Optical frequency measurement is an extremely challenging field of experimental physics which is presently undergoing a renaissance driven by the needs of modern high density optical communication systems as well as by requirements of high-resolution laser spectroscopy. This text is the first to discuss the development of traditional and second generation frequency chains together with their enabling technology. Reviews written by some of the most experienced researchers in their respective fields address the technology of frequency metrology such as: low noise microwave oscillators and microwave frequency standards, low noise and high stability optical frequency sources, optical frequency standards, traditional and second-generation optical frequency measurement and synthesis techniques as well as optical frequency comb generators. It should prove useful to researchers just entering the field of frequency metrology or equally well to the experienced practitioner.

Purification of Laboratory Chemicals: Part One, Physical Techniques, Chemical Techniques, Organic Chemicals, Ninth Edition describes contemporary methods for the purification of chemical compounds. The work includes tabulated methods taken from literature for purifying thousands of individual commercially available chemical substances. To help in applying this information, the more common processes currently used for purification in chemical laboratories and new methods are discussed. For dealing with substances not separately listed, another chapter is included, setting out the usual methods for purifying specific classes of compounds. Laboratory workers, whether carrying out research or routine work, will invariably need to consult this book. Apart from the procedures described, the large amount of physical data about listed chemicals is essential. This fully updated, revised and expanded new edition includes the purification of many new substances that have been available commercially since 2017, along with previously available substances which have found new applications.

Purification of Laboratory Chemicals: Part Two, Inorganic Chemicals, Catalysts, Biochemicals, Physiologically Active Chemicals, Nanomaterials, Ninth Edition describes contemporary methods for the purification of chemical compounds. The work includes tabulated methods taken from literature for purifying thousands of individual commercially available chemical substances. To help in applying this information, the more common processes currently used for purification in chemical laboratories and new methods are discussed. For dealing with substances not separately listed, another chapter is included, setting out the usual methods for purifying specific classes of compounds. Laboratory workers, whether carrying out research or routine work, will invariably need to consult this book. Apart from the procedures described, the large amount of physical data about listed chemicals is essential. This fully updated, revised and expanded new edition includes the purification of many new substances that have been available commercially since 2017, along with previously available substances which have found new applications.

It has become clear that tumors result from excessive cell proliferation and a corresponding reduction in cell death caused by the successive accumulation of mutations in key regulatory target genes over time. During the 1980s, a number of oncogenes were characterized, whereas from the 1990s to the present, the emp- sis has shifted to tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). It has become clear that oncogenes and TSGs function in the same pathways, providing positive and negative growth regulatory activities. The signaling pathways controlled by these genes involve virtually every process in cell biology, including nuclear events, cell cycle, cell death, cytoskeletal, cell membrane, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion effects. Mu- tions in tumor suppressor genes have been identified in familial cancer syndromes, and the same genes in many cases have been found to be mutationally inactivated in sporadically occurring cancers. In their normal state, TSGs control cancer development and progression, as well as contribute to the sensitivity of cancers to a variety of therapeutics. Understanding the classes of TSGs, the biochemical pa- ways they function in, and how they are regulated provides an essential lesson in cancer biology. We cannot hope to advance our current knowledge and to develop new and more effective therapies without understanding the relevant pathways and how they influence the present approaches to therapy. Moreover, it is important to be able to access not only the powerful tools now available to discover these genes, but also their links to cell biology and growth control.

Bridging the gap between statistical theory and physical experiment, this is a thorough introduction to the statistical methods used in the experimental physical sciences and to the numerical methods used to implement them. An accompanying CD-ROM provides detailed code for implementing many of these algorithms. The treatment emphasises concise but rigorous mathematics but always retains its focus on applications. Readers are assumed to have a sound basic knowledge of differential and integral calculus and some knowledge of vectors and matrices. After an introduction to probability, random variables, computer generation of random numbers and important distributions, the book turns to statistical samples, the maximum likelihood method, and the testing of statistical hypotheses. The discussion concludes with several important statistical methods: least squares, analysis of variance, polynomial regression, and analysis of time series. Appendices provide the necessary methods of matrix algebra, combinatorics, and many sets of useful algorithms and formulae.

