This is the first book offering a systematic description of tongue image analysis and processing technologies and their typical applications in computerized tongue diagnostic (CTD) systems. It features the most current research findings in all aspects of tongue image acquisition, preprocessing, classification, and diagnostic support methodologies, from theoretical and algorithmic problems to prototype design and development of CTD systems. The book begins with a very in-depth description of CTD on a need-to-know basis which includes an overview of CTD systems and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in order to provide the information on the context and background of tongue image analysis. The core part then introduces algorithms as well as their implementation methods, at a know-how level, including image segmentation methods, chromatic correction, and classification of tongue images. Some clinical applications based on these methods are presented for the show-how purpose in the CTD research field. Case studies highlight different techniques that have been adopted to assist the visual inspection of appendicitis, diabetes, and other common diseases. Experimental results under different challenging clinical circumstances have demonstrated the superior performance of these techniques. In this book, the principles of tongue image analysis are illustrated with plentiful graphs, tables, and practical experiments to provide insights into some of the problems. In this way, readers can easily find a quick and systematic way through the complicated theories and they can later even extend their studies to special topics of interest. This book will be of benefit to researchers, professionals, and graduate students working in the field of computer vision, pattern recognition, clinical practice, and TCM, as well as those involved in interdisciplinary research.

Revised and expanded for the third edition, this book is both a guide for your first ENT job and a tried and tested revision guide covering all aspects of the MRCS (ENT) OSCE. Written by a team of ENT specialists, the accessible text follows a step-by-step approach with each OSCE station based on the style of past questions. Recent changes in the structure of the examination, together with the nature of the examination in both COVID and post-COVID contexts are included. With over 120 colour images, the guide remains unrivalled as a tool with which to prepare for ENT exams. It is essential reading for candidates of the MRCS (ENT) OSCE and will also aid trainees in preparation for specialty registrar national selection interviews. It is highly recommended for GPs wishing to refresh their knowledge of how to assess common ENT problems and will also be an ideal reference for any junior doctor learning to take histories and examinations in their first ENT post. Finally, it is an invaluable resource for medical students undertaking their ENT attachment and in preparation for final examinations.

This is the first Q&A-based revision book specifically aimed at candidates sitting the viva component of the FRCS(Plast) examination. It provides a selection of common clinical scenarios presented in a realistic way and presents a guide to answering the FRCS (Plast) questions, as well as advice on how to approach the revision process itself. Crucially, this will help to prepare candidates to organise their thoughts, demonstrate higher order thinking and present a robust answer in the face of grey areas and controversies. The text covers all topics from the syllabus including Trauma, Burns, Facial and Soft Tissue Injuries, Acute Head and Neck Tumours, Cleft and Craniofacial, Congenital anomalies, Facial Palsy, Vascular anomalies, Trunk & Perineal, Skin Cancer, Basic Sciences, Aesthetic, Ethics & Medico-legal, and Consent. Candidates using this book will be able to realistically recreate the exam scenario either in private or in a group setting. This book is equally useful for candidates sitting plastic surgery post graduate exams with equivalent syllabuses to that of the FRCS(Plast) such as the EBOPRAS exam, as well as others. In addition, it also makes an excellent companion for trainees throughout the course of their six-year training rotation, allowing more junior plastic surgery trainees the opportunity to become acquainted with the format and content of the FRCS (Plast) exam. Lastly it may be helpful to consultants who are interested in coaching their trainees in topics other than their subspeciality.

This clear and concise text covers all the assessable aspects of the ENT curriculum for the FRCS. Although technique and presentation of knowledge will no doubt be attained through viva practice, the comprehensive content ensures that all candidates have the relevant knowledge not only to succeed, but also to excel in their viva examination. Covering both the theoretical and clinical aspects of the examination, as well as other equally critical aspects, including communication skills, clinical examination and miscellaneous sections, this handbook is a high yield revision aid for all surgical trainees in the early stages of their Otolaryngology careers, and simultaneously acts as an emergency information source for those cross-covering the specialty. ENT and Otorhinolaryngology surgical trainees and Residents will find the scope of this guide highly relevant to obtain FRCS accreditation or equivalent.

