According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2.5 billion people eat street food every day. Ready to eat food which is easily available to next door be popularly known as street foods. Indian street foods ranges from the traditional chaat, idlis, dosas, vada-pau, Moghlai kababs, biryanis, kachoris, Samosas, Chole -Bhature, Parathas jalebis, balushahis, and gulab jamuns to Chinese and Italian foods. These foods are usually sold by street vendors all over the country. The hawker's zones are sometimes looked upon with disdain. The reason behind it is multi factorial, which includes lack of garbage disposal facilities, inadequate water supplies leading to foul smell and increased breeding of mosquitoes. The Vendors at their small stall usually exhibit poor hygiene and sanitation. Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 is meant to regulate the safety aspects of street foods. All the authorities who include the municipal corporations and the police are involved at all the stages of implementations of law, thereby ensuring synergic co-operation and success of the statute. Enactment of law is not sufficient unless the concerned are not well educated and aware.

Feeding practices followed by farmers in different feed bases and seasons were based on rice straw, small quantities of green grasses from various sources with small supplementation of concentrates. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration was higher under good base (38.86 mg/dl) than poor feed base condition (28.55 mg/dl). MUN of the local and crossbred cow was found 31.97 and 35.44 mg/dl, respectively. Milk protein was positively correlated with milk yield. MUN increased linearly from 16.79 to 22.46 mg/dl as dietary rumen degradable protein was increased from the lowest (-25%RDP) to the highest (+25%RDP) levels. Urea concentration was 16.97 % higher in +25%RDP and 12.55 % lower in -25%RDP compared to control diet (19.20 mg/dl). The dietary CP and rumen degradable protein had positive impact on milk yield, milk composition and milk urea nitrogen. It was found that feeding dietary rumen degradable protein up to a level of 789 g/d had a significantly positive impact on MUN level, but diets having required level of rumen degradable protein for feeding dairy cows in local condition need to be confirmed through further research.

There are many reasons people choose to chew gum, but it has not been extensively examined whether this has an effect on their subsequent food choices. This thesis is about two studies, one where participants chewed different flavors of gum or no gum and then played a food reinforcement game to win four food choices, and a second study where participants chewed gum before every eating occasion and kept a strict food journal.

This study was undertaken to assess the effects of burning on the physico-chemical properties of soil and maize growth in the dry sub-humid savanna zone of Nigeria. Surface composite soil samples (0-15cm) were collected from both upland and lowland areas of Bauchi, Gombe and Kano states from un-burnt, lightly-burnt and intensely-burnt sites in farmers' farms at land preparation of the 2007/2008 cropping season and analysed in the laboratory, while part of the bulk soil samples were saved for a pot experiment in the screen-house to determine the effect on maize growth. Data collected were analysed using the SAS statistical software to test for significant differences at 5% level of significance. Findings from this research reveal that burning causes reduction in the fertility status of the soil and prolongs the period for maize growth within the dry sub-humid savanna region of Nigeria.

Cleaning wastes of organic lentils considered as non-food-grade lentils has been evaluated as an alternative protein source replacing Soybean meal at 0,5,10 and 15% inclusion level in a Wheat-SBM-based diet. All diets have been prepared maintaining iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous status. Birds with equal sex ratio were grown in flour pens offering ad libitum feed and water and grown over a period of 35 days in an environmentally controlled house. Growth performances have been measured at day 15 and 35. 80 birds with same number of male and female has been randomly selected and slaughtered at day 38 for the assessment of carcass quality parameters. The main objective of this study has been focused on whether lentils can be used as a substitute protein source of Soybean meal. Considering economic value and feasibility of non-food grade lentils, it can be suggested that lentils might be exchanged up to 15% inclusion level (with an adequate supplementation of Methionine and Lysine) regardless minor negative effect on growth performances and some indistinct significant effects on meat quality parameters. But to establish such findings as a whole further experiments are recommended.

