Begins a series publishing courses and educational seminars organized by the Commission of European Communities' Joint Research Centre at Ispra, Italy. Perhaps as the series matures, responsible parties will see the wisdom of not trusting authors to present readable typescripts, of mentioning where

This volume features contributions from participants of an ESRF Workshop on "Systems Biology" held in Berkeley, USA, in November 2005. Significant progress has been made in developing technologies that enable systems interrogations at a molecular level. Overwhelming data sets are generated ever faster, providing enormous detail. In order to be useful, however, all these data must be appropriately integrated, analyzed in the context of all other information available and eventually modelled, enabling predictions for therapeutic interventions. Recent successes and challenges of applying systems level measurements to the different steps of drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry are summarized.

Pulse Dipolar Electron Spin Resonance: Distance Measurements by Peter P. Borbat, Jack H. Freed.Interpretation of Dipolar EPR Data in Terms of Protein Structure, by Gunnar Jeschke.Site-Directed Nitroxide Spin Labeling of Biopolymers, by Sandip A. Shelke and Snorri Th. Sigurdsson. Metal-Based Spin Labeling for Distance Determination, by Daniella Goldfarb. Structural Information from Spin-Labelled Membrane-Bound Proteins, by Johann P. KLare, Heinz-Jurgen Steinhoff. Structural Information from Oligonucleotides, by Richard Ward and Olav Schiemann. Orientation selective DEER using rigid spin labels, cofactors, metals, and clusters, by Claudia E. Tait, Alice M. Bowen, Christiane R. Timmel, Jeffrey Harmer

Papers presented at the Schliersee Meeting on Nucleo-mitochondrial Interactions, held July 19-23, 1983.

I was pleased and at the same time filled with some misgivings when Professors Alberto Giotti end Ryan Huxtable asked me to introduce this book. The book is the outcome of the Symposium held in Firenze-San Miniato (PI), October 6-9, 1986. The symposium was entitled "Sulfur Amino Acids, Peptides and Related Compounds" and was the 7th international symposium on taurine ssnd assooiated substances. It is always difficult to introduce, with the right brevity end emphasis, a topic which has been studied in depth by numerous experte. Nevertheless, I shall do my best to give a historical perspeotive of the subjects of the meeting which I consider to be very important for the frontiers of researoh on taurine. ~he following topios have also beoome coherent areas of study during the development of researoh on taurine: metabolism, nutrition, neurochemistry, cardiovasoular regulation. Although taurine was isolated in 1821 by ~iedman and Gmel1n, its only biochemioal role known at the time was the synthesis of bile saIte in mammalian tissue. There has been an inoreasing interest in the biologioal action of taurine from metabolio aspects to other biologioal aspects (nutrition, development, eto.). In 1975 it was first demonstrated that taurine deprivation produoed retinal degeneration in cats; more reoent studies showed that a taurine-free diet or the administration of taurine transport inhibitors caused retinal degeneration in other mammlas. More reoent studies have pointed out the role of taurine in development, and the first part of this book is dedicated to these topios.

A "health disparity" refers to a higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one group relative to another. These disparities may be due to many factors including age, income, race, etc. This book will focus on their estimation, ranging from classical approaches including the quantification of a disparity, to more formal modelling, to modern approaches involving more flexible computational approaches. Features: * Presents an overview of methods and applications of health disparity estimation * First book to synthesize research in this field in a unified statistical framework * Covers classical approaches, and builds to more modern computational techniques * Includes many worked examples and case studies using real data * Discusses available software for estimation The book is designed primarily for researchers and graduate students in biostatistics, data science, and computer science. It will also be useful to many quantitative modelers in genetics, biology, sociology, and epidemiology.

This book uses the terminology and best practices recommended by the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH). The sixth edition has been fully updated in light of recent developments, incorporating new and improved methods as well as global data. This accessible and engaging text offers an array of features to support teaching and learning, including: boxed case studies extensive figures and photographs chapter summaries and student exercises a glossary of terms further resources via a companion website.

This book presents a comprehensive typology and a comprehensible description of spatiotemporal models used in population dynamics. The main types included are: reaction-diffusion systems, patch models, matapopulation approaches, host parasitoid models, cellular automata (interacting particle systems), tessellations and distance models. The models are introduced through examples and with informative verbal explanations to help understanding. Some of the cellular automation examples are models not yet published elsewhere. Possible extensions of certain model types are suggested.

This book introduces advanced semantic web technologies, illustrating their utility and highlighting their implementation in biological, medical, and clinical scenarios. It covers topics ranging from database, ontology, and visualization to semantic web services and workflows. The volume also details the factors impacting on the establishment of the semantic web in life science and the legal challenges that will impact on its proliferation.