The Auditory System at the Cocktail Party is a rather whimsical title that points to the very serious challenge faced by listeners in most everyday environments: how to hear out sounds of interest amid a cacophony of competing sounds. The volume presents the mechanisms for bottom-up object formation and top-down object selection that the auditory system employs to meet that challenge. Ear and Brain Mechanisms for Parsing the Auditory Scene by John C. Middlebrooks and Jonathan Z. Simon Auditory Object Formation and Selection by Barbara Shinn-Cunningham, Virginia Best, and Adrian K. C. Lee Energetic Masking and Masking Release by John F. Culling and Michael A. Stone Informational Masking in Speech Recognition by Gerald Kidd, Jr. and H. Steven Colburn Modeling the Cocktail Party Problem by Mounya Elhilali Spatial Stream Segregation by John C. Middlebrooks Human Auditory Neuroscience and the Cocktail Party Problem by Jonathan Z. Simon Infants and Children at the Cocktail Party by Lynne Werner Older Adults at the Cocktail Party by M. Kathleen Pichora-Fuller, Claude Alain, and Bruce A. Schneider Hearing with Cochlear Implants and Hearing Aids in Complex Auditory Scenes by Ruth Y. Litovsky, Matthew J. Goupell, Sara M. Misurelli, and Alan Kan About the Editors: John C. Middlebrooks is a Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of California, Irvine, with affiliate appointments in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, the Department of Cognitive Sciences, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering. Jonathan Z. Simon is a Professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, with joint appointments in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the Department of Biology, and the Institute for Systems Research. Arthur N. Popper is Professor Emeritus and Research Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Maryland, College Park. Richard R. Fay is Distinguished Research Professor of Psychology at Loyola University, Chicago. About the Series: The Springer Handbook of Auditory Research presents a series of synthetic reviews of fundamental topics dealing with auditory systems. Each volume is independent and authoritative; taken as a set, this series is the definitive resource in the field.

This is an autobiography of Ellis Douek, one of the pioneers of hearing implants, whose name lives on through the middle ear device Douek-MED (TM). Shedding light on the life of a surgeon from the early days of the UK National Health Service, it not only covers the highlights of Douek's medical career but also contains sensational, no-holds-barred tales of his interactions from ordinary patients to well-known singers, kings, emperors and dictators. We read about a social dinner-turned-mass consultation session for the entire Cabinet; using an innovative hearing test to expose a financial scam; a wife who dumped her loyal husband after being cured; a curious encounter with Michael Jackson; and not getting paid by Gaddafi's staff, causing an epic coup by the Libyan dictator on his own embassy. It is at once unflinching and compassionate, offering a searingly honest firsthand account of his trailblazing journey to leave a mark in history.Blending pioneering research and a unique episodic storytelling approach, To Hear Again, To Sing Again is a profound reflection on the relationship between doctor and patient, and one man's quest to make a difference in the world.

This 25th volume of the Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine series provides a multi-faceted 'whole evidence' analysis of the management of rhinosinusitis (sinusitis) using integrative Chinese medicine.Beginning with an overview of how rhinosinusitis is conceptualised and managed in conventional medicine (Chapter 1), the authors summarise the management of rhinosinusitis in contemporary Chinese medicine (Chapter 2) based on clinical guidelines and contemporary books. The third chapter provides detailed analyses of how rhinosinusitis was treated with herbal medicine and acupuncture in past eras based on the classical Chinese literature.The subsequent chapters comprehensively review the current state of the clinical evidence for the integrative application of Chinese herbal medicines (Chapter 5), acupuncture therapies (Chapter 7), other Chinese medicine therapies (Chapter 8) and combination Chinese medicine therapies (Chapter 9), as well as analyse and evaluate the results of these studies from an evidence-based medicine perspective. In Chapter 6, the authors review and summarise experimental evidence for the bioactivity of commonly used Chinese herbs and their constituent compounds. The outcomes of these analyses are summarised and discussed in Chapter 10. Implications for clinical practice and future research are identified.This book provides valuable information for clinicians and students in integrative medicine and Chinese medicine regarding contemporary practice and the current evidence base for Chinese medicine therapies for managing rhinosinusitis, in order to assist clinicians in making evidence-based decisions in patient care. It also provides researchers with a comprehensive survey of the state of the field that can inform future directions for clinical and experimental studies.