This book gives you clear idea on organic farming & practices and how to manage crops naturally particularly in the green perspective. Organic Farming may be the way to sustainable development through the recognition of indigenous knowledge by using nature friendly inputs.The farming practices give you idea on how to start organic farming. This approach also involve family labor in all stages of the farming activities. Organic Farming is not only concern about the avoidance of chemicals also include array of options including holistic management including production, soil fertility management with emphasis on pest management through bio-intensive practices. The book explore common and innovative practices for farming and management including land selection, risk management followed by the organic growers. This books also gives you idea how people use bio pesticides for insect and disease pest management by using nature friendly locally available resources. This book provides clear picture on organic Farming and greening the field.

Stem and pod rot of groundnut caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an economically important disease of groundnut. Looking to the high disease incidence in Kharif season and economic damage due to stem and pod rot some basic and applied research studies were carried out. Symptoms expressed yellowing and wilting of branches. Under high humidity and moist soil surface this fungus produced white mycelium around affected plants at or near the soil surface. Abandant sclerotia were produced on the mycelial mat on the affected plant parts adjacent to soil surface. The affected branches or whole plant died. Peg and pods were also affected and seeds of severely affected pods were discolored. An experiment on integrated management of stem and pod rot of groundnut was conducted under field condition. Highest pod yield and minimum disease incidence was recorded in preemergence spraying of fluchloraline + seed treatment with vitavax power + furrow application of T. harzianum mixed in FYM at sowing time + three sprayings of hexaconazole at 35, 55 and 75 days after sowing.

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2008 at Livestock Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur to study the efficacy of imazethapyr against weeds in groundnut. The experimental field was infested with grassy weeds Echinochloa colona (33.72%), Dinebra retroflaxa (24.18 %), and sedge Cyperus iria (42.09 %) at 40 DAS. The efficacy of imazethapyr as post emergence when applied between 50 to 150 g/ha was poor, which improved slightly with the increase in application rates between 200 to 300 g/ha. However, combined application of imazethapyr at lower rate 100 g/ha + chlorimuron 24 g/ha paralysed the weed growth identically (84.82 %) to that of hand weeding twice (87.84 %). The Latter treatment also attainded the superior values of yield attributes (pods/plant 13.5, kernels/pod 2.5), higher pod (12.69 q/ha) and haulm (14.10 q/ha) yields and found more remunerative as it fetched the maximum values of net monetary returns (Rs 13880 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.8) as compared to recommended practices of weed control viz., hand weeding twice which recorded the lower values of NMR (Rs 9769 /ha) and B: C ratio (1.4) due more cost of weed control.

In this research, a combination of literature study, surveys, as well as annual research review participation were implemented. The results of the study showed that different factors are constraining the system in the area. Low capacity of farmers, lack of motivation of stakeholders, lack of motivation and knowledge of development agents, poor linkage among actors, negligence of farmers' indigenous knowledge, and low interest/resistance of farmers to newly emerging technologies were among the main bottlenecks in their respective orders. Based on the finding of this study, it is concluded that practicing participatory research approach, capacity building, training, and mobilization of farmers towards agricultural information & knowledge transfer system, equipping development agent workers with knowledge, motivating them and monitoring their performance, giving air time in the government Medias to broadcast agricultural information, considering and incorporating farmers indigenous knowledge from the beginning of technology development needs to get due attention so as to improve the information system as well as smallholders livelihood.

Due to the inefficient, poor performance and lack of manpower of public sector, public-private-partnership of veterinary services is finding acceptance in most developing countries. In this backdrop, Government of West Bengal introduced educated unemployed as Pranibandhu for Artificial Insemination and other animal husbandry activities round the clock against nominal fees. To appraise the performance and job satisfaction of Pranibandhus, the study was undertaken in the purposively selected district of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal. More than 60 percent of Pranibandhus were medium performer where as 61 percent were satisfied with their job. Animal breeding and animal health care were the preferred area of performance. Education, experience, cattle population in the area and commutation in the organisation were the significant contributor to the performance. Whereas, availability of resources, number of dependent, behavior of the superior and knowledge about reward & punishment were the main contributors to the job satisfaction. Pranibandhus perceived that responsibility & advancement of pay for the job and attitude of work itself were main factors affecting their job satisfaction.

