This book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady and unsteady-state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficients and boundary conditions for a heat transfer equation. This first volume considers the mathematical models of heat transfer, classic analytical solution methods for heat conduction problems, numerical methods for steady-state and transient heat conduction problems, and phase change problems. The second volume presents solution techniques for complicated heat transfer problems (radiation, convection, thermoelasticity, thermal process control and inverse problems) as well as some examples of solving particular heat transfer problems.

Foundations of Electroheat unifies an extremely diverse area of electricity utilisation in a coherent and concise reference. From laser welding to plasma furnaces for waste treatment and induction heating for forging to radio frequency drying textiles, the various topics that comprise electroheat are presented as a whole. The unified approach concentrates on three major themes:

• Electromagnetic heating, embracing direct resistance, induction heating of metals and radio frequency and microwave heating of dielectrics
• The ionised state, dealing with laser processing, plasma torches and furnaces, glow discharges for nitriding and arc furnaces for melting scrap
• Heat and mass transfer

Thermal systems are essential features in power, chemical processing, air conditioning, and other industries where heat and power are used. As the cost and complexity of designing thermal systems have increased, the need to understand and improve the design process has also grown. This book describes recent progress in the design of thermal systems. The book begins with a brief history and outline of developments in thermal system design. Chapters then discuss computer design tools for the power and chemical industries, predicting physical properties with computational tools, the use of 'pinch analysis' to improve thermal efficiency, applications of the exergy concept, the emerging concept of thermoeconomics, and the potential for artificial intelligence and expert systems in the design of thermal systems. With chapters written by internationally recognised authorities, the book offers a state-of-the-art review for both researchers and practitioners in mechanical, aerospace, chemical, and power engineering.

 This book reports the state of the art of energy-efficient electrical motor driven system technologies, which can be used now and in the near future to achieve significant and cost-effective energy savings. It includes the recent developments in advanced electrical motor end-use devices (pumps, fans and compressors) by some of the largest manufacturers. Policies and programs to promote the large scale penetration of energy-efficient technologies and the market transformation are featured in the book, describing the experiences carried out in different parts of the world. This extensive coverage includes contributions from relevant institutions in the Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand.

This book, with the CD-ROM included, is the documentation of a unique collaborative effort in evaluating formal methods for usage under industrial constraints: the major techniques for formally supported specification, design, and verification of large programs and complex systems are applied to a non-trivial and non-academic problem which is typical for industrial informal requirements specifications.
The 21 papers included in the book, together with an introduction and competition report, were selected from 33 candidate solutions. This book comes with a CD-ROM containing, besides the printed papers, executable code, full definitions of all parts of the specifications, and detailed descriptions of foundational matters where appropriate.

The definitive guide for steam power plant systems and operation fully updated For more than 80 years, this book has been a trusted source of information on steam power plants, including the design, operation, and maintenance of major systems. Steam Plant Operation, Tenth Edition, emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive energy plan utilizing all economical sources of energy, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable energy sources. The book continues to describe the important role that steam plays in our power production and it identifies the associated risks and potential problems for each source of energy. This practical guide provides common power plant calculations such as plant heat rate, boiler efficiency, pump performance, combustion processes, and the systems necessary to control plant emissions. Numerous illustrations and clear presentation of the material will assist in preparing for an operator's license exam. Throughout, real-world examples demonstrate each topic. Engineering students will find a detailed introduction to steam power plant technology. * Offers concise explanations of concepts, from fundamentals through advanced design and operation * Recommended by several states as a key reference for their steam plant licensing exams

The book presents the select proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Methods (ICCEMME 2021). It covers the broad topic of industrial and production engineering such as sustainable manufacturing systems, rapid prototyping, manufacturing process optimization, machining, and machine tools, casting, welding, forming, machining, machine tools, computer-aided engineering, manufacturing management, automation and metrology. This book will be useful for the researchers and professionals working in the in the field of industrial and production engineering.