This issue of Otolaryngologic Clinics, guest edited by Drs. Maja Svrakic and Meredith E. Adams is devoted to The Dizzy Patient. This issue is one of six selected each year by our series consulting editor, Dr. Sujana S. Chandrasekhar. With its broad differential diagnosis and significant impact on quality of life, dizziness is a common symptom that presents substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This issue focuses on the clinical evaluation and management of the range of dizziness symptomatology and syndromes. Articles in this issue include: Overview of dizziness in practice; Interviewing and counseling the dizzy patient with focus on quality of life; The efficient dizziness history and exam; Efficient use of audiovestibular testing; Neuroimaging of dizziness and vertigo; Positional vertigo; Acute vestibular syndrome and ER presentations of dizziness; Chronic central vestibulopathies for the otolaryngologist; Vestibular migraine and its comorbidities; Progressive and degenerative peripheral vestibular disorders; The dizzy child; Neuropsychology of dizziness and related disorders; Non-vestibular dizziness; Vestibular therapy and fall risk assessment; Current and emerging medical therapies for dizziness; Allergy, immunotherapy and alternative treatments for dizziness; and New frontiers in managing the dizzy patient. Provides in-depth, clinical reviews on dizzy patients, providing actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field; Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

Prescription opioid abuse has become a major issue around the world, especially within the United States and Canada. Surgeons' high rate of opioid prescriptions places them in a critical position of working with patients to manage their pain. Opioid Use, Overuse, and Abuse in Otolaryngology, edited by Dr. Ryan J. Li of Oregon Health and Sciences University, takes a comprehensive, practical look at the national opioid epidemic and provides specific otolaryngology-specific data on chronic opioid usage. Discusses perioperative pain management in otolaryngology from an anesthesiology perspective, perioperative pain management in pediatric otolaryngology, rhinology and anterior skull base surgery, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, neurotology, head and neck cancers, and more. Offers nonopioid analgesic options for otolaryngology-head and neck surgery patients and discusses a structured approach to perioperative pain management. Presents the knowledge and expertise of leading experts who have assembled the most up-to-date recommendations for opioid use, overuse, and abuse, including international pain management approaches. Covers the history of perioperative pain management in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

The completely revised and updated edition --with essential information on improved treatments
Earlier editions of this text have established it as an excellent primer for radiotherapy of head and neck cancers. Now this new volume brings this material fully up to date with recent developments concerning treatment techniques, use of modalities, and the management of early and advanced tumors. With fresh data published here for the first time, this superb resource has been extensively reworked to include:
* A broad range of strategies for managing carcinomas of the oral cavity, horopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, salivary glands, and eye.
* Greatly expanded material on applied anatomy, treatment methods, and technical pointers.
* Detailed site-specific treatment coverage--pathology, staging, selection of modalities, radiation techniques, current treatment data, and more.
* An in-depth case study analysis, comparing conventional radiation therapy to altered fractionation radiation therapy.
* A separate chapter on dental care before, during, and after radiation therapy.
* New illustrations throughout, plus over 100 photographs
This text provides invaluable guidance on the management of head and neck neoplasms to radiation oncologists, head and neck surgeons, oral surgeons, medical oncologists, medical students, and residents.

This book, which brings together some 30 contributors from the leading experts in this field, is based on papers presented at the Second International Conference on Intracranial and Inner Ear Fluids: Basic Aspects and Clinical Applications, held in Bath in 1997. The aim of the meeting was to bring together neuroscientists, neurosurgeons, otolaryngologists, neurologists and audiologists to discuss the following topics: intracranial and inner fluid interactions; the endolymph/perilymph/cerebrospinal fluid and associated disorders; non-invasive measurement of intracranial and inner fluid pressures; clinical aspects with particular reference to symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment; and comparative fluid models. Combining the clinical and research aspects of fluid and pressure regulation in the intracranial and intralabrynthine compartments as well as discussions on the clinical implications of abnormal fluid pressure is an innovative idea. The two topics have much in common. Maintaining both the intracranial pressure and the intralabrynthine pressure with normal limits is important for the normal functions of both the central nervous system and the ear. Communication between the intracranial space and the intralabrynthine space and their inter-relationships have been under-appreciated. These inter-relationships allow the possibility to measure intracranial pressure non-invasively by measuring the intralabrynthine pressure.

