafting, Electronics, Woodworking, Basic Welding, Advanced Welding,and Welding Sculpture at Spearfish High School in south Dakota. Part 1: Beginning Gas Metal Arc Welding. Part 2: Beginning Shielded Metal Arc Welding Projects. Part 3: Gas Welding Projects. Part 4: Beginning Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Part 5: Bending Wrought Iron Projects. Part 6: Metal & Wood

Friction-Induced Vibration in Lead Screw Drives covers the dynamics of lead screw drives with an emphasis on the role of friction. Friction-induced vibration in lead screws can be the cause of unacceptably high levels of audible noise as well as loss of operation accuracy and shortened life. Although lead screw drives have a long history and their mechanical design and manufacturing aspects are very well understood, the role of friction in their dynamical behavior has not been comprehensively treated. The book draws on the vast body of work on the subject of dynamical systems with friction (such as disk brake systems) and offers said treatment, along with: * Unique coverage of modeling of multi-DOF lead screw systems with friction * Detailed analysis of negative damping, mode coupling, and kinematic constraint instability mechanisms in lead screws drives * A practical parameter identification approach for the velocity dependent coefficient of friction in lead screw drives Friction-Induced Vibration in Lead Screw Drives serves as the definitive text on the friction-induced vibration of lead screws, and includes a practical case study where the developed methods are used to study the excessive noise problem of a lead screw drive system and to put forward design modifications that eliminate the friction-induced vibrations.

Written by an engineer with decades of practical manufacturing experience, this new edition has been thoroughly revised and is a complete modern guide to sheet metal forming processes and die design - still the most commonly used methodology for the mass-production manufacture of aircraft, automobiles, and complex high-precision parts. Included are the "hows" and "whys" of product analysis, as well as the techniques for blanking, punching, bending, deep drawing, stretching, material economy, strip design, movement of metal during stamping, and tooling. Its focus is on simple, applicable engineering methods rather than complex numerical techniques. Part I: Theoretical Fundamentals - The Structure of Materials. Mechanical Behavior of Metals. Part II: Manufacturing Procesess - Searing Process. Blanking and Punching. Bending. Deep Drawing. Various Forming Processes. Part III: Die Design - Basic Die Classifications and Components. Blanking and Punching Dies. Bending Dies. Deep Drawing Dies. Various Forming Dies. Tool and Die Materials. Quick Die Change Systems and Die Design. Appendix 1: Blank Diameter of Drawn Shells. Appendix 2: Metric System Tolerances. Appendix 3: Miscellaneous Information. Appendix 4: Technical Specifications of the Helical and Belleville Springs. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

Overview This collection of priceless tips, tricks, skills, and experiences from a veteran of the trade is presented in a way that captures the readers' attention and engages them in the process of furthering their skills. It includes shop-tested descriptions and illustrations of creative and unique techniques and observations from four decades in the metalworking trades. Perfect for hobbyists and veterans alike, and everyone in between, and for those who work out of either small shops or garages, backyard facilities and basements. It will help any metalworker do better work and do it faster! Users will learn about: The shop environment. Basic generic skills such as drawing and sketching, accuracy, speed, shop math and trigonometry, and angles. Setting up your shop, including floors, light, heating and cooling, workbenches and tables, air supply, raw material storage and handling, safety equipment, filing, sawing, rigging and lifting. Manual and CNC lathes. Manual and CNC mills. Welding. Flame straightening. Sheet metal, patterns, cones, and tanks and baffles. Sanding, grinding, and abrading. Features Covers hundreds of shop-tested techniques. These creative and unique techniques have been shop-tested by the author the old-fashioned way, by repetition and hard work. Features hundreds of 4-color photographs. Metalworking -Doing It Betterincludes over 900 4-color images personally photographed by the author to illustrate the methods he describes in the book. Fully integrates text and photographs. The guide has been designed so that in virtually every case, the tips and the supporting photographs appear together on the same page. Provides wide range of topics. Many of the topics address specific trade skills, working with manual and CNC lathes and mills, as well as welding flame straightening, sheet metal, sanding, grinding, and abrading. Earlier chapters focus on general across-the-board skills, including essential shop math and trigonometry, accuracy, speed, drawing, and sketching. Includes extensive guidance for setting up your workshop. Chapter 4 helps you with shop basics - finding the right floor and lights, heating and cooling, workbenches and tables, air supply, storage and handling of raw materials, and much more. Written from a folksy, personal perspective. The tips and techniques are presented as an ongoing, informal conversation between the author and the reader. Chapter 1 Diving In Welcome to Doing It Better Personal Learning Attitude Shop Environment What's a Journeyman Anyway? Thursday Nights Format Chapter 2 Brain Food Communication Drawing and Sketch Minimizing Screw-Ups Accuracy Speed Shop Math Mass, Volume, and Area Angles and Shop Trigonometry The Metric System Computers and the Metalworker Dumb and Dumber Want to Make a Million Dollars? Chapter 3 Bean Counters Lounge Engineers and Metalworkers Shop Talk Dimensioning Other Tips Chapter 4 Setting Up Your Shop Floors Light Food Areas Heating and Cooling Workbenches and Tables Air Supply Raw Material Storage and Handling Material Identification and Characteristics Safety Equipment Tool Crib Bench Work Filing Saws and Sawing Rigging and Lifting Chapter 5 Manual Lathe Learning to Love the Lathe Getting Started with the Manual Lathe Step Turning Threading in the Manual Lathe Multiple Start Threads Chapter 6 Manual Milling Machine Bridgeport Mills Suggested Improvements Spherical Surface Generation Chapter 7 CNC Mill Working with CNC Equipment