Einordnung und Definition der Getriebe.- Grundlagen der Vorgelegegetriebe.- Grundlagen der Planetengetriebe.- Vergleich verschiedener Getriebesysteme.- Zusammenarbeit Kraftmaschine-Getriebe-Arbeitsmaschine.- Getriebe fur Personen-, Sport- und Rennsportwagen sowie leichte Lastkraftwagen.- Getriebe fur Nutzfahrzeuge, schwerere Lastkraftwagen und Omnibusse.- Getriebe fur Baumaschinen und Traktoren.- Verteilergetriebe, Achsgetriebe.- Schnellganggetriebe.- Differentialsperren und Selbtssperrdiffrenetiale.- Schaltungselemente, Synchronisierungen.- OElpumpen in Zahnradgetrieben.- Zahnradschaden.

Combustion is very much an interdisciplinary topic, drawing together elements of chemistry, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It is an ingredient in many undergraduate degree programmes, ranging from a pivotal role in fuel science through to a component part of courses in chemical, process and building services engineering. For many students in those disciplines where combustion in heating plant is an important part of their studies, there are often problems in coming to grips with the basic principles underlying the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. In particular, the concepts of chemical and related thermodynamic changes can prove difficult to assimilate. The scientific literature dealing with combustion tends to be rather polarised, with a wealth of literature aimed at the specialist reader, but at a basic level the fundamentals of this important process are often treated rather tersely in textbooks on thermodynamics. The objective of this book is to provide an introduction to the basic principles of the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in heating plant for buildings and industrial processes. In those chapters where practice in problem solving can make a positive contribution to understanding, some numerical problems have been included. Acknowledging the ever-widening use of computers in technical education, a number of algorithms which can be easily coded up for solving numerical problems have been incorporated in the text. These can prove particularly useful in, for example, the calculation of certain fluid properties, either for use in hand calculation or for incorporation into larger programs.

This text explains the basic fluid mechanics and thermodynamics underlying the design of pumps, fans, compressors and turbines in an uncomplicated way, with many examples and worked exercises. By treating the machines as either centrifugal, centripetal or axial flow devices, it explains the basic principles of each and clarifies their similarities and differences. The book covers problems such as cavitation, refers to computer-based exercises wherever possible and includes information on the current advances in analysis and performance control.

As the title implies, this book provides an introduction to thermodynamics for students on degree and HND courses in engineering. These courses are placing increased emphasis on business, design, management, and manufacture. As a consequence, the direct class-time for thermodynamics is being reduced and students are encouraged to self learn. This book has been written with this in mind. The text is brief and to the point, with a minimum of mathematical content. Each chapter defines a list of aims and concludes with a short summary. The summary provides an overview of the key words, phrases and equations introduced within the chapter. It is recognized that students see thermodynamics as a problem-solving activity and this is reflected by the emphasis on the modelling of situations. As a guide to problem solving, worked examples are included throughout the book. In addition, students are encouraged to work through the problems at the end of each chapter, for which outline solutions are provided. There is a certain timelessness about thermodynamics because the funda mentals do not change. However, there is currently some debate over which sign convention should apply to work entering, or leaving, a thermodynamic system. I have retained the traditional convention of work out of a system being positive. This fits in with the concept of a heat engine as a device that takes in heat and, as a result, produces positive work."

Twentyfour years have gone by since the publication of K. Lohner and H. Muller's comprehen sive work "Gemischbildung und Verbrennung im Ottomotor" in 1967 1.1]' Naturally, the field of mixture formation and combustion in the spark-ignition engine has wit nessed great technological advances and many new findings in the intervening years, so that the time seemed ripe for presenting a summary of recent research and developments. There fore, I gladly took up the suggestion of the editors of this series of books, Professor Dr. H. List and Professor Dr. A. Pischinger, to write a book summarizing the present state of the art. A center of activity of the Institute of Internal-Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering at the Vienna Technical University, which I am heading, is the field of mixture formation -there fore, many new results that have been achieved in this area in collaboration with the respective industry have been included in this volume. The basic principles of combustion are discussed only to that extent which seemect necessary for an understanding of the effects of mixture formation. The focal point of this volume is the mixture formation in spark-ignition engines, covering both the theory and actual design of the mixture formation units and appropriate intake manifolds. Also, the related measurement technology is explained in this work."