As a component of biology, Plant Pathology enjoyed a prestigious position and its applied aspects; plant disease management was an integral part of agroecosystem management. In the era of globalization, our country is progressing very fast in agricultural sector by developing innovative techniques and augumenting increased production and productivity. In recent years the disease problems in many crop plants attracted the attentions of the scientists to device newer techniques in an integrated approach. The practical manual on "Management of Post Harvest Diseases" is prepared by integrating all the available approaches viz. cultural, chemical, biological and biotechnological means in managing plant diseases. This book will be useful not only to the students and researchers in the field of plant pathology, but also to the extension functionaries who concerned with disease management.

A clear understanding on the major causes and effects of food insecurity would have practical implications in helping policy makers and planners in the process of formulating new policies and strategies that help to ensure food security and poverty alleviation throughout the country. This study is expected to contribute towards breaching the existing local level gap on the understanding of major problems of food security feature to rural households in Sekota district of Amahara Region. Since food security is one of the main elements of the mission and strategic purpose for the national five-year Growth and transformation plans, the findings are expected to provide useful information for related policy formulation and further practical implementation.

Among the characters studied, harvest index, number of kernels per spike, biomass yield, and 1000-kernel weight were more heritable, high in variability and genetic advance compared to grain yield with somehow good association with grain yield, with the first two of these traits has positive association with each other while the last two traits were also positively correlated with each other. However, the associations among the two groups were negative. Hence, it is important to compromise selection among these traits to take care of the negative correlations among them and to bring about sufficient improvement in grain yield. Generally, selection for good biomass yield with increased harvest index, and restricted selection for number of kernels per spike and 1000-kernel weight could be useful as indirect selection criteria for improving grain yield.

Ageratum conyzoides L. is an allelopathic weed. The present study was conducted to investigate the antifungal activity and allelopathic affects of A. conyzoides against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. which is a devastating pathogen on various plants. Different types of extracts i.e. aqueous, methanol and n-hexane of all vegetative plant parts e.g. inflorescence, leaf, stem and roots of A. conyzoides were tested for their antifungal activity in various concentrations. Leaf extracts proved to be most inhibitory and among all concentrations highest concentration markedly reduced the biomass production as compared to the lower concentrations. It is evident from present findings that A. conyzoides has the potential to control the growth of F. solani. Further studies were done to check the genetic variability among same pathogen isolated from different sources. Molecular characterization of F. solani revealed that isolate V3 (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) and V5 (Solanum melongena L.) have the highest percentage similarity.

Citrus seedlings are generally slower in growth when compared with other major fruits. It is clear that the more the seedlings stay in the nursery the more difficult it would be to fulfill required nursery activities such as protecting the seedlings from environmental hazards and diseases. In addition rapid growth rate will reduce the cost of nursery operations and enable fast virus indexing. Triacontanol, a common constituent of plant waxes, was shown to be an active growth substance, which at nanomolar concentrations increased the growth and yield of crops. However, these synthetic growth regulators are expensive and not available in developing countries. Growth stimulating effect of alfalfa has been documented by mulching or watering plant with an extract prepared by socking in water. Two experiments were conducted in two sites. The result of the study have revealed that seedling length, number of leaves, seedling diameter, dry weight and leaf area of Troyer Citrange can be increased by manipulating socking time and application intervals of alfalfa water extract and amount of alfalfa mulch.

