The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is the ultimate tool to see and measure structures on the nanoscale and to probe their elemental composition and electronic structure with sub-nanometer spatial resolution. Recent technological breakthroughs have revolutionized our understanding of materials via use of the TEM, and it promises to become a significant tool in understanding biological and biomolecular systems such as viruses and DNA molecules. This book is a practical guide for scientists who need to use the TEM as a tool to answer questions about physical and chemical phenomena on the nanoscale.

How should we understand the experience of encountering and interpreting images? What are their roles in science and medicine? How do they shape everyday life? Postphenomenology and Imaging: How to Read Technology brings together scholars from multiple disciplines to investigate these questions. The contributors make use of the "postphenomenological" philosophical perspective, applying its distinctive ideas to the study of how images are experienced. These essays offer both philosophical analysis of our conception of images and empirical studies of imaging practice. The contributors analyze concrete examples from a variety of fields of science and medicine, including radiology, neuroscience, cytology, physics, remote sensing, and space science. They also include examples of imaging in everyday life, from smartphone apps to animated GIFs. Edited by Samantha J. Fried and Robert Rosenberger, this collection includes an extensive "primer" chapter introducing and expanding the postphenomenological account of imaging, as well as a set of short pieces by "critical respondents": prominent scholars who may not self-identify as doing postphenomenology but whose adjacent work is illuminating.

Analytical techniques are powerful tools in a chemist's armoury and this book identifies some of the most important chemical techniques currently in use, along with their applications. Aimed at those with some familiarity with modern chemical techniques, as well as those completely new to them, the book covers much of the basic theory without emphasising the mathematics and physics involved. Where appropriate, descriptions of the instrumentation and sample preparation are included, as are problems with example solutions. More advanced ideas are presented in highlighted boxes, so the novice can happily skip these if desired. Modern Chemical Techniques is based on a series of 'hands-on' symposia that enabled individuals to update their chemical skills and learn about the newest methods, techniques, and instrumentation available. The resource material presented at the symposia is published here, developed and extended into an accessible, illustrated book, making the valuable information it contained available to a much wider audience.

The papers in this volume arose out of two workshops entitled "Confinement and Remediation of Environmental Hazards," and "Resource Recovery," as part of the IMA 1999-2000 program year. These workshops brought together mathematicians, engineers and scientists to summarize recent theoretical, computational, and experimental advances in the theory of phenomena in porous media. The first workshop focused on the mathematical problems which arise in groundwater transport of contamination, and the spreading, confinement and remediation of biological, chemical and radioactive waste. In the second conference, the processes underlying petroleum recovery and the geological time scale of deformation, flow and reaction in porous media were discussed. Simulation techniques were used to simulate complex domains with widely-ranging spatial resolution and types of physics. Probability funcional methods for determining the most probable state of the subsurface and related uncertainty were discussed. Practical examples included breakout from chemical and radioactive waste repositories, confinement by injection of pore plugging material and bioremediation of petroleum and other wastes. This volume will be of interest to subsurface science practitioners who would like a view of recent mathematical and experimental efforts to examine subsurface science phenomena related to resource recovery and remediation issues.

In its simplest form, the scientific method can be thought of as learning from our mistakes and trying to correct them. True scientists try to think rationally, never adopt dogmatic opinions and are always willing to listen to opposing views. They never claim to know the absolute truth but are relentless in their search for it. In this timely book, the author describes the fundamentals of critical scientific thinking. The book further examines the correct use of the scientific method and how to apply it to current events and scientific topics to obtain honest assessments. Current controversies discussed include climate change and COVID-related lockdowns. Additional Features include: Demonstrates the use of the scientific method to assist with objective analysis of issues. Addresses that induction plays a role but the true method for advancing knowledge is hypothesis-deduction. Explores current hot topics within the framework of the scientific method. Outlines common misunderstandings of the scientific method. Applying the Scientific Method to Learn from Mistakes and Approach Truth is approachable enough for the general public and recommended for university and advanced high school science educators and their students.