Antibodies tagged with fuorescent markers have been used in histochemistry for over 50 years. Although early applications were focused on the detection of microbial antigens in tissues, the use of immunocytochemical methods now has spread to include the det- tion of a wide array of antigens including proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids from virtually any organism. Today, immunohistochemistry is widely used to identify, in situ, various components of cells and tissues in both normal and pathological conditions. The method gains its strength from the extremely sensitive interaction of a specifc antibody with its antigen. For some scientifc areas, books have been published on applications of immu- cytochemical techniques specifc to that area. What distinguished Immunocytochemical Methods and Protocols from earlier books when it was frst published was its broad appeal to investigators across all disciplines, including those in both research and clinical settings. The methods and protocols p- sented in the frst edition were designed to be general in their application; the accompa- ing "Notes" provided the reader with invaluable assistance in adapting or troubleshooting the protocols. These strengths continued to hold true for the second edition and again for the third edition. Since the publication of the frst edition, the application of immuno- tochemical techniques in the clinical laboratory has continued to rise and this third edition provides methods that are applicable to basic research as well as to the clinical laboratory.

The synthesis of proteins from 20 or so constituent amino acids according to a strictly defined code with an accuracy of better than 1 in 10,000 at most loca tions is arguably the most complex task performed by cells. Protein Synthesis collects together methods and protocols covering a range of different approaches towards understanding how the cellular machinery accomplishes this task and how these ftinctions might be harnessed by the biotechnology industry to generate novel and useful proteins. The era in which the components of the translational machinery were being catalogued is over. This volume gathers together protocols that focus on preserving and describing the dynamic function as closely as possible. The need to understand exactly how ribosomes are positioned on messages or where tRNA molecules, translation factors, or control proteins are bound, has been appreciated by many of the authors. Several chapters that explore the fidelity and processivity of translation reflect this belief. Moreover, the fundamental importance of rRNA at the heart of the ribosome is a strong theme in a number of the protocols. These articles include in vitro and in vivo systems from bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal systems. Overall, Protein Synthesis might be characterized by the novelty of the approaches employed to illuminate the inner workings of the protein synthetic machinery as well as by the inventiveness of the attempts to harness these reactions for biotechnological applications."

With its focus on the practical application of the techniques of multivariate statistics, this book shapes the powerful tools of statistics for the specific needs of ecologists and makes statistics more applicable to their course of study. It gives readers a solid conceptual understanding of the role of multivariate statistics in ecological applications and the relationships among various techniques, while avoiding detailed mathematics and the underlying theory. More importantly, the reader will gain insight into the type of research questions best handled by each technique and the important considerations in applying them. Whether used as a textbook for specialised courses or as a supplement to general statistics texts, the book emphasises those techniques that students of ecology and natural resources most need to understand and employ in their research. While targeted for upper-division and graduate students in wildlife biology, forestry, and ecology, and for professional wildlife scientists and natural resource managers, this book will also be valuable to researchers in any of the biological sciences.

This volume supplements Volumes 63, 64, 87, and 249 of Methods in Enzymology. These volumes provide a basic source for the quantitative interpretation of enzyme rate data and the analysis of enzyme catalysis. Among the major topics covered are Engergetic Coupling in Enzymatic Reactions, Intermediates and Complexes in Catalysis, Detection and Properties of Low Barrier Hydrogen Bonds, Transition State Determination, and Inhibitors.
The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for more than forty years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. Now with more than 300 volumes (all of them still in print), the series contains much material still relevant today--truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life sciences.

The field of high performance computing achieved prominence through advances in electronic and integrated technologies beginning in the 1940s. Current times are very exciting and the years to come will witness a proliferation of the use of parallel and distributed systems. The scientific and engineering application domains have a key role in shaping future research and development activities in academia and industry, especially when the solution of large and complex problems must cope with harder and harder timing.
High Performance Scientific And Engineering Computing: Hardware/Software Support contains selected chapters on hardware/software support for high performance scientific and engineering computing from prestigious workshops in the fields such as PACT-SHPSEC, IPDPS-PDSECA and ICPP-HPSECA. This edited volume is basically divided into six main sections which include invited material from prominent researchers around the world. We believe all of these contributed chapters and topics not only provide novel ideas, new results and state-of-the-art techniques in this field, but also stimulate the future research activities in the area of high performance computing for science and engineering applications.
High Performance Scientific And Engineering Computing: Hardware/Software Support is designed for a professional audience, composed of researchers and practitioners in industry. This book is also suitable as a secondary text for graduate-level students in computer science and engineering.