Chlorophytum borivilianum is the scientific name of Safed musli which was derived from the Greek word Chloros- green and Phyto-Plant. Safed musli belongs to Liliaceae family in Chlorophytum genusMainly its tuberous roots are used in Ayurvedic medicines. Roots are used for the preparation of a nutritive tonic used in the general sexual weakness. Safed Musli offering cure for many ailments and health related problems. The origin of Safed musli, a wild herb, can be traced back to the Aravallis, the oldest mountain ranges of the continent, from where it spread to the nearby areas. It is a rich source of alkaloids, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phenol, resins and polysaccharides. The steroid and saponin contained in safed musli is stigmasterol which acts to improve the hormones like corticosteroids and testosterone in the body. It is considered as a wonder drug in the Indian system of medicine due to its aphrodisiac and natural sex tonic properties. Which are responsible for it referred to as Herbal Viagra, because of its high therapeutic importance. Safed Musli tubers are major constituents of more than 100 ayurvedic preparation.

Wild fruits are being considered because their constituents have unique nutritional and functional properties, Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) is a popular African wild fruit distributed in many African countries where the leaves, stem bark, root and fruits are used in food and traditional medicine; the fruit is rich in ascorbic acid and the fruit juice contains sesquiterpene hydrocarbon. It contains a hard brown seed. The seed encloses a soft white kernel rich in oil and protein. The oil contains oleic, palmitic, myristic, and stearic acids; the kernel protein contains amino acids with a predominance of glutamic acid and arginine. In Sudan many products are developed using fruits and seeds of Sclerocarya

Root-knot nematodes are considered one of the most destructive and difficult crop pests to be controlled. It cause economic losses for tomatoes and different vegetable crops in Egypt. There are several methods to manage the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp), the most important methods are by using synthetic nematicides, microorganisms, biopesticides, botanical pesticides and soil amendments which have been used as an attempt to protect the tomato plants. Biopesticides, botanical pesticide and microorganisms are being a new tools which proved to be an important and alternative in the course of IPM programs against the plant parasitic nematodes. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the performance of agrochemicals agents, as well as to through a light on the natural products and microorganism as alternatives and safety methods to manage the root-knot nematodes diseas

Cardiovascular disease is today the largest single contributor to global mortality. A major challenge in human health over the next 50 years is to reduce the impact of chronic diseases. The health benefits of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and legumes have been well recognized. Poor compliance to dietary recommendations, unhealthy lifestyle and mismanagement of cardiovascular emergencies reflect the dearth of awareness among the community. This book provides data on the nutritional, cardiovascular and biochemical profile of adults living with cardiovascular disease in the 'Temple Town' of Tamil Nadu, Madurai with lucid and interesting illustrations. An attempt has been made to associate these factors along with their critical energy balance with cardiovascular disease. Specific focus has also been on the occurrence of various metabolic syndrome components and cardiovascular disease. This book can adorn the bookshelf of academicians, researchers, nutritionists and scholars interested in clinical nutrition.

Three species of mud crabs Scylla olivacea, S. paramamosain and S. serrata of the genus Scylla were recorded in the Pak Phanang mangrove swamps, Thailand. The details reproductive traits, size at sexual maturity and age class were investigated to manage the fishery. For male, gonad development was classified into three stages: 1) Immature (Spermatogonia), 2) Maturing (Spermatocytes) and 3) Mature (Spermatids & Spermatozoa). In female, five distinct ovarian development stages were showed such as proliferation (immature), previtellogenesis (developing), primary vitellogenesis (early maturation), secondary vitellogenesis (late-maturing) and Maturation. The mean maturity size in five methods employed revealed that >80% crabs were immature in the catch which indicates alarming threat to the fishery. For the first time, the age structure of wild mud crab was explored using auto fluorescent age pigment, "lipofuscin" which suggested that species live in the mangrove ecosystem at best of 2+ year class. It is unfolded that the regulation of mud crab fishery should be species-specific as different species mature at different size and their availability also differed in different season.