In its simplest form, the scientific method can be thought of as learning from our mistakes and trying to correct them. True scientists try to think rationally, never adopt dogmatic opinions and are always willing to listen to opposing views. They never claim to know the absolute truth but are relentless in their search for it. In this timely book, the author describes the fundamentals of critical scientific thinking. The book further examines the correct use of the scientific method and how to apply it to current events and scientific topics to obtain honest assessments. Current controversies discussed include climate change and COVID-related lockdowns. Additional Features include: Demonstrates the use of the scientific method to assist with objective analysis of issues. Addresses that induction plays a role but the true method for advancing knowledge is hypothesis-deduction. Explores current hot topics within the framework of the scientific method. Outlines common misunderstandings of the scientific method. Applying the Scientific Method to Learn from Mistakes and Approach Truth is approachable enough for the general public and recommended for university and advanced high school science educators and their students.

In the hopes of preserving these delightful devices for future generations, this collector of slide rules covers everything one could possibly want to know about this crude form of analog computer: from its invention in the 17th century to manufacturers- retailers, 1850-1998, and the Oughtred Soci

This book explores how machine learning can be used to improve the efficiency of expensive fundamental science experiments. The first part introduces the Belle and Belle II experiments, providing a detailed description of the Belle to Belle II data conversion tool, currently used by many analysts. The second part covers machine learning in high-energy physics, discussing the Belle II machine learning infrastructure and selected algorithms in detail. Furthermore, it examines several machine learning techniques that can be used to control and reduce systematic uncertainties. The third part investigates the important exclusive B tagging technique, unique to physics experiments operating at the resonances, and studies in-depth the novel Full Event Interpretation algorithm, which doubles the maximum tag-side efficiency of its predecessor. The fourth part presents a complete measurement of the branching fraction of the rare leptonic B decay "B tau nu", which is used to validate the algorithms discussed in previous parts.

This volume is the first of its kind on focusing gamma-ray telescopes. Forty-eight refereed papers provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific potential and technical challenges of this nascent tool for nuclear astrophysics. The book features articles dealing with pivotal technologies such as grazing incident mirrors, multilayer coatings, Laue- and Fresnel-lenses - and even an optic using the curvature of space-time.

Incorporating the latest theoretical and experimental developments in the field over the past decade, Brainina and Neyman's Electroanalytical Stripping Methods focuses on the theory associated with the most progressive stripping electroanalytical methods (SEAMs) and their application to environmental monitoring and industry. Wherever appropriate, it highlights the main advantages of these methods, including their extremely low detection limit, the low cost of the instruments used, the possibility of speciation analysis, and their use in the investigation of solids as well as solutions. The combined work of two eminent researchers from the former Soviet Union, the book closes the previous information gap that existed between West and East and now makes accessible the most recent developments from Russia, including a different approach to initial electro-crystallization stages, the interconnection between voltammograms of binary metal systems and work functions, and the use of these phenomena in applied stripping voltammetry. Electroanalytical Stripping Methods also provides a critical assessment of current achievements in the field of electrode materials, and in the design of electrodes and electrochemical cells used in stripping methods. Here, the authors provide unique insight into the advantages of graphite electrodes - largely used in the East - over glassy carbon electrodes generally favored by the West. The book presents a number of other modern ideas, including the theory behind and the application of a new internal standard in stripping voltammetry...the catalysis of metals electrodeposition on the foreign substrate with adatoms...and the electrochemical transformation of solidsand adsorbates and their use in phase analysis and the investigation of the defect structure of solids. Electroanalytical Stripping Methods will prove to be an invaluable tool for professionals involved in environmental monitoring, helping them to develop and use trace analysis in evaluating drinking water, food, waste, and other solids and solutions and to apply stripping voltammetry to the analyses of chemicals. Researchers in the food, clinical, and pharmaceutical industries will similarly use the book to develop and apply SEAMs for trace analysis. Practitioners in the microelectronics industry will find useful information on solids that will help them improve the quality of catalyzers, films, special ceramics, and semiconductors. Finally, medical technicians will tap this resource for the insight it can provide in the electroanalysis of blood, urine, and other body fluids.