Ribonucleic acids are central to cellular and molecular processes and perform vital functions in both structural and functional roles. RNA molecules form the bridge between the stable genetic information contained within DNA and enzymes and proteins that carry out much of the metabolism within the cell. Many of the sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes within the cell, are composed of these ribonucleic acids as are the tRNA molecules that deliver the amino acid building blocks to the ribosomes. Of all the RNA species, the nucleic acid intermediate, messenger RNA, is a desirable source of material to biologists, since this reflects much of, what ultimately, is translated into enzymes and proteins. In order to determine the qualitative and quantitative changes in mRNA expression, a vast number of molecular biological techniques have been developed. Key molecular methods that provide the means to initially isolate and analyze RNA molecules are the focus of this volume. In putting together this collection of protocols, we have tried to provide techniques that are most applicable and widely used. In particular, there are a number of iso- tion techniques included that have been developed, modified, or adapted to enable extraction from a variety of cell types, organisms, or subcellular organelles. Successful isolation of intact RNA is an essential starting point for any sub- quent analysis. This is why we have aimed to make this section comprehensive. The analysis of RNA is the focus of the following chapters.

Emily Calandrelli, MIT engineer and scientist, shares exhilarating experiments for junior scientists and their lab assistants, ranging from homemade ice cream to disappearing ink. The book features 50 experiments using easy-to-find grocery store items. Each experiment includes a scientific explanation, a Hypothesize section to record the scientist's assumptions, science vocabulary that applies STEM research to real life (did you know that ketchup is a non-Newtonian fluid?), and Try This! prompts with even more ways to experiment with your experiment. Let the science spark curiosity and critical thinking; grab your goggles and your trusted assistant and get started!

The book deals mainly with direct mass determination by means of a conventional balances. It covers the history of the balance from the beginnings in Egypt earlier than 3000 BC to recent developments. All balance types are described with emphasis on scientific balances. Methods of indirect mass determination, which are applied to very light objects like molecules and the basic particles of matter and celestial bodies, are included. As additional guidance, today's manufacturers are listed and the profile of important companies is reviewed. Several hundred photographs, reproductions and drawings show instruments and their uses. This book includes commercial weighing instruments for merchandise and raw materials in workshops as well as symbolic weighing in the ancient Egyptian's ceremony of 'Weighing of the Heart', the Greek fate balance, the Roman Justitia, Juno Moneta and Middle Ages scenes of the Last Judgement with Jesus or St. Michael and of modern balances. The photographs are selected from the slide-archives of the late Richard Vieweg (1896-1972) (former President of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany), of the late Hans R. Jenemann (1920-1966) (former head of the Analytical Laboratory of Schott & Gen., Mainz, Germany) and of his wife Irene (1933-2008) and of Erich Robens.

Toxicity Assessment Alternatives: Methods, Issues, Opportunities contains a broad array of critical surveys, contributed by active and respected investigators, describing their research and offering updates on toxicity assessment alternatives, directions determined by current and future grant programs, opportunities for mechanistically based test methods to detect endocrine disruptor activity, the use of alternatives in the Department of Defense hazard assessment initiatives, and the issues and opportunities for validation and regulatory acceptance. Several of these advances make use oftransgenic models that reduce the time and cost of carcinogenicity testing. Others use tissue cultures for the assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes are applicable as models for sulfur mustard lesions, and in vitro protein denaturation is used as a chemical test for assessing the ocular and dermal irritation potential of cosmetic prod ucts. Molecular modeling is applied to explaining chemical toxicity. Commercially developed assay systems have undergone extensive evaluation by their manufacturers. Some of these await external valida tion, and others await acceptance by North American and European regulatory agencies. Toxicity Assessment Alternatives: Methods, Issues, Opportunities provides information from members of the scientific and regulatory communities on what has been achieved and what has been accepted in alternatives to animal testing."