The main concern of this book is the application of infinite moment theory to the problem of controllability of one-di- mensional vibrating systems (like strings and beams) and heating processes. Distributed as well as boundary control is considered. In the case of vibrating systems trigonometric moment pro- blems are to be investigated which is done on the basis of an abstract moment theory in Hilbert spaces. Equivalently, alsothe theory of linear operator equations on Hilbert spa- ces ( partly with unbounded operators) is applied to the problem of controllability and time-minimal controllability. In the case of heating processes exponential moment problems are to be dealt with which is done on the basis of an ab- stract moment theory in Banach spaces. Time-minimal control- lability is also treated with the aid of the theory of line- aroperator equations on Banach spaces. Some advanced knowledge in functional analyis and on partial differential equations is preassumed for a fluent reader of the book, but parts of it are also readable with basic ma- thematical knowledge (for instance, the finite-dimensional part of the introduction).

The German R + D program "Solares Testzentrum Almeria" (SOTA) provided the scientific basis for the realization of advanced solar technologies including facility modifications, component tests and new lines of development. One of the working packages, WP 300, addressed the "Scientific Support" by the performance of preparatory studies, exploratory laboratory activities and qualified expertise. Universities, Research Institutes and Company R + D Entities in Germany were enabled to treat the following aspects: * Meteorological, system and cost investigations, * Development of important components as concentrator, receiver, storage, * Utilization of solar energy for process heat and chemical reactions. Besides the continued development of terminal concentrators, the studies concentrated in 1991 on the development of solar chemistry processes. The reports of the activities were finalized recently and collected in the present volume. The final reports were printed as received. The achieved results and the views expressed within the reports were under the responsibility of the authors. As organizers of these solar thermal activities and as editors of the corresponding final reports, we would like to thank BMFT and KFA-BEO for the farsighted funding (grant no. 0328823A) and the research groups for their engagement and consultations. We would also like to thank Ms S. Preusser and Ms U. Rachow, who among many others contributed to the realization of this volume.

Das Bemessungskonzept "Betriebsfestigkeit" verfolgt das Ziel, Maschinen, Fahrzeuge oder andere Konstruktionen gegen zeitlich veranderliche Betriebslasten unter Berucksichtigung ihrer Umgebungsbedingungen fur eine bestimmte Nutzungsdauer zuverlassig bemessen zu koennen. Ingenieure, Wissenschaftler und Studenten finden in diesem Buch die experimentellen Grundlagen sowie erprobte und neuere Rechenverfahren der Betriebsfestigkeit fur eine ingenieurmassige Anwendung. Verfahren nach dem Nennspannungs-Konzept, dem Kerbgrund-Konzept und dem Bruchmechanik-Konzept werden vor ihrem theoretischen Hintergrund nach heutigem Erkenntnisstand behandelt. Der Autor zeigt auf, in welchen Grenzen die betreffenden Verfahren als verlasslich angesehen werden durfen. Zur Dauerfestigkeit bei hohen Schwingungszahlen sowie zu Eigenschaften von Faserverbundwerkstoffen wurden neue Erkenntnisse eingefugt. Fur den Betriebsfestigkeits-Nachweis in der Konstruktionspraxis gibt dieses Buch konkrete Hinweise.

This is the most up-to-date, comprehensive, and practical book on the subject available, explaining the concepts and related practical implementations of all major hot-wire anemometry applications. It introduces the logical framework for a computer-based HWA system and identifies the individual steps in the complete experimental procedure, ranging from probe selection to the presentation of analysed data. This major work will be invaluable as a reference for students, engineers, and researchers engaged in the field.

This booklet is mainly meant for students at universities and colleges to solve problems in the field of power and chemical engineering, where water and steam are serving as working or process medium. Tables and diagrams will support engineers in research work and industrial practice too. All tabulated values given were recalculated; the thermodynamical properties have been calculated according to the 1984 IAPS formulation, the remaining properties result from IAPSs current releases. The increments for temperature and pressure for the saturation tables were decreased. In addition ten properties were added. Three new h,s-diagrams for compressed water will be useful in geographical and in jet cutting applications.

This is a text/reference illustrating thermal and hydraulic design of heat exchangers. The book shows how to apply the fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics for a systematic analysis of the phenomena in heat exchangers, important to energy effective operation in process plants.