Representing a new wave of research and analysis on Nazi human experiments and coerced research, the chapters in this volume deliberately break from a top-down history limited to concentration camp experiments under the control of Himmler and the SS. Instead the collection positions extreme experiments (where research subjects were taken to the point of death) within a far wider spectrum of abusive coerced research. The book considers the experiments not in isolation but as integrated within wider aspects of medical provision as it became caught up in the Nazi war economy, revealing that researchers were opportunistic and retained considerable autonomy. The sacrifice of so many prisoners, patients and otherwise healthy people rounded up as detainees raises important issues about the identities of the research subjects: who were they, how did they feel, how many research subjects were there and how many survived? This underworld of the victims of the elite science of German medical institutes and clinics has until now remained a marginal historical concern. Jews were a target group, but so were gypsies/Sinti and Roma, the mentally ill, prisoners of war and partisans. By exploring when and in what numbers scientists selected one group rather than another, the book provides an important record of the research subjects having agency, reconstructing responses and experiential narratives, and recording how these experiments - iconic of extreme racial torture - represent one of the worst excesses of Nazism.

Written by chemists for chemists, this is a comprehensive guide to the important radionuclides as well as techniques for their separation and analysis. It introduces readers to the important laboratory techniques and methodologies in the field, providing practical instructions on how to handle nuclear waste and radioactivity in the environment.

A complete bench-top guide to basic and advanced techniques used to solve real world research problems

Thanks to the proliferation of inexpensive, easy-to-use computational chemistry programs, the average laboratory chemist now has access to powerful tools once reserved solely for highly trained specialists. Computational Chemistry was designed specifically to enable chemists to add computational chemistry techniques to their working arsenal.

This book supplies the expert advice and guidance needed to confidently choose and successfully apply the correct computational chemistry techniques to an array of real world scientific problems. Computational chemist David Young provides clear-cut descriptions and step-by-step instructions for solving technical problems. He explores basic techniques in the field with a focus on their relative strengths and limitations. In addition, Young treats a range of advanced techniques from an easy-to-understand, nonmathematical standpoint, including transition structures, reaction coordinates, reaction rates, convergence problems, QM/MM, solvation, nonlinear optical properties, relativistic effects, mesoscale methods, and more.

Computational Chemistry features:

• Prioritized lists of methods for attacking difficult computational chemistry problems
• Brief critical reviews of most commercially available software packages, assessing each for its overall effectiveness and practical utility
• A review of the material from the perspective of various chemical systems (such as organic molecules, inorganics, biomolecules, polymers, liquids, or solids)

Volume 16

Reviews In Computational Chemistry

Kenny B. Lipkowitz and Donald B. Boyd

The focus of this book is on methods useful in molecular design. Tutorials and reviews span (1) methods for designing compound libraries for combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, (2) the workings of artificial neural networks and their use in chemistry, (3) force field methods for modeling materials and designing new substances, and (4) free energy perturbation methods of practical usefulness in ligand design.

From Reviews of the Series

"This series spans all the subdisciplines in the field, from techniques to practical applications, and includes reviews from many of the acknowledged leaders in the field. the reviews cross many subdisciplines yet are both general enough to be of wide interest while including detailed information of use to workers in particular subdisciplines." –Journal of the American Chemical Society

Safe Storage of Laboratory Chemicals, Second Edition is a comprehensive guide which allows readers to assess and improve the safety of their laboratory operations when storing chemicals. By applying the information in this book, readers can create a safer place to workthrough a safer storage environment, wiser storage practices and procedures, informed personnel, and the intelligent use of information. There has seen a surge in the demand for chemical safety and information relating to a safe workplace. This book covers chemical storage, the requirements of OSHA and EPA, requirements in codes and standards for storage, and advances and applications for chemical health and safety. This book offers a balanced approach to the safe storage of laboratory chemicals. Applied knowledge for identifying chemical storage hazards, solutions and alternative measures for storing specific hazard classes of chemicals, and innovative case histories provide a wealth of information from which readers may draw to enhance the safety of their storage situations.