This three-volume set of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medications is an authoritative, comprehensive reference work on the formulation and manufacture of parenteral dosage forms, effectively balancing theoretical considerations with the practical aspects of their development. As such, it is recommended for scientists and engineers in the pharmaceutical industry and academia, and will also serve as an excellent reference and training tool for regulatory scientists and quality assurance professionals.

First published in 1984 (as two volumes) and then last revised in 1993 (when it grew to three volumes), this latest revision will address the plethora of changes in the science and considerable advances in the technology associated with these products and routes of administration. The third edition of this book maintains the features that made the last edition so popular but comprises several brand new chapters, revisions to all other chapters, as well as high quality illustrations.

Volume one presents:

A historical perspective of injectable drug therapy, common routes of administration, and biopharmaceutics of NCEs and NBEs.

An in-depth discussion on the preformulation and formulation of small and large molecules, including ophthalmic dosage forms.

A presentation of parenteral primary packaging options - glass and plastic containers, as well as elastomeric closures.

A definitive chapter on container-closure integrity.

New chapters on solubility and solubilization, formulation of depot delivery systems and biophysical/biochemical characterization of proteins.

Volume two presents:

Chapters on aseptic facility design, environmental monitoring, and cleanroom operations.

A comprehensive chapter on pharmaceutical water systems.

A discussion of quality attributes of sterile dosage forms, including particulate matter, endotoxin, and sterility testing.

A detailed chapter on processing of parenteral drug products (SVPs and LVPs).

Presentations on widely used sterilization technologies steam, gas / chemical, radiation, filtration and dry heat.

An in-depth chapter on lyophilization.

Volume three presents:

An in-depth discussion of regulatory requirements, quality assurance, risk assessment and mitigation, and extractables/leachables.

Specific chapters on parenteral administrations devices, injection site pain assessment, and parenteral product specifications and stability testing.

Forward-thinking discussions on the future of parenteral product manufacturing, and siRNA delivery systems.

New chapters covering recent developments in the areas of visual inspection, quality by design (QbD), process analytical technology (PAT) and rapid microbiological methods (RMM ), and validation of drug product manufacturing process.

Combination products are therapeutic and diagnostic products that combine drugs, devices, and/ or biological products. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), “a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and a device; a biological product and a device; a drug and a biological product; or a drug, device and a biological product.” Examples include prefilled syringes, pen injectors, autoinjectors, inhalers, transdermal patches, drug-eluting stents, and kits containing drug administration devices co-packaged with drugs and/or biological products. This handbook provides the most up-to-date information on the development of combination products, from the technology involved to successful delivery to market. The authors present important and up-to-the-minute pre- and post-market reviews of combination product regulations, guidance, considerations and best practices. This handbook: • Brings clarity of understanding for combination products guidance and regulations • Reviews the current state-of-the-art considerations and best practices spanning the combination product lifecycle, pre-market through post-market • Reviews medical product classification and assignment issues faced by global regulatory authorities and industry The editor is a recognized international Combination Products and Medical Device expert with over 35 years of industry experience and has an outstanding team of contributors. Endorsed by AAMI – Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.

This book demonstrates the usefulness of tools from statistical mechanics for biology. It includes the new tendencies in topics like membranes, vesicles, microtubules, molecular motors, DNA, protein folding, phase transitions in biological systems, evolution, population dynamics, neural systems and biological oscillators, with special emphasis on the importance of statistical mechanics in their development. The book addresses researchers and graduate students.

By the year 2050, the world's population is expected to reach nine billion. To feed and sustain this projected population, world food production must increase by at least 50 percent on much of the same land that we farm today. To meet this staggering challenge, scientists must develop the technology required to achieve an "evergreen" revolution -- one that increases crop productivity without degrading natural resources. With 30 percent new material, the updated and revised third edition of Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops covers all aspects of crop growth and mineral nutrition that contribute to sustainable, high-yield agriculture. Bringing together international scientific knowledge of crop production and the impacts of agriculture on the environment, this book: * Includes two new chapters on remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soils and cover crops * Covers theoretical and practical aspects of mineral nutrition of field crops * Provides recommendations for judicious use of fertilizers, which will reduce cost of crop production and enhance high crop yields without risking environmental pollution * Provides growth patterns for annual crops and forages * Includes a handful of color pictures of nutrient deficiencies for easy diagnostic purposes To make the book as practical as possible, each chapter is supported by experimental results and extensive references. A large number of figures and tables are also included to save readers time when researching. The overall emphasis of this reference is on the soil's ability to sustain high crop yields and a healthy human population.