Ron Buckley's photographs show the changing locomotive scene taking place from the later 1930s throughout the East Midlands and East Anglia, illustrating pre-grouping locomotive classes still working across Lincoln, Cambridge, Norfolk, Suffolk, Nottingham, Leicester, Northampton, Bedford, Hertford, Buckingham and Essex. During later LNER days, locomotives of the Great Eastern and Great Northern Railways continued working the many secondary routes and branch lines while the main East Coast saw from 1935 the appearance of Nigel Gresley's streamlined class A4 locomotives working the high speed passenger traffic between Edinburgh and London. The LMS influence saw many former London and North Western and Midland Railway locomotives handling both passenger and goods traffic especially the product of the many collieries in Nottinghamshire.

Fundiert und methodisch sauber fuhrt dieses Buch in die mathematischen und geometrischen Grundlagen der ebenen Kinematik sowie der Raum- und der Roboterkinematik ein. Anhand von zahlreichen Beispielen und einer Vielzahl von Illustrationen werden die hier verwendeten Verfahren erlautert. Die sehr allgemeine Darstellung versetzt den Leser in die Lage, neuartige Problemstellungen mit diesen Methoden zu bewaltigen. Insbesondere wird die UEbertragung auf den Computer erleichtert. Auch die klassischen Ergebnisse der ebenen und der Raumkinematik wurden so modern aufbereitet, dass ein nahtloser UEbergang zu neuesten Forschungsergebnissen der Roboterkinematik geschaffen wird. Die Autoren sind namhafte Hochschullehrer aus Technik und angewandter Mathematik.

This book is a result of teaching courses in the areas of Computer Methods in Power Systems, Digital Simulation of Power Systems, Power System Dynamics and Advanced Protective Relaying to undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering. The present edition includes a sub-section on solution procedure to include transmission losses using dynamic programming in the chapter on Economic Load Scheduling of Power System. In this edition an additional chapter on Load Forecasting has also been included. The present book deals with almost all the aspects of modern power system analysis such as network equations and its formulations, graph theory, symmetries inherent in power system components and its formulations, symmetries inherent in power system components and development of transformation matrices based solely upon symmetries, feasibility analysis and modelling of multi-phase systems, power system modelling including detailed analysis of synchronous machines, induction machines and composite loads, sparsity techniques, economic operation of power systems including derivation of transmission loss equation from the fundamental, solution of algebraic and differential equations and power system studies such as load flow, fault analysis and transient stability studies of a large scale power system including modern and related topics such as advanced protective relaying, digital protection and load forecasting. The book contains solved examples in these areas and also flow diagrams which will help on one hand to understand the theory and on the other hand, it will help the simulation of large scale power systems on the digital computer. The book will be easy to read and understand and will be useful to both undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering as well as to the engineers working in electricity boards and utilities etc.

This book has grown from Intermediate Technology's field experiences with micro-hydro installations and covers operation and maintenance, commissioning, electrical power, induction generators, electronic controllers, management, and energy surveys.

An eminent early preservationist, John Crawley was able to amass an enviable photographic archive of steam traction engines and road rollers in their working days, of which this Aveling & Porter selection formed just a part. Organiser of over eighty steam rallies, John saved up to thirty steam traction engines for preservation from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s, at a time when they were considered not much more than worthless scrap. Indeed, he became the first owner of no fewer than twenty-two of them. Utilising this incredible and unique collection of images, most of which are previously unpublished, Colin Tyson tells the story of this important manufacturer and iconic British brand.

This book deals with two key aspects of the history of steam engines, a cornerstone of the Industrial Revolution, specifically the road that led to its discovery and the process of diffusion of the early steam engines. The first part of the volume outlines the technological and scientific developments which took place between the 16th and 18th centuries, proving critical for the invention of this strategic technology. The most important question addressed is why did England come up with this innovation first as opposed to other countries (e.g., France, Italy), which were more advanced in terms of knowledge pertinent to it. The second part of the volume traces the process of diffusion of the early steam engines, the Newcomen model, through to 1773, the year prior to the first commercial application of the second generation of steam engines (the Watt model). The process of diffusion is quantified on the basis of a novel method before proceeding with a discussion of the main determinants of this process. Kitsikopoulos pulls together a large amount of relevant evidence found in primary sources and more technically oriented literature which is often ignored by economic historians. This book will be of interest to economic historians and historians of technology.