Radionuclides produced by past nuclear weapon test explosions comprise the largest source of anthropogenic radioactivity released into the earth's atmosphere to date. This volume presents data and models about the fate of the released radionuclides and their possible effects on human health. It is divided into the following three parts: - Source Term Studies;- Dose Reconstruction;- Ecological and Health Effects,and comprises both Western and formerly secret Soviet research studies, illuminates past and current research.

Spark scientific curiosity from a young age with this six-level course through an enquiry-based approach and active learning. Collins International Primary Science fully meets the requirements of the Cambridge Primary Science Curriculum Framework from 2020 and has been carefully developed for a range of international contexts. The course is organised into four main strands: Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Earth and Space and the skills detailed under the 'Thinking and Working Scientifically' strand are introduced and taught in the context of those areas. For each Teacher's Guide at Stages 1 to 6, we offer: A comprehensive Teacher's Guide is easy to follow with a clear and consistent lesson plan layout, including built in continuous assessment The Teacher's Guide Plus ebook includes components such as slideshows, video clips, additional photographs and interactive activities Earth and Space content covers the new curriculum framework Thinking and Working Scientifically deepens and enhances the delivery of Science skills Includes practical activities that don't require specialist equipment or labs Scaffolding allows students of varying abilities to work with common content and meet learning objectives Supports Cambridge Global Perspectives (TM) with activities that develop and practise key skills Provides teacher support as part of a set of resources for the Cambridge Primary Science curriculum framework (0097) from 2020 This series is endorsed by Cambridge Assessment International Education to support the new curriculum framework 0097 from 2020.

A nonneutral plasma is a many-body collection of charged particles in which there is not overall charge neutrality. The diverse areas of application of nonneutral plasmas include: precision atomic clocks, trapping of antimatter plasmas and antihydrogen production, quantum computers, nonlinear vortex dynamics and fundamental transport processes in trapped nonneutral plasmas, strongly-coupled one-component plasmas and Coulomb crystals, coherent radiation generation in free electron devices, such as free electron lasers, magnetrons and cyclotron masers, and intense charged particle beam propagation in periodic focusing accelerators and transport systems, to mention a few examples. Physics of Nonneutral Plasmas is a graduate-level text - complete with 138 assigned problems and the results from several classic experiments - which covers a broad range of topics related to the fundamental properties of collective processes and nonlinear dynamics of one-component and multispecies charged particle systems in which there is not overall charge neutrality. The subject matter is treated systematically from first principles, using a unified theoretical approach, and the emphasis is on the development of basic concepts that illustrate the underlying physical processes in circumstances where intense self fields play a major role in determining the evolution of the system. The theoretical analysis includes the full influence of dc space charge effects on detailed equilibrium, stability and transport properties. The statistical models used to describe the properties of nonneutral plasmas are based on the nonlinear Vlasov-Maxwell equations, the macroscopic fluid-Maxwell equations, or the Klimontovich-Maxwell equations, as appropriate, and extensive use is made of theoretical techniques developed in the description of multispecies electrically-neutral plasmas, as well as established techniques in classical mechanics, electrodynamics and statistical physics.Physics of Nonneutral Plasmas emphasizes basic physics principles, and the thorough presentation style is intended to have a lasting appeal to graduate students and researchers alike. Because of the advanced theoretical techniques developed for describing one-component charged particle systems, this book serves as a useful companion volume to Physics of Intense Charged Particle Beams in High Energy Accelerators by Ronald C Davidson and Hong Qin.

The best source of practical, easily accessible information on this exciting new technique

CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

Analytical chemists and biochemists have been turning to the technique of capillary electrophoresis with increasing frequency: it is fast, sensitive, easy to automate, requires only small sample volumes and reagent amounts, and has been successfully applied to an ever-expanding list of sample types. In Capillary Electrophoresis, analytical practitioners will find a complete, practical guide to the principles, forms, and instrumentation of this technique. The book presents clear and straightforward explanations of the method, its operating principles, and its different modes, including capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, and capillary isotachophoresis. Especially helpful is the material on developing a method: it offers practical guidance on CE modes, capillaries, run buffers, voltage requirements, sample pretreatments, injection modes and amounts, temperature settings, detector selections, buffer replenishment, and data reporting.

Capillary Electrophoresis will serve both as an excellent introduction to those who are new to the technique and as a comprehensive reference book to experienced practitioners. A complete and detailed index will assist the reader in quickly finding any topic of interest.

This book derives from a 3 day intensive course on Pressure Vessel Design given regularly in the UK and around the world since 1986. It is written by experts in their field and although the main thrust of the Course has been directed to BS5500, the treatment of the material is of a general nature thus providing insight into other national standards.

Successful Management of the Analytical Laboratory provides a comprehensive discussion of the problems that face analytical laboratory managers and presents proven techniques for improving the operation and performance of analytical labs. A wide range of topics are covered, including functions of various laboratory types (including a discussion of legal proceedings that involve defending laboratory data), staffing and organization, motivation, management and development of personnel, personal relations and communication, sample handling, workload optimization, equipment selection and justification, budgeting and cost control (including methods for calculating the dollar return on investments in capital equipment), and information management systems. The book emphasizes measures that managers can take to ensure quality performance in both the laboratory and its personnel while maintaining the overall cost effectiveness of the operation. The author uses case histories from his experience to illustrate the application of the management principles presented in this excellent book for new and experienced lab managers alike.

Adrenergic receptors are important modulators in the sympathetic c- trol of various metabolic processes in the central and peripheral nervous s- tems. These receptors are localized at multiple sites throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and serve as important regulators of CNS-mediated behavior and neural functions, including mood, memory, neuroendocrine c- trol, and stimulation of autonomic function. Adrenergic Receptor Protocols consists of 35 chapters dealing with va- ous aspects of adrenergic receptor analyses, including the use of genetic, RNA, protein expression, transactivator, second messenger, immunocytochemical, electrophysiological, transgenic, and in situ hybridization approaches. This volume details the use of various methods to examine the adrenergic receptor system, using aspects of the genetic flow of information as a guide (DNA? RNA ? transactivator ? protein expression ? second messenger analyses ? cellular analyses ? transgenic whole animal approaches). Adrenergic Receptor Protocols displays step-by-step methods for s- cessful replication of experimental procedures, and would be useful for both experienced investigators and newcomers in the field, including those beg- ning graduate study or undergoing postdoctoral training. The Notes section contained in each chapter provides valuable troubleshooting guides to help develop working protocols for your laboratory. With Adrenergic Receptor Protocols, it has been my intent to develop a comprehensive collection of modern molecular methods for analyzing adrenergic receptors. I would like to thank the many chapter authors for their contributions.

Combined fields of Microbiology and Nanotechnology have been most successful in providing novel solutions for protecting the health of humans and environment. This book covers the implications of nano-strategies to combat bacterial pathogens, applications of nanotechniques in microbiology, and innovative advances in the area of medical microbiology. Contents are divided into three sections -- Nanoscience in controlling bacterial pathogens, Nanoscience in Microbiology, Medical Microbiology. This volume is going to provide timely information about the technological advances of Nanoscience in the domain of Microbiology, with a special emphasis on Pathobiology. The book is a useful read for students and researchers in microbiology, nanotechnology and medical microbiology.

Structure-Based Drug Design brings together scientists working on different aspects of the subject, demonstrating the necessary collaboration and interdisciplinary approach to this complex area. The focus is on X-ray crystallographic and computational approaches. The general aspects of these approaches are introduced in the first six articles. The remaining articles provide examples of the application of X-ray crystallography, molecular modelling, molecular dynamics, QSAR, database analysis, and homology modelling. The papers cover a wealth of interesting problems in the design of new and enhanced pharmaceuticals.