Genome of PRSV pathotypes P (10317 nt) and W (10335 nt) from India were completely sequenced. Their genome architecture was similar to other 15 isloates from the rest of the world. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that pathotypes P and W shared high degree of sequence identity both at nucleotide (89%) and aminoacid (94%) levels. Sequence comparison of individual cistrons (except P1) also revealed similar trend. The P1 region was most divergent (upto 33%) and this could be attributed to geographical and host adaptation of PRSV. Cistron by cistron sequence comparison of PRSV pathotypes P and W from India with available 15 sequences and phylogenetic analysis based on full genome polyprotein revealed two distinct groupings of Asian and American isolates, although PRSV India clustered along with the American isolates. Putative recombination sites (24) were available through out the genomes, except in small 6K2 region. Maximum numbers of recombination sites were seen in 5 UTR and P1 region and has been speculated to be the most vulnerable region in shaping PRSV genome."

The Maasai of Kenya derive their livelihood from livestock. Faced with livestock diseases, over population and reduced pastureland, food security is an emerging issue. Through agro-pastoralism, food security could be improved by growing Irish potatoes. Despite their proximity to farmers and efforts made by extension providers, production was low. Factors influencing this are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the factors on potato production. The design used was descriptive survey. Maasai households growing the crop formed the target and accessible populations respectively.Sampling was used to identify the strata and 120 households. Data collection was by an interview schedule. = 0.05 through a SPSS was used for data analysis. Findings showed production potential was high. Culture, low prices, credit and inputs had a significant influence on the crop production. Extenion, market access, herd size, manure use, farmers' age, income and education had no significant influence on production. With infrastructure improved, inputs and and credit supplied, agro-pastoralism is the means the Maasai can employ to be food secure and sell excess for income."

The research work is useful tto the students and researchers who are working in the field of Rice breeding including conventional and mutational breeding. Also helpful to tthe young scientist working on rice.In the present research work nine lines of rice having fine and coarse grainns were crossed in diallel design. All the parents and F1s and F2s were screened in the field during kharif 2003-04In some of the derivatives were screened who are possessing high yield along with resistance against blast under mid hills of North western conditions.

Encouragement of Participatory Forest Management practice for sustainable forestry requires understanding of the role of local communities in the management of forest concessions and forest development programs. Participatory Forest Management approach bears sense of ownership, rights of stakeholders involved and all stakeholders define their roles, responsibilities, obligations and understand their benefit in light of their input. Such initiative if adopted could reverse the centralized forest management system experienced under the National Forest Corporation of the Sudan. Concurrently, in South Sudan during the Comprehensive Peace Agreement(2005-2011), some of forest concession contracts were issued with inadequate consultation and also with little involvement of local communities adjacent to contracted forest reserves. This book emphasized useful approaches and relevant methods for forest managers, community forest management practitioners and interested regional and international researchers aiming at encouraging the participation of local communities in forest development programs. This work was part of development of South Sudan forest concession management policy guidelines

Animal models were used to estimate genetic parameters and trends for growth and reproduction of Kenya Boran cattle. Sex, age of animal, parity and year-season effects affected birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 12month weight (12W), 18month weight (18W) and 24month weight (24W). Herd-year-season of birth and calving, and age at birth and calving affected age at first calving (AFC), pooled calving interval (CI) and calving intervals (CI1), (CI2) and (CI3). Direct heritability (h2) from univariate analyses of growth were low to moderate. Maternal heritability for WW, 12W and 24W were low. Direct-maternal genetic correlations were negative. The h2 for reproductive traits were low. The h2 from multivariate analyses for growth were moderate. The genetic correlations (rg) between growth traits were positive. The rg between reproductive traits were negative. The h2 from random regression analysis ranged from 0.11 to 0.33. The rg were positive tending to unity but declined with increase in lag between age points similar to permanent environmental correlation. The rp was negative between extreme points and positive between intermediate and later points with spikes along the diagonal