The Middle Ear Infections chart is a detailed overview of the causes, symptoms, and treatments for otitis media, or infection of the middle ear. Acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion and Eustachian tube dysfunctions are explained through graphics and type. Heavy cover stock with protective varnish for durability.

This issue of Otolaryngologic Clinics, Guest Edited by Drs. Manuela Fina, Justin S. Golub, and Daniel Lee, is devoted to Endoscopic Ear Surgery. This issue is one of six selected each year by our series Consulting Editor, Sujana S. Chandrasekhar. Articles in this important issue include: History of Endoscopic Ear Surgery; Endoscopes and Exoscopes for Otology and Neurotology; Redefining middle ear anatomy and physiology; Getting started with Endoscopic Ear Surgery; Otoendoscopy in the Office and Operating Room; Teaching Tools for Endoscopic Ear Surgery; Endoscopic Myringoplasty and Tympanoplasty; Novel Radiologic Approaches for Cholesteatoma Detection; Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma; Endoscopic Management of Pediatric Chronic Ear Disease; Endoscopic Management of Acquired Cholesteatoma; Endoscopic Stapes Surgery; Endoscopic-assisted Lateral Skull Base Surgery; New Navigation Approaches for Endoscopic Lateral Skull Base Surgery; Endoscopic-assisted Drug Delivery for Inner Ear Regeneration; Pearls and pitfall in Endoscopic Ear Surgery; Future of Endoscopic Ear Surgery; and The Role for Microsurgery of the Ear.

This issue of Otolaryngologic Clinics, guest edited by Drs. Anthony Brissett, Lisa Ishii, and Kofi Boahene, is devoted to Ethnically Sensitive Rhinoplasty. Articles in this issue include: The Changing Face of Beauty; A Global Assessment of Facial Beauty; Concepts of Facial Aesthetics When Considering Ethnic Rhinoplasty; How You See Yourself: Cultural Considerations and Self Image for Rhinoplasty Patients of Ethnic Descent; Cultural Preservation: An Ethnically Sensitive Approach to Rhinoplasty Surgery; Dorsal Modifications and Management of the Nasal Pyramid in Patients of African Descent; Management of the Nasal Tip, Nasal Base and Soft Tissue Envelope in Patients of African Descent; Endonasal Approach to the Caucasian Nose; Open Structure Approach to the Caucasian Nose; Use of Nasal Implants and Dorsal Modification When Treating the Asian Nose; Management of the Mestizo Nose; and Surgical Considerations in Patients of Middle Eastern Descent.