In 1957 two young scientists, Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl, produced a landmark experiment confirming that DNA replicates as predicted by the double helix structure Watson and Crick had recently proposed. It also gained immediate renown as a "most beautiful" experiment whose beauty was tied to its simplicity. Yet the investigative path that led to the experiment was anything but simple, Frederic L. Holmes shows in this masterful account of Meselson and Stahl's quest. This book vividly reconstructs the complex route that led to the Meselson-Stahl experiment and provides an inside view of day-to-day scientific research--its unpredictability, excitement, intellectual challenge, and serendipitous windfalls, as well as its frustrations, unexpected diversions away from original plans, and chronic uncertainty. Holmes uses research logs, experimental films, correspondence, and interviews with the participants to record the history of Meselson and Stahl's research, from their first thinking about the problem through the publication of their dramatic results. Holmes also reviews the scientific community's reception of the experiment, the experiment's influence on later investigations, and the reasons for its reputation as an exceptionally beautiful experiment.

The purpose of Ribozyme Protocols is to provide a helpful compilation of protocols that will be of use- DEGREESnot only to those with some experience of ribozymes- DEGREESbut also to those wishing to use ribozymes for the first time. Although it is usually impossible to cover every aspect of a scientific field, I believe this book approaches that ideal and should help all readers perform meaningful experiments using ribozymes. To design ribozymes, one must consider whether the target site will be accessible; this task can be facilitated by using computer programs that pre dict the folding of the target RNA. Such programs are detailed in Chapters 2 and 3. If the chosen target is an RNA virus that can mutate rapidly, it makes sense to consider those parts of the genome that are least likely to change during viral replication. An example of how this can be done is described in Chapter 4. Although computer analysis may be a useful starting point to select tar get sites, there seems, at the moment, to be no guarantee that any particular chosen site will be efficiently cleaved. Some workers have deliberately bypassed this problem by using libraries of ribozyme sequences and by select ing those that actually hybridize to and/or cleave the target; these methods are described in Chapters 5

This book is focused on the current status of industrial pollution, its source, characteristics, and management through various advanced treatment technologies. The book covers the recycle, reuse and recovery of waste for the production of value-added products. The book explores industrial wastewater pollution and its treatment through various advanced technologies and also the source and characteristics of solid waste and its management for environmental safety. It discusses new methods and technologies to combat the waste-related pollution and focuses on the use of recycled products. This book is of value to upcoming students, researchers, scientists, industry persons and professionals in the field of environmental science and engineering, microbiology, biotechnology, toxicology, further it is useful for global and local authorities and policy makers responsible for the management of liquid and solid wastes.

Determination of the protein sequence is as important today as it was a half century ago, even though the techniques and purposes have changed over time. Mass spectrometry has continued its recent rapid development to find notable application in the characterization of small amounts of protein, for example, in the field of proteomics. The "traditional" chemical N-terminal sequencing is still of great value in quality assurance of the increasing number of biopharmaceuticals that are to be found in the clinic, checking processing events of recombinant proteins, and so on. It is joined in the armory of me- ods of protein analysis by such techniques as C-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis. These methods are continually developing. The first edition of Protein Sequencing Protocols was a "snapshot" of methods in use in protein biochemistry laboratories at the time, and this, the second edition, is likewise. Methods have evolved in the intervening period, and the content of this book has similarly changed, the content of some chapters having been superceded and replaced by other approaches. Thus, in this edition, there is inclusion of approaches to validation of methods for quality assurance work, reflecting the current importance of biopharmaceuticals, and also a guide to further analysis of protein sequence information, acknowledging the importance of bioinformatics.

Photobiology integrates a wide variety of scientific disciplines. As more people become aware of the many ways light interacts with chemical and biological systems, the need for a concise treatment of photobiology has become more critical. Kohen "et al." Have written just such a book, intended both as a textbook and as a reference.
The authors begin by providing a brief description of the nature of light, how it affects matter, and the means and methods of measuring it. A major section of the book is devoted to how light influences living systems, including discussions of photosynthesis, bioluminescence, regulatory mechanisms, and visual transduction of light. The last half of the book is devoted to the biomedical aspects of light, including photoimmunology, photoallergic reactions and other forms of light sensitivity, the optical properties of skin, and various ways that light can be used in therapy treatments.
Useful to photobiologists as a comprehensive overview, this book should also appeal to biomedical researchers and advanced students of photobiology.