Mammalian cells are to a large extent controlled by the environment. Dif- fusible factors (growth factors, cytokines, and hormones) released by oth- er cells in the body bind to and activate receptors localized at the cell sur- face. In the case of the fibroblast growth factor receptor, there seems to be receptors both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. Cellular recep- tors control growth, apoptosis, immune function, differentiation, develop- and upon dysregulation, cancer progression and metastasis. Upon li- ment, gand binding, most receptors are internalized. However, the mechanisms of endocytosis are diverse, and receptors are taken into cells from different membrane microdomains. Activation of receptors results in two important interconnected processes, namely, signal transduction and endocytosis. In- terestingly, signal transduction controls endocytosis and endocytosis con- trols signalling. In both processes sequential formation of transient protein machineries is crucial. Currently, characterization of such complex ma- chineries is advancing rapidly. It has recently become appreciated that sev- eral post-translational modifications directly control the affinity of pro- tein-protein interactions. This volume of Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology focuses on the recent understanding of signalling from in- ternalized activated growth factor receptors. This includes information on pathways by which the rate and specificity of endocytosis and intracellular sorting are controlled. It further includes information on how specialized signalling and trafficking platforms are formed at the plasma membrane and on intracellular vesicles.

vi on geometric probability is included, students can be expected to create a few simple programs like those shown, but for other geometries. I am indebted to Tom Hare for critical reviews of the material and an endless enthusiasm to debate and derive stereological relationships; to John Matzka at Plenum Press for patiently instructing me in the intricacies of typesetting; to Chris Russ for helping to program many of these measurement techniques; and especially to Helen Adams, both for her patience with my creative fever to write yet another book, and for pointing out that the title, which I had intended to contrast to "theoretical stereology," can also be understood as the antonym of "impractical stereology." John C. Russ Raleigh, NC July, 1986 Chapter 1: Statistics 1 Accuracy and precision 1 The mean and standard deviation 5 Distributions 7 Comparison 13 Correlation 18 Nonlinear fitting 19 Chapter 2: Image Types 23 Planar sections 23 Projected images 25 Finite sections 28 Space-filling structures and dispersed phases 29 Types of images and contrast mechanisms 31 Sampling 32 Chapter 3: Manual Methods 35 Volume fraction 35 Surface density 38 Contiguity 41 Mean intercept length 42 Line density 43 Grain size determination 55 Curvature 48 Reticles to aid counting 49 Magnification and units 51 Chapter4: Size Distributions 53 Intercept length in spheres 53 Nonspherical shapes 57 Corrections for finite section thickness 59 Lamellae 61 Measurement of profile size 62 Nonspherical particles 69 vii Contents viii Chapter 5: Computer Metlwds 73

This book provides the readers with a timely guide to the application of biomimetic principles in architecture and engineering design. As a result of a combined effort by two internationally recognized authorities, the biologist Werner Nachtigall and the architect Goeran Pohl, the book describes the principles which can be used to compare nature and technology, and at the same time it presents detailed explanations and examples showing how biology can be used as a source of inspiration and "translated" in building and architectural solutions (biomimicry). Even though nature cannot be directly copied, the living world can provide architects and engineers with a wealth of analogues and inspirations for their own creative designs. But how can analysis of natural entities give rise to advanced and sustainable design? By reporting on the latest bionic design methods and using extensive artwork, the book guides readers through the field of nature-inspired architecture, offering an extraordinary resource for professional architects, engineers, designers and urban planners, as well as for university teachers, researchers and students. Natural evolution is seen throughout the book as a powerful resource that can serve architecture and design by providing innovative, optimal and sustainable solutions.

With businesses becoming ever more competitive, marketing strategies need to be more precise and performance oriented. Companies are investing considerably in analytical infrastructure for marketing. This new volume, Marketing Analytics: A Machine Learning Approach, enlightens readers on the application of analytics in marketing and the process of analytics, providing a foundation on the concepts and algorithms of machine learning and statistics. The book simplifies analytics for businesses and explains its uses in different aspects of marketing in a way that even marketers with no prior analytics experience will find it easy to follow, giving them to tools to make better business decisions. This volume gives a comprehensive overview of marketing analytics, incorporating machine learning methods of data analysis that automates analytical model building. The volume covers the important aspects of marketing analytics, including segmentation and targeting analysis, statistics for marketing, marketing metrics, consumer buying behavior, neuromarketing techniques for consumer analytics, new product development, forecasting sales and price, web and social media analytics, and much more. This well-organized and straight-forward volume will be valuable for marketers, managers, decision makers, and research scholars, and faculty in business marketing and information technology and would also be suitable for classroom use.