One of the fastest growing areas in Otolaryngology today is sleep medicine. More than one third of all adults and children with sleep disorders present initially to an otolaryngologist for diagnosis and treatment, but there is a paucity of available educational material written from and for the ENT perspective. Designed for clinicians, residents, and otolaryngologists wanting to sit for the American Board of Medical Specialties' conjoint Board Certification in Sleep Medicine which, on implementation in 2007, allowed Board Certified Pediatricians, Otolaryngologists, Neurologist/Psychiatrists and Pulmonologists to sit for the exam, this new book was put together by 2 of the only 49 Otolaryngologists who were board certified in sleep disorders in 2008. Sleep Medicine features chapters from experts in other related fields, provides materials necessary to practice sleep medicine, covering the basics of both adult and pediatric sleep medicine as it applies to the clinical practice of Otolaryngology.It is the only book to provide an in-depth review of clinical sleep medicine with coverage of sleep testing modalities and to focus on the clinical sleep disorders that an otolaryngologist is likely to see in the office. The evaluation, including history, examination and testing, are detailed with clinical examples; Treatment options, including Positive Airway Pressure, Mandibular Advancement Devices and Surgical Treatments are discussed with regard to efficacy, patient selection and appropriate follow-up; and an extended section focuses on the evaluation of the sleepy or fatigued patient, a group frequently seen by otolaryngologists with etiologies possibly due to causes other than obstructive sleep apnea. From the foreword: "Sleep Medicine will be the only clinical sleep disorders book that will be extremely useful to Otolaryngologists practicing sleep medicine or desiring to learn the clinical aspects of sleep medicine. This will be a welcome addition to the sleep medicine arsenal of literature and useful to other practitioners who are looking for a no-frills textbook that is primarily focused on the evaluation and therapy of patients with sleep disorders.Although there are several chapters addressing various therapeutic and surgical approaches to the patient with sleep disordered breathing, do not think this is only useful for an otolaryngologist!This will be a very handy clinical reference manual since the editors took extra care to make sure this book also represents the multidisciplinary scope of the field. " -Teri J. Barkoukis, MD, FCCP, FAASM

This issue of Otolaryngologic Clinics, Guest Edited by Drs. Jonathan M. Bock, Chandra Ivey, and Karen B. Zur, is devoted to Advancements in Clinical Laryngology. Articles in this important issue include: Components of Voice Evaluation; Evidence-based Evaluation and Management of Hoarseness: Summary of AAO-HNS Clinical Practice Guideline; Identification and Management of Chronic Laryngitis; Presbyphonia and Minimal Glottic Insufficiency; Renke's Edema; Transgender Voice; Vocal Fold Paresis; Voice Therapy for Primary Treatment of Vocal Fold Pathology; Diagnosis and Treatment for Benign Pediatric Lesions; Update of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis; Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility in Children; Medications and their Effect on Voice; Vocal Fold Hyperkeratosis and Dysplasia (the white lesion); Gastroesophageal Reflux and its Effect on Voice; Sulcus Vocalis; Updated Medical and Surgical Treatment for Common Benign Laryngeal Lesions; Movement Disorders and Voice; and Medical Considerations for the Voice Professional.

This issue of Otolaryngologic Clinics, guest edited by Drs. Samantha Anne and Julina Ongkasuwan, is devoted to Pediatric Otolaryngology. Articles in this outstanding issue include: What's new with Tubes, Tonsils, and Adenoids?; Pediatric Cholesteatoma and Chronic Otitis media with effusion: Minimizing Intervention While Maximizing Outcomes; Endoscopic ear surgery in children; Surgical management of pediatric SNHL; Allergy and the Pediatric Otolaryngologist; Innovations in endonasal sinus surgery in children; Managing the Child with Refractory Sleep Apnea; Craniofacial Interventions in Children; Innovations in airway surgery; Beyond nodules - diagnostic and treatment options in pediatric voice; Aerodigestive Programs Enhance Outcomes in Pediatric Patients; Ankyloglossia; Assessment and Management of Thyroid Disease in Children; and Quality, safety, and role of professionalism in pediatric otolaryngology. A CME program is also available for this title.

This issue of Otolaryngologic Clinics, Guest Edited by Drs. Darius Kohan and Sujana S. Chandrasekhar, is devoted to Implantable Auditory Devices. Articles in this outstanding issue include: Medical and Audiological Indications for Implantable Auditory Devices; Limitations of Conventional Hearing Aids; Non-implantables: Deep Canal Hearing Aids; Physiology of Osseointegration; Osseointegrated Auditory Devices: Baha and Ponto; Osseointegrated Auditory Devices: Sophono; Osseointegrated Auditory Devices: Bonebridge; Ossicle Coupling Active Implantable Auditory Devices: Magnetic Driven System; Ossicle Coupling Active IAD: Vibrant Soundbridge; Totally Implantable Auditory Devices; Electro-acoustic Stimulation; Special Populations in IADs: Pediatric; Special Populations in IADs: Geriatric; Special Populations in IADs: Developmentally Challenged; Special Populations in IADs: Musicians; Implantable Auditory Devices: Financial Considerations and Office-Based Implantation; and Future of Implantable Auditory Devices.

Opening with a clear overview of the biology and demographics of aging, this text authoritatively summarizes the most recent knowledge on disorders of the ears, nose, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, larynx, voice, throat, and neck in the geriatric population. With chapters by prominent leaders in the discipline, this reference serves as an invaluable source of guidance on perioperative assessment, operative procedures and outcomes, and new strategies for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery.

This unique compilation of chapters reviews a broad range of topics at the cutting edge of hearing research. The authors include many of the top auditory scientists in the world as well as some of the brightest rising stars. Although the book obviously focuses on the exciting, revolutionary work being done with mice, the authors have made a strong effort to provide general background information and present the insights gained from the study of mice in the greater context of auditory research. Each section includes specific procedures, potential problems and their solutions, and tricks of the trade gleaned from the authors. The book contains numerous figures and tables, more than 2,000 references, and much data not previously published. Handbook of Mouse Auditory Research: From Behavior to Molecular Biology provides state-of-the-art research with a clear look at what the future holds.

Human motion analysis or gait analysis is used throughout the country and the world in clinics for pre-surgical planning and postsurgical follow-up. Only recently have technological advances truly begun to meet medical needs by supplying more accurate analytical data from which to make educated assessments of dynamic foot and ankle pathology. A comprehensive overview of current and emerging methods is necessary for practitioners to effectively integrate the new techniques into better pre-treatment planning, surgical and rehabilitative care, and post-treatment follow-up. Originating as a one-day workshop sponsored by the Shriner's Hospitals and the National Institutes of Health, Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis: Clinical Treatment and Technology provides a single source reference for the latest technologies and their clinical applications. With contributions from an international panel of experts from orthopaedic, rehabilitation, engineering, academic, medical-industrial, and clinical disciplines, this text focuses on the relevant scientific advances with an emphasis on applications, limitations, and problems to be solved. Divided into two parts, the text begins by presenting basic and advanced clinical applications and opportunities in foot and ankle motion analysis in both pediatric and adult cases. The second part introduces the technological advances themselves from a quantitative perspective. Modeling concepts, seminal developments, and novel approaches are described along with emerging horizons related to mechanical paradigms, imaging, kinetics, robotics and simulation, tri-planar force sensing, and more. The book also includes a chapter of references and sources of support for future research and development prospects. Clinical and research applications in motion analysis have resulted in better functional assessment, fewer, more effective surgeries, and longer-term follow-up care. Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis: Clinical Treatment and Tech

Filling a gap in the literature, this reference provides concise and practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of sinusitis and furnishes an authoritative outline of our current understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition. Addressing a wide spectrum of issues related to the identification, epidemiology, and etiology of sinusitis, this guide presents detailed illustrations and flowcharts to clarify the interactions between the pathological and physiological processes of sinusitis and illustrate current treatment practices.

In this issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America, guest editors Drs. Huma Quraishi and Michael Chee bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Pediatric Otolaryngology. National health statistics indicate that disorders of the ear, nose, and throat are among the primary reasons children visit a physician, with ear infections ranking as the number one reason. This issue provides a comprehensive overview of otolaryngologic issues affecting children, providing the clinical information pediatricians need to make prompt diagnoses and facilitate positive patient outcomes. Contains 14 relevant, practice-oriented topics including otitis media and myringotomy tubes; congenital sensorineural hearing loss; tethered oral tissue/ankyloglossia/tongue and lip tie; adenotonsillectomy; pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; recurrent croup; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on pediatric otolaryngology, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

This issue of Medical Clinics, Guest Edited by C. Matthew Stewart, MD, is devoted to Otolaryngology. Articles in this issue include: Hearing Loss; Sinuses and Common Rhinologic Conditions; Dizziness and the Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery POV; Head and Neck Masses; Hoarseness; Aging Face; Pediatric Transitions; Chronic Ear Disease; Tinnitus; Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery System Diseases; Urgent Infections; Speech Language Pathologist Rehabilitation; and Facial Nerve Paralysis.