A Practical Guide to the Study of Calcium in Living Cells describes popular techniques along with helpful do's and don't's and computer programs. The volume enables investigators to evaluate confocal images, use the latest dyes, and design Calcium buffers appropriate to their research needs. This book is designed for laboratory use by graduate students, technicians, and researchers in many disciplines, ranging from molecular to cellular levels of investigation.
Key Features
* Describes techniques for detection of [Ca2]]I: Ca2+ - sensitive microelectrodes
* Fluorescent dyes
* Luminescent proteins
* Includes techniques for perturbing intracellular Ca2+
* Covers detailed methodology plus problems and pitfalls of each technique
* Contains a practical guide to preparing Ca2+ buffers with an easy-to-use computer program
* Color plates illustrate techniques such as
* Confocal ratio-imaging
* Use of aequorin

The two Animal Models in Psychiatry volumes are loosely organized by subject. The first volume contains a number of chapters concerned with schizophrenia, psyc- ses, neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesias, and other d- orders that may involve dopamine, such as attention deficit disorder and mania. The second volume deals with affective and anxiety disorders, but also includes chapters on subjects not easily classified as either psychotic, or affective, or an- ety-related, such as aggression, mental retardation, and memory disorders. Four chapters on animal models of schizophrenia or psychoses are included in the present v- ume because of the importance of these disorders in p- chiatry. Likewise, three chapters in the subsequent volume deal with depression. The first of the two volumes begins with an introd- tion by Paul Willner reviewing the criteria for assessing the validity of animal models in psychiatry. He has written - tensively on this subject, and his thorough description of the issues of various forms of validity provides a framework in which to evaluate the subsequent chapters. As will be seen, the remaining chapters in both volumes will refer frequently to these issues. The second chapter, by Melvin Lyon, describes a large number of different procedures that have been p- posed as potential animal models of schizophrenia. This is a departure from the usual format, consisting of detailed - scriptions of specific models.

Inflammation has been described as the basis of many pathologies of human disease. When one considers the updated signs of inflammation, they would be vasodilation, cell migration, and, in the case of chronic inflam- tion, cell proliferation, often with an underlying autoimmune basis. Gen- ally, inflammation may be divided into acute, chronic, and autoimmune, - though the editors believe that most, if not all, chronic states are often the result of an autoimmune response to an endogenous antigen. Thus, a proper understanding of the inflammatory basis may provide clues to new therap- tic targets not only in classical inflammatory diseases, but atherosclerosis, cancer, and ischemic heart disease as well. The lack of advances in classical inflammatory diseases, such as rh- matoid arthritis, may in part arise from a failure to classify the disease into different forms. That different forms exist is exemplified in patients with d- fering responses to existing antiinflammatory drugs, ranging from nonresponders to very positive responders for a particular nonsteroidal an- inflammatory drug (NSAID). Though researchers have progressively unr- eled the mechanisms, the story is far from complete. It should also be noted that the inflammatory response is part of the innate immune response, or to use John Hunter's words in 1795, "inflammation is a salutary response." That may be applied in particular to the defensive response to invading micro- ganisms.

A major success story of modem molecular biology is the development of technologies to clone and express specific genes. Current applications of recombinant gene products cover a wide spectrum, including gene therapy, production of bioactive pharmaceuticals, synthesis of novel biopolymers, agriculture and animal husbandry, and so on. Inherent in bringing these appli cations to fruition is the need to design "expression constructs" that will per mit the ready and specific detection and isolation of the defined recombinant gene products. Recombinant Protein Protocols grows out of the need for a laboratory manual on the detection and isolation of recombinantly expressed genes that covers both the background information and the practical laboratory recipes for these analyses. In this book, detailed and contemporary protocols are col lected to provide the reader with a wide-ranging number of methodologies to enhance the detection and isolation of their gene product(s) of interest. A large number of molecular tags and labels and their usage are described, including enzymes, ligand-binding moieties, immunodetectable molecules, as well as methods to detect interactive proteins, and gene expression-mediated alter ations in cellular activity. Chapters on in situ detection of gene expression deal with technologies that are currently being applied to the study of gene function and activity. Highlights of applications for recombinant gene expres sion technologies are provided to give readers exciting perspectives on the future of such technologies.