Each chapter will focus on the known molecular characteristics of specific childhood cancers, focusing on how the molecular 'drivers' can be exploited from a therapeutic standpoint with currently available targeted agents. Where applicable, integration of targeted therapies with conventional cytotoxic agents will be considered. This volume will provide a comprehensive summary of molecular characteristics of childhood cancers, and how the changes involved in transformation provide us with opportunities for developing relatively less toxic, but curative, therapies.

Intended for school psychologists, counselors, and social workers, teachers, and therapists who work with school systems, this book presents a philosophy and numerous practical strategies for handling behavioral problems presented by students.

This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, edited by Dr. Robert Rapaport, is devoted to Pediatric Endocrinology. Articles in this issue include: Thyroid Cancer in Pediatrics; Gender and Sex Assignment; CAH Prenatal Diagnosis; Diabetes; Polycystic Ovarian Disease; Newborn Screening for X-linked ALD; Growth in Patients w/ Skeletal Dysplasia; Thyroid Imaging in Infants; Bariatric Surgery in Youth; Pituitary Imaging in Pediatrics; and Cardiac and Metabolic Features of GH Deficiency.

The Guest Editor of this issue is a pediatric emergency medicine specialist and the Chief Medical Officer at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. He is very involved in the medical record and other electronic devices as safety measures. He brings his expertise and breadth of knowledge to the Pediatric Clinics of North America to assemble a stand out list of authors who have contributed articles on Pediatric Safety, Quality & Informatics. In this issue, articles are devoted to Big Data and the role of Predictive Analytics in Pediatrics; Research in Pediatric IT- the present and the future; Quality Care and Patient Safety in the pediatric emergency department; Safety & Quality metrics for Pediatric Hospital Medicine; Clinical Effectiveness Guidelines- Easy to Create but Hard to Implement; Advanced Technology in the pediatric ICUs; Measurement, Standards and Peer Benchmarking in Pediatric Safety & Quality: One hospital's journey; Clinical Informatics and its role in the care of children; Pediatric Safety & Quality: A nursing perspective; Pediatric Telehealth: opportunities and challenges; and Fundamentals of Quality Improvement: How to do pediatric QI research.

Childhood acute leukemias are one of the main causes of death in children aged 1 to 14 years in some countries; and unfortunately, we have been unable to prevent it. Certainly, a good parcel of it is due to the poor understanding about its etiology. This book aims to describe the most important theories and hypothesis regarding childhood acute leukemia. Written by the most outstanding researchers in the field, this book intends to contribute to a greater understanding of the etiology of this disease. It goes beyond the simple and common analysis of risk factors, which hardly allows us to draw definite conclusions. By addressing the etiology of the disease, discussing from molecular biology until epidemiology and clinical manifestations, this book will guide present and future approaches, contributing for a better clinical management of leukemia in children. The knowledge regarding etiology is a crucial step for a better evaluation, prevention and treatment of a disease. Thus, this book finally intends to provide such knowledge, allowing physicians and practitioners to a better manage of childhood acute leukemias.

This book describes in detail current best practice in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant pediatric bone tumors and also discusses other important aspects of management. Clinical assessment, the role of different imaging modalities and choice of biopsy procedure are explained and an individual chapter is devoted to diagnostic pathology. The treatment-oriented chapters offer in-depth descriptions of chemotherapeutic regimens, radiation therapy, limb-salvage options and amputation-related issues and in addition consider the approach to lung nodules, the role of biomarkers, off-therapy monitoring and the treatment of relapse. Psychosocial impacts and needs are addressed and guidance provided on nursing during treatment and rehabilitation following orthopaedic surgery. Closing chapters evaluate emerging therapies and discuss disparate aspects of survivorship. The authors are acknowledged experts and include many contributors from the Nationwide Children's Hospital, a leading pediatric care facility in the United States.

Almost one out of every three US children is overweight or obese, with minority youth at highest risk. There are limited efficacious pediatric obesity interventions available for clinicians, and successful weight loss trials for minority youth are rare. Even fewer interventions have been shown to significantly improve clinical health outcomes such as adiposity, blood pressure, and cholesterol level, and maintenance of behavior change over the long-term remains a challenge Translation I research in which "bench" findings are applied to the "bedside" is uncommon in the behavioral arena. Thus, advances in our understanding of fundamental human processes such as motivation, emotion, cognition, self-regulation, decision-making, stress, and social networks are not being optimally applied to our most pressing behavioral health problems. This issue of Pediatric Clinics will focus on promising behavioral treatments "in the pipeline" that have been translated from basic behavioral science and are the process of refinement and proof of concept testing.

This book is concerned with one of the major areas of misdiagnosis in medicine today. It has been estimated that as many as thirty percent of children typed as 'epileptic' when presenting with loss of consciousness, falls or other paroxysmal episodes have, in fact, non-epileptic attacks. Yet becauseof the stigma attached to this label, and the frequent side effects of anti-epileptic drugs, it is important that the alternative etiological mechanisms be recognized. The most common of these conditions, the vagalmediated anoxic seizure or fainting fit, is so frequent that it will be encountered by anyone involved in the practice of clinical medicine in its widest sense. These seizures are discussed in depth using original data and extensively reviewing the literature. Many other less common, but nonetheless important, varieties of fits, faints and 'funny turns' are self-induced by a Valsalva maneuver, and motor events ranging from day-dreaming to the effects of suffocation and brain swelling. As Jean Aicardi writes in his foreword to this volume: 'Over 140 case histories ... bring the flavor of real life into an exhaustive, yet highly readable account ... This monograph is undoubtedly the most comprehensive source of information available about the various types of anoxic attacks, their clinical and EEG features, mechanisms and prognosis ... This is a delightful book that anyone involved in clinical medicine in general and child neurology in particular will enjoy reading.'

This book offers a comprehensive and readable account of theoretical aspects of the origins of normal development of handedness and its relationship to cerebral lateralization and intellectual function. Later chapters review the evidence for links between non-right-handedness and various developmental disorders: mental impairment, autism, epilepsy, and disorders of spoken and written langauge. The emphasis is on understanding the range of underlying mechanisms that might lead to associations between handedness and disorder, and on identifying assessment procedures that can distinguish between different explanations.

This issue of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America focuses on Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Articles will include: Benign soft tissue pathology, Malignant head and neck pathology, Odontogenic cysts of the jaws, Non-odontogenic cysts of the jaws, Odontogenic tumors of the jaws, Non-odontogenic tumors of the jaws, Benign salivary gland pathology, Malignant salivary gland pathology, Vascular malformations and treatment, Vascular tumors of the head and neck, Radiotherapy to the head and neck and the growing patient, Chemotherapy for tumors of the head and neck in the growing patient, and more!

Over a short few decades, the field of pediatric endoscopy has matured from the exploratory to the routine. Performance of endoscopic procedures in children is now a fundamental aspect of the practice of more than 2000 pediatric gastroenterologists in North America, and endoscopic instruments are increasingly being developed with an eye to their pediatric applications. Ensuring safe and effective endoscopy in children requires specific medical knowledge and technical competency, in addition to appropriately designed equipment and settings. Obtaining consent from parents, as well as assent from patients, for the purposes of performing diagnostic and therapeutic gastrointestinal procedures begins with a deep understanding of risks and benefits that endoscopy affords and is typically gained through formal training in the field. Diagnostic endoscopy may help to confirm common pediatric conditions including eosinophilic esophagitis and inflammatory bowel disease, while therapeutic procedures to treat strictures in the GI tract may help children avoid more invasive surgeries. Using endoscopy in children to achieve hemostasis or to remove commonly swallowed foreign bodies, such as lithium batteries or high-powered magnets, can be lifesaving, and the insertion of feeding tubes can help medically complex patients to thrive. In short, pediatric endoscopy is an integral component of healthcare for children, and gaining and understanding of its best practices may help all clinicians to better recognize its role in pediatric disease outcomes.

Pediatricians in the Unites States and around the World continue to face a myriad of global health threats affecting child and adolescent health including: 1) infectious diseases of poverty [e.g. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases] in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), especially in sub Saharan Africa; 2) emerging and reemerging infectious diseases (such as Ebola); 3) rise of non-communicable diseases (e.g. common mental disorders); 4) unintentional injuries; and 5) environmental health hazards (e.g. climate change). Despite the promising news about rapid declines in maternal and child mortality in the era of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which originated from the United Nation (UN) Millennium Declaration in 2000, only 20% and 7% of LMIC are currently on track to attain the maternal and child mortality targets. For example, 44% of deaths in children younger than 5 years occur in neonates. Besides discovery of life-saving interventions (e.g. development of new and improved vaccines) for maternal and child health, we also need to do a better job at bridging the knowledge-implementation gap and increase the effectiveness of proven interventions. For example, despite the availability of effective vaccines to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia, rotavirus gastroenteritis, and human papilloma virus-related diseases (e.g. cervical cancer), use of these vaccines remain suboptimal in LMIC. We need to recognize that global health is also local public health. For example, improving access, equity and quality of care for orphans and vulnerable children, immigrant and newly arrived refugee children in the U.S. remains a challenge. Timely access to psychiatric care for children and adolescents with mental illness is a major concern. The explosion of new age technology (such as the internet) also poses a considerable risk to children and adolescents. Pediatricians also need to be aware of diverse socio-cultural determinants of health and ethical issues in global health service and delivery. This issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America aims to address the above crucial global health challenges affecting children and adolescents. As practicing pediatricians, we have the unique opportunity to influence local and global public health. In the post-MDG era (beyond 2015), collaborative partnerships between various disciplines and across research, education and service is vital to reduce health inequities in children worldwide.

Year Book of Pediatrics brings you abstracts of the articles that reported the year's breakthrough developments in pediatrics, carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. Articles are selected to cover the full breadth of the specialty, from gastroenterology, hematology, adolescent medicine, allergy and immunology, to urology, neurology, and therapeutics and toxicology.

Dr. Gupta provides a comprehensive overview of the clinjical management of food allergy. Articles are devoted to epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, immunology, and treatments of food allergy. Current knowledge of the relationship between the gut microbiome and food allergy is also presented as well as eosiniphilic esophagitis and oral allergy synrome.

Neurodevelopmental diseases affect three percent of children and the specific cause is difficult to determine in many cases. Genetic research uncovered many loss or gain of function mutations in genes that are associated with synaptic development and or remodeling. However, more an more data are accumulating regarding the importance in gene regulations in neurodevelopmental diseases. Thjis issue addresses many aspects of the genomics of neurodevelopmental diseases, including articles devoted to genomic variations of brain malformations; neuroimaging of brain development; update on autism evaluation and genetics; prader-willi and angelman syndromes; tuberous sclerosis complex; genetics of pediatric epilepsy; pediatric leukodystrophies; autoimmune encephalopathies; inherited neuropathies and motor neuron diseases; and muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies.

This issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, Guest Edited by Mary Anne Jackson, MD and Angela Myers, MD, is Part I of a 2-part issue devoted to Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Drs. Jackson and Myers have assembled a group of expert authors to review the following topics: Diagnosis and Management of Kawasaki Disease; Neonatal HSV Infection; Use of Newer Diagnostics for Pediatric Tuberculosis; Recognition and Prompt Treatment for Tick Borne Infections; Prevention of Recurrent Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Evaluation and Management of the Febrile Young Infant; New Horizons for Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship; Pitfalls in Diagnosis of Pediatric Clostridium Difficile Diarrhea; The Changing Epidemiology of Pediatric Endocarditis; Neonatal Parechovirus Infection; Osteoarticular infections in Children; and Pediatric CMV Disease.

Childhood obesity has become a central concern in many countries and a range of policies have been proposed or implemented to address it. This co-authored book is the first to focus on the complex set of ethical and policy issues that childhood obesity raises. Throughout the book, authors Kristin Voigt, Stuart G. Nicholls, and Garrath Williams emphasize that childhood obesity is a multi-faceted phenomenon, and just one of many issues that parents, schools and societies face. They argue that it is important to acknowledge the resulting complexities and not to think in terms "single-issue" policies. After first reviewing some of the factual uncertainties about childhood obesity, the authors explore central ethical questions. What priority should be given to preventing obesity? To what extent are parents responsible? How should we think about questions of stigma and inequality? In the second part of the book, the authors consider key policy issues, including the concept of the aobesogenic environment,a debates about taxation and marketing, and the role that schools can play in obesity prevention. The authors argue that political debate is needed to decide the importance given to childhood obesity and how to divide responsibilities for action. These debates have no simple answers. Nonetheless, the authors argue that there are reasons for hope. There are a wide range of opportunities for action. Many of these options also promise wider social benefits. "This book provides a welcome re-appraisal of commonly-held beliefs about child obesity and misconceptions about what needs to be done. The authors expose the futility of holding parents responsible for children's unhealthy behaviour, they challenge the assumption that education and family support will solve the problem, and they condemn the prejudice and stigma which surround the narrative of blame. The book shows convincingly how the causes of obesity - and the range of associated diseases - lie in the fabric of the modern market economy: in the food supply which shapes our diets, the social and physical environment which encourages sedentary behaviour, and in the media which promote ever greater consumption. Obesity is not the problem: it is the symptom of a more complex social and economic malaise encouraging poor health. The case for interventions by governments to promote health and wellbeing above crude economic growth is comprehensively proven." - Dr. Tim Lobstein, Director of Policy and Programmes, The International Association for the Study of Obesity and The International Obesity Task Force A well-researched, highly critical, but carefully balanced examination of everyday assumptions about childhood obesity and its prevention from an intensely moral perspective. Although the authors demonstrate that no intervention is without ethical complications or effective entirely on its own, they call for immediate actions to reduce the stigma of childhood obesity, support parents, and create food environments healthier for children, adults, and the environment.- Marion Nestle, Paulette Goddard Professor of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development

This issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, Guest Edited by Mary Anne Jackson, MD and Angela Myers, MD, is Part II of a 2-part issue devoted to Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Drs. Jackson and Myers have assembled a group of expert authors to review the following topics: Measles 50 Years After Initiation of MMR Vaccine; Pertussis in the Era of New Strains; Promoting Vaccine Confidence; The Changing Epidemiology of Meningococcal Infection; Prevention of Influenza in Children; Rabies - Rare Human Infection, Common Questions; The Expanded Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine; The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication; The Eradication of Pediatric Rotavirus Infection; Approach to Immunization for the Traveling Child; and Status of Pneumococcal Infection in the US in the conjugate vaccine era.

The Guest Editors have compiled a comprehensive issue that includes both disorders of endocrinology as well as diabetes. Authors have addressed the following clinical topics: disorders of menstruation, thyroid function; gender dysphoria; hypoglycemia in the nondiabetic child; preventing DKA; short- and long-term outcomes in diabetes, and whole genome sequencing in endocrinology. These topics represent the current knowedge in the field, and pediatricians will have the most updated clinical information as they evaluate and treat children with diabetes or endocrinology disorders.

This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America is devoted to Reproductive Endocrinology. Guest Editors Peter Lee, MD and Christopher P. Houk, MD have assembled a group of expert authors to review the following topics: Fertility Among Females and Males with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency); Reproductive Issues for Turner Syndrome; Fertility and Reproduction Among Childhood Cancer Survivors; Fertility After Crypotochidism; Male Obesity and Fertility; Fertility Issues among Transgender Individuals; Fertility Preservation in Pediatrics; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS); Fertility Issues for Patients With Delayed Puberty (Constitutional Delay, Functional Delay, and Hypogonadotropism); Varicocele; Testis Development and Reproduction in Klinefelters Syndrome; and Fertility Issues Among Those With Disorders of Sex Development.

This essential reference book is must reading for mental health professionals who assess and treat children and adolescents. Comprehensive, detailed, clearly written, and innovative, it presents the approaches of the leading clinicians in their fields.

A variety of topics are presented to pediatricians with the focus on preventing disease or illness in children. The Guest Editors have assembled top experts in the field to present articles on youth tobacco cessation; violence prevention; childhood obestiy; asthma management and environmental triggers; oral healh assessments; and promotion of literacy. Other articles address policy or practice considerations including implications of the affordable health care act; social determinants of health; and childhood